Reduction of preview distance in lane-keeping control

Lane marker detection is indispensable for a lane-keeping-control algorithm. However, it is impossible to detect lane markers when the curvature of the lane the vehicle is travelling on is large or when there is another car in front of the vehicle with short distance. For lane marker detection, it is desirable to set a preview point close to the vehicle. Therefore, by analyzing the block diagram of driver-vehicle system, we propose a method to reduce preview distance without lane tracking performance deterioration by increasing preview points from the conventional one point to two points. Furthermore, it is revealed that driving along a corner with constant curvature without steady-state deviation and arbitrary design of tracking dynamic characteristics become possible by increasing preview points.     

基于效用选择的换车道模型

通过论述当前换车道模型的常见实现方式,指出在换车道需求产生过程中广泛应用的PLC方法存在下列不足:(1)不能反映微观特性;(2)不具有普适性;(3)不能准确反应运行环境变化的影响;并从理论分析的角度指出换车道行为是驾驶员在不同车道行驶状态下满意程度的选择结果,其需求产生的过程可以用随机效用理论进行描述。通过引入随机效用理论,建立基于效用选择的换车道模型,并以其作为核心子模型之一,编写仿真程序并对复杂交通流进行验证,得到较好的效果。     

Identifying multiclass vehicles using global positioning system data

It has been previously evidenced that global positioning system (GPS) data can be used to distinguish passenger cars from delivery trucks. In this paper, a machine learning approach is proposed to use GPS data to identify multiclass vehicles, including passenger cars, single unit trucks, and multi-trailer trucks. The method is acceleration and deceleration-based since it considers the variations of acceleration and deceleration as the most effective features to classify vehicles. The overall classification result for the three vehicle classes is about 75%. The major challenge is to distinguish single unit trucks from multitrailer trucks due to their somewhat similar mobility patterns. The paper also explores the impacts of GPS sampling frequency on vehicle classification. It is found that the proposed multiclass vehicle classification can be reasonably conducted if the data are collected frequently enough (i.e., every five seconds or more frequently) to capture the major acceleration and deceleration processes. The proposed method can be considered as a low-cost and non-intrusive approach to collect vehicle class information and to potentially supplement the existing classification schemes in urban areas.     

Additional 4WS and Driver Interaction

This investigation is based on a complex 4-wheel vehicle model of a passenger car that includes steering system and drive train. The tyre properties are described for all possible combined longitudinal and lateral slip values and for arbitrary friction conditions. The active part is an additional steering system of all 4 wheels, additionally to the driver's steering wheel angle input. Three control levels are used for the driver model that thereby can follow a given trajectory or avoid an obstacle.

The feedback control of the additional 4 wheel steering is based on an observer which can also have adaptive characteristics. Moreover a virtual vehicle model in a feedforward scheme can provide desired steering characteristics.

To get information for critical situations a cornering manoeuvre with sudden u-split conditions is simulated. Further a similar manoeuvre is used to evaluate the reentry in a high friction area from low friction conditions. And finally the performance of the controller is shown in a severe lane change manoeuvre.     

Vehicle dynamics and road curvature estimation for lane departure warning system using robust fuzzy observers: experimental validation

This paper describes a new approach to estimate vehicle dynamics and the road curvature in order to detect vehicle lane departures. This method has been evaluated through an experimental set-up using a real test vehicle equipped with the RT2500 inertial measurement unit. Based on a robust unknown input fuzzy observer, the road curvature is estimated and compared to the vehicle trajectory curvature. The difference between the two curvatures is used by the proposed lane departure detection algorithm as the first driving risk indicator. To reduce false alarms and take into account driver corrections, a second driving risk indicator based on the steering dynamics is considered. The vehicle nonlinear model is deduced from the vehicle lateral dynamics and road geometry and then represented by an uncertain Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy model. Taking into account the unmeasured variables, an unknown input fuzzy observer is proposed. Synthesis conditions of the proposed fuzzy observer are formulated in terms of linear matrix inequalities using the Lyapunov method.     

