人行横道交通安全性改善措施研究

近几年来,我国各级政府对行人过街安全非常重视,很多地方开展了改善人行横道安全方面的创新,取得了一定的成效,但部分措施的科学性及实效性值得商榷。对此,首先梳理了人行横道相关法律法规、规范,也是目前人行横道设置的主要依据。进而,列举了部分人行横道的创新措施,包括:调整人行横道样式、智能斑马线的应用、推广礼让斑马线。最后,基于交通工程基本原理,分析改善人行横道安全应关注的几个方面,重点处理好人行横道控制方式、视距与视区、照明与反光三大因素,并提出改善安全性的5条具体措施,其中部分措施是对现行规范的创新,为人行横道的科学设置提供参考。     

城市行人过街速度研究

为研究城市平面行人过街的速度及差别,分别对哈尔滨市冬夏两季的信号交叉口、无信号交叉口、环形交叉口、路段人行横道和自由过街5种不同过街条件下的行人过街速度进行调查。分析了冬季与夏季和不同过街条件下行人过街速度的变化以及形成原因;分析了行人年龄、性别、人行横道长度、过街行人数量和绿灯时间对行人过街速度的影响;采用数理统计方法,用15%位速度作为行人过街的设计速度,提出冬夏两季不同过街条件下的行人过街设计速度推荐值。     

信号交叉口不同走向行人延误的比较

在西安市,对信号交叉口不同走向行人延误进行了实地研究。研究包括两部分,第1部分仅在一条人行横道上进行,信号灯周期分为13个分相位;第2部分涉及13条人行横道,但信号灯周期仅分为绿灯期和非绿灯期。研究表明,在西安市的信号交叉口,不同走向行人都有行人到达率不均匀、绿灯期到达行人也可能有延误、非绿灯期到达行人闯红灯比例高、闯红灯行人仍可能有延误等特点,总平均延误也基本相同,只是平均延误和到达分相位关系有显著差异。     

基于行人的信号交叉口右转车控制条件

针对保障行人过街道舒适性和安全性的信号控制问题,考虑行人的过街需求,分右转车与两进口行人完全分离、特定时间段右转控制两种条件,建立信号控制延误和行人干扰延误的分析模型,进而提出相应的右转车辆控制条件。以一四相位十字形信号交叉口为研究对象,采用与左转相位相同和进口人行道绿灯相位禁行两种控制方式进行应用仿真,结果表明,在右转车流量一定时,右转车不受控制时延误与行人流量成正比,当行人流量达到1 000人/h、右转车流量达到400 veh/h时,右转车延误超过C级服务水平延误值的上限;实施控制后,右转车延误随流量的增加而递增,与行人流量无关,且第2种控制方式下的延误更小。     

路段信号控制人行横道的控制方案设计与分析

以城市干路路段信号控制人行横道为研究对象，介绍了行人信号控制方式，提出了控制方案的设计原则，以行人可接受等待时间为设计依据，以选取的典型城市干路路段为例，介绍了定时和感应控制方案的一般设计方法。并对各种控制方案的适用性进行了分析。     

交叉口人行横道通行能力研究

人行横道通行能力是确定行人过街设施的基础参数。通过分析信号交叉口处人行横道混合交通特征,提出了一定周期时长和单位人行横道宽度的人行横道绿灯时间内的实际通行能力计算公式;以可接受间隙理论为基础,利用概率论的方法,推导出了无信号交叉口处人行横道的通行能力计算公式,并通过实例验算,具有一定的实用价值。     

Estimation of left-turning vehicle maneuvers for the assessment of pedestrian safety at intersections

Improving pedestrian safety at intersections remains a critical issue. Although several types of safety countermeasures, such as reforming intersection layouts, have been implemented, methods have not yet been established to quantitatively evaluate the effects of these countermeasures before installation. One of the main issues in pedestrian safety is conflicts with turning vehicles. This study aims to develop an integrated model to represent the variations in the maneuvers of left-turners (left-hand traffic) at signalized intersections that dynamically considers the vehicle reaction to intersection geometry and crossing pedestrians. The proposed method consists of four empirically developed stochastic sub-models, including a path model, free-flow speed profile model, lag/gap acceptance model, and stopping/clearing speed profile model. Since safety assessment is the main objective driving the development of the proposed model, this study uses post-encroachment time (PET) and vehicle speed at the crosswalk as validation parameters. Preliminary validation results obtained by Monte Carlo simulation show that the proposed integrated model can realistically represent the variations in vehicle maneuvers as well as the distribution of PET and vehicle speeds at the crosswalk.     