Vehicle detection system design based on stereo vision sensors

Vehicle detection is a crucial issue for driver assistance system as well as for autonomous vehicle guidance function and it has to be performed with high reliability to avoid any potential collision. The vision-based vehicle detection systems are regarded promising for this purpose because they require little infrastructure on a highway. However, the feasibility of these systems in passenger car requires accurate and robust sensing performance. In this paper, a vehicle detection system using stereo vision sensors is developed. This system utilizes feature extraction, epipoplar constraint and feature matching in order to robustly detect the initial corresponding pairs. The proposed system can detect a leading vehicle in front and can estimate its position parameters such as the distance and heading angle. After the initial detection, the system executes the tracking algorithm for the vehicles in the lane. The proposed vehicle detection system is implemented on a passenger car and its performances are verified experimentally.     

基于模糊集理论的车道标志线精确检测

为了解决复杂路面条件下车道标志线的检测问题,提出了一种基于模糊集理论的车道标志线精确检测方法.采用阈值分割、腐蚀、边缘检测等技术对交通图像进行处理;通过Hough变换粗略提取位于各车道标志线及其附近的所有亮点像素作为待分类的像素点,构成样本集;按照模糊聚类分析准则得到直线的斜率和截距,实现车道标志线的精确检测.实验证明了该方法的精确性和有效性.     

Additional 4WS and Driver Interaction

SUMMARY

This investigation is based on a complex 4-wheel vehicle model of a passenger car that includes steering system and drive train. The tyre properties are described for all possible combined longitudinal and lateral slip values and for arbitrary friction conditions. The active part is an additional steering system of all 4 wheels, additionally to the driver's steering wheel angle input. Three control levels are used for the driver model that thereby can follow a given trajectory or avoid an obstacle.

The feedback control of the additional 4 wheel steering is based on an observer which can also have adaptive characteristics. Moreover a virtual vehicle model in a feedforward scheme can provide desired steering characteristics.

To get information for critical situations a cornering manoeuvre with sudden u-split conditions is simulated. Further a similar manoeuvre is used to evaluate the reentry in a high friction area from low friction conditions. And finally the performance of the controller is shown in a severe lane change manoeuvre.     

Driver models for personalised driving assistance

We propose a learning-based driver modelling approach which can identify manoeuvres performed by drivers on the highway and predict the future driver inputs. We show how this approach can be applied to provide personalised driving assistance. In a first example, the driver model is used to predict unintentional lane departures and a model predictive controller is used to keep the car in the lane. In a second example, the driver model estimates the preferred acceleration of the driver during lane keeping, and a model predictive controller is implemented to provide a personalised adaptive cruise control. For both applications, we use a combination of real data and simulation to evaluate the proposed approaches.     

基于VBOX设备的车道偏离预警系统性能一致性验证方法

为解决目前车道偏离预警系统性能只能通过驾驶员主观感受去评价、难以通过客观数据去验证其性能一致性等难题,利用VBOX设备的定位及车道线勘测功能,获取车辆车道偏离预警系统触发时车辆与车道线的距离值,通过数据分析软件Origin对获取的多组数据进行统计分析,经过试验与分析验证,成功验证该车的车道偏离预警功能一致性较好.结果 ...     

多车道高速公路路侧交通标志遮挡概率研究

为了计算不同交通量、不同运行车速情况下,多车道高速公路路侧交通标志视认中大型车对小型车的动态遮挡概率,将内侧车道小型车与外侧车道大型车车头间的垂直距离作为判断路侧交通标志遮挡的依据,根据视距几何关系确定多车道高速公路驾驶人在视认区域内视线被遮挡的最大和最小临界距离;建立路侧交通标志遮挡模型,根据视认距离确定内侧及外侧车道仿真路段长度,以0.1 s为仿真步长,借助VISSIM交通仿真软件获取车辆车头坐标、与前车跟车距离等动态基础数据,实现高速公路交通标志遮挡概率计算过程的动态化。结果表明：外侧车道的车型、交通量、视认距离以及大小车运行速度都对路侧交通标志遮挡率有一定的影响;在交通量一定的情况下,驾驶人视线被遮挡的概率随着外侧车道大型车数量的增加而增大;在外侧车道大型车数量一定的情况下,驾驶人视线被遮挡概率随着小型车数量的增加而增大;在小型车速度一定的情况下,驾驶人视线被遮挡概率随着大型车速度的增大呈降低趋势;小型车速度增大时,驾驶人视线被遮挡的概率会有所提高。     

1种基于平行直线对模型的车道检测方法

针对智能车辆安全辅助驾驶系统中利用单目视觉进行车道识别的问题,提出了1种基于平行直线对模型的车道检测方法。该方法根据高速公路图像特征构建平行直线对模型,在此基础上先利用 Hough变换提取直线,再由改进的级联 Hough变换检测出平行直线对的消失点,最后通过消失点和先验信息来提取当前车道线。使用M atlab对高速公路上不同路段、不同光照情况、不同车辆干扰下共150幅道路图像进行实验,检测精度达88.6%,平均检测时间为0.24 s。实验结果表明,这一方法在高速公路行驶环境下能较准确地检测出当前车道线,具有很好的光照适应性、抗车辆干扰性和一定的实时性。      

不同光照条件下直线型车道标识识别方法研究

为了解决不同光照条件下车道标识的识别，提出一种基于双标准可调模板关联技术的车道标识识别方法。该方法首先根据光照的变化采用不同的预处理技术对图像进行处理，然后利用基于统计的方法得到车道的初始化标识线，最后在以该书初始化标识线为尽准建立的感兴趣区域内利用双标准可调模板关联技术对初始化标识线进行矫正从而得到可靠的车道标识线参数。     

基于Matlab的汽车偏离车道报警系统

为提高汽车的主动安全性并克服现有的汽车偏离车道报警系统所存在的结构复杂和成本高等缺点,文章设计了一种基于Matlab的汽车偏离车道报警系统,利用摄像头获取车道图像并实时传给车内计算机系统,经过对图像一系列的处理分析判断汽车是否偏离车道而进行报警。经验证,该系统能够实时检测出左右车道标志线,可以根据车道夹角法判断汽车是否偏离车道,满足了汽车偏离车道报警的需要。该系统结构简单高效,能显著提高汽车行驶的主动安全性。     

基于驾驶人不满度的高速公路自动驾驶换道决策

为了实现高速公路的自由换道行为决策，并满足行车安全高效性、决策结果平稳无震荡、与运动规划模块结合引导车辆行驶等要求，提出了一种基于驾驶人不满度的换道行为决策方法。首先，根据驾驶人的速度期望建立了驾驶人不满度累积模型，并基于驾驶人速度不满累积度产生换道意图。其次，依据不同车道障碍车的运动状态，设计了2种目标车道选择策略，通过预测引擎对各个待选车道进行预测和评估，选取其中行车效率较高的车道作为目标车道，同时建立换道最小安全距离模型，用以在换道全过程中判断换道的可行性。然后，将换道行为决策的结果以目标车道的形式传递给基于改进人工势场的运动规划模块，用于运动规划模块目标的选取，以引导车辆横纵向运动。最后，在CarSim/PreScan/Simulink的联合仿真平台和硬件在环平台上建立多种测试场景，验证换道行为决策算法。试验结果表明：换道行为决策算法能够依据驾驶人速度不满累积度产生稳定的换道意图，进而根据所设计的换道策略选取具有更高行车效率的目标车道，并在换道过程中持续判断换道的可行性，以应对障碍车辆突然加减速等突发状况，保证换道过程的高效性和安全性；换道行为决策算法通过目标车道的转换，引导运动规划模块调整车辆的运动，实现跟车、换道等行为。     

大型营运客车在高速公路的换道安全性辨识

为了给大型营运客车换道预警系统设计提供参考,采用毫米波雷达、激光雷达、车道线识别传感器、GPS、视频监控系统以及控制器局域网（CAN）总线数据采集仪等设备,基于小型乘用车搭建浮动车采集平台。通过在试验线路上进行1.5×10⁴ km的驾驶试验,获取1 200余次营运客车的真实换道数据。以Jula提出的换道安全性模型为基础,结合营运客车的换道行为特征,通过分析换道进程结束后客车需要与周围车辆保持的安全距离,建立适合于营运客车的3类换道安全性识别模型（客车与自车道前方车辆、目标车道前方车辆、目标车道后方车辆）,并利用真实数据对3类模型进行验证。研究结果表明：客车换道持续时间均值为10.4 s,换道起始时刻与目标车道后方车辆的距离为10.0~40.0 m;所有换道样本中,73.3%的换道过程中客车速度要高于目标车道后方车辆,且超过90%的换道过程是由前方慢车引起;不同的速度区间下,车速和航向角联合变化情况下,驾驶人控制营运客车的横向偏移速度保持稳定,可认为客车驾驶人的心理预期换道进程存在固定经验模式,这与小型车换道的研究结论存在较大差异,传统的TTC预警算法识别率较低,在不同速度区间情况下,所提出的模型对客车与自车道前方车辆、目标车道前方车辆、目标车道后方车辆的换道安全识别评价准确率均超过了90%。     

轿车白车身静刚度分析

采用HyperMesh和ANSYS软件建立了某国产中高级轿车白车身的有限元模型。通过对其进行刚度分析和对国内外同级别的车型进行比较来判断该轿车的刚度情况．针对分析结果和相关车型的比较后对该车刚度情况做了一定的分析,通过相关试验进行验证,为后续相关的优化和改进提供了依据。     

瓶颈路段公交和小汽车共享车道通行能力研究

城市空间紧缺,公交专用道通常通过转变现有普通车道获得。在城市道路瓶颈路段处,如果公交车发车频率较低,不仅公交专用道难以充分利用并造成道路空间的浪费,还会加重小汽车的延误。针对这个问题,国外已有研究在选定的瓶颈路段设置公交车和小汽车的共享车道方法。文中梳理了在相应的共享策略下瓶颈路段的通行能力计算方法,并考虑到小汽车在瓶颈处的扰动对通行能力的影响。通过对深圳市皇岗路与新彩路交叉口处入口匝道的仿真分析表明,当小汽车有低于20%驶入共享车道时,设置共享车道可以在不对公交车运行造成影响的情况下降低入口匝道和新彩路主线上的小汽车延误。但当小汽车驶入共享车道的比例大于20%时,对公交车的运行开始产生影响,并且对新彩路主线上的小汽车运行有一定的影响。随着小汽车驶入共享车道的比例继续增大,这种影响有呈指数增加的趋势,证明了车流的扰动因素对瓶颈通行能力有很大的影响。      

Road curvature estimation for vehicle lane departure detection using a robust Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy observer

In this paper, a lane departure detection method is studied and evaluated via a professional vehicle dynamics software. Based on a robust fuzzy observer designed with unmeasurable premise variables with unknown inputs, the road curvature is estimated and compared with the vehicle trajectory curvature. The difference between the two curvatures is used by the proposed algorithm as the first driving risk indicator. To reduce false alarms and take into account the driver corrections, a second driving risk indicator is considered, which is based on the steering dynamics, and it gives the time to the lane keeping. The used nonlinear model deduced from the vehicle lateral dynamics and a vision system is represented by an uncertain Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy model. Taking into account the unmeasured variables, an unknown input fuzzy observer is then proposed. Synthesis conditions of the proposed fuzzy observer are formulated in terms of linear matrix inequalities using Lyapunov method. The proposed approach is evaluated under different driving scenarios using a software simulator. Simulation results show good efficiency of the proposed method.     

雾环境下高速公路驾驶人跟驰行为研究

雾环境下驾驶人行车与正常天气相比，在低能见度下视觉参照物较少，驾驶人更倾向于跟驰行驶。为研究雾环境下高速公路驾驶人跟驰行为，以真实雾环境下实车试验方式，选择多条高速公路作为试验路段，以Smart Eye眼动仪获取车辆在雾环境下高速公路驾驶人视觉参数，包含驾驶人注视区域、注视角度、注视持续时间、瞳孔直径、扫视速度以及扫视幅度等，以归一化方法对驾驶人注视重心进行分析，研究不同能见度下驾驶人的跟驰需求，并通过对雾环境下上述视觉参数进行规律总结。对雾环境下驾驶人跟驰特性进行统计及分类，将跟驰行为划分为主动、半主动、半被动以及全被动跟驰；通过分析雾区低能见度下驾驶人跟驰行驶条件，引入多维偏好理论及后悔理论，进行驾驶人跟驰决策模型构建，并基于差分法对模型进行参数标定及验证。研究结果表明：驾驶人在1次跟驰动态过程中，正常车道保持时驾驶人扫视速度较低，而当处于车道调整时，驾驶人扫视速度存在较大波动，且平均扫视速度较高，低能见度下驾驶人注视点转移速度27.0 （°）·s^-1明显低于晴好天气的52.0 （°）·s^-1；驾驶人在跟驰过程中，能见度对驾驶人跟驰时的视觉特征有显著影响，通过跟驰模型构建可为后续雾环境下车辆跟驰前后车距及车速预测提供理论支撑。