信号交叉口行人过街特性研究

选取了5个交通流特性具有明显不同的信号交叉口,依据交通流理论和交通控制理论,以信号交叉口的行人过街特性作为研究对象,对在不同时间段、不同区域和不同年龄群体的行人过街交通参数进行调查,并应用相关统计学方法对数据进行对比分析,研究了信号交叉口行人过街的交通特性,为交叉口行人过街的信号灯配时和相关政策的制定和管理设施的设置提供了参考和依据。     

What affects pedestrian crossing difficulty at urban intersections in a developing country?

In developing countries, road traffic crashes involving pedestrians have become a foremost concern. At present, road safety assessment plans and selection of interventions are primarily restricted to traditional approaches that depend on the investigations of historical crash data. However, in developing countries such as India, the availability, consistency, and accuracy of crash data are major concerns. In contrast, proactive approaches such as studying road users' risk perception have emerged as a substitute method of examining potential risk factors. An individual's risk perception offers vital information on probable crash risk, which may be beneficial in detecting high-risk locations and major causes of crashes. Since the pedestrian fatality risk is not uniform across the urban road network level, it may be expected that pedestrians' perceived risk measured in terms of “crossing difficulty” would also vary across the sites. In this perspective, the present paper establishes a mathematical association between the pedestrians' perceived “crossing difficulty” and actual crashes. The model outcome confirms that pedestrians' perceived crossing difficulty is a good surrogate of fatal pedestrian crashes at the intersection level in Kolkata City, India. Subsequently, to examine the impact of traffic exposures, road infrastructure, land use, spatial factors, and pedestrian-level attributes on pedestrians' “crossing difficulty”; a set of Ordered Logit models are developed. The model outcomes show that high vehicle and pedestrian volume, vehicular speed, absence of designated bus stop, the presence of inaccessible pedestrian crosswalk, on-street parking, lack of signalized control (for both vehicle and pedestrian), inadequate sight distance, land use pattern, slum population, pedestrian-vehicular post encroachment time, waiting time before crossing, road width, and absence of police enforcement at an intersection significantly and positively increase pedestrian's crossing difficulty at urban intersections. To end, the model findings are advantageously utilized to develop a set of countermeasures across 3E's of road safety.     

交叉口绿闪信号行人过街行为模型

城市信号交叉口通过设置绿闪信号,在机动车获得通行权之前清空人行横道上的过街行人.为研究行人在此信号期间的过街行为,提出一种绿闪信号时行人过街运动模型.综合分析绿闪信号、周围过街行人、人行横道边界以及右转冲突车辆对行人过街的影响机理,基于社会力模型,建立绿闪后人行横道上行人过街行为模型,并根据实际调查所获得的人行横道尺寸、行人与车辆速度等数据,标定模型参数.基于模型仿真行人运动行为,产生行人分层现象以及与周围行人、冲突车辆避碰等行为,验证模型在宏观层面的有效性;对不同断面的仿真行人与实际过街行人的过街速率变化曲线进行拟合,拟合优度指标显示模型对人行横道前/后半段过街行人模拟精度分别为83% 和95%,验证了模型在微观层面的有效性.      

雪峰山隧道横洞专用防火门研究

公路隧道根据防灾和营运时需要，在人行横通道内都有必要设置防火门。提出了一种新型的防火门，并且阐述了其开启方式、结构型式、工作原理。这种全新的结构型式，火灾时能够真正起到防火隔烟的作用。     

Evaluating the effects of external factors on pedestrian violations at signalized intersections (a case study of Mashhad,Iran)

One of the most critical reasons for accidents involving pedestrians in signalized urban intersections is their violations regarding running red lights. Therefore, studying the essential factors in this issue is of interest to researchers. This research aims to evaluate the external factors affecting the pedestrians' violation, specifically, factors regarding the geometrical design and traffic situation. Cameras recorded the behavior of 1590 pedestrians in 10 crosswalks of 6 intersections in Mashhad. Afterward, the effect of 12 distinct variables for each pedestrian was assessed. To analyze the data, SPSS was used in combination with binary logistic regression. Out of the nine variables participated in the model, “traffic volume”, “the number of violators”, “length of the crosswalk”, “red light duration”, and “physical movement problems” affect the pedestrians' decision to comply with or violate a red light. The analysis shows that with an increasing number of vehicles, the probability of violation would reduce by 9.5%. Moreover, if the number of other violating pedestrians grows, the probability of violation would increase significantly. The increase of one unit in “length of the crosswalk”, would result in a violation reduction of 13.9%. Also, if the pedestrian suffers from physical disabilities, the probability of violation decreases by 78.6%. On the other hand, the growth of one unit in “red light duration” would increase the violations by pedestrians 2.2%.     

信号交叉口行人安全岛设计

以北京等大城市信号交叉口行人过街安全问题为研究对象,对40个未设置行人安全岛和5个设置行人安全岛的信号交叉口进行了现场观测,研究分析了为方便行人二次过街、在道路中间分隔带设置行人安全岛的必要性,并提出了一种适合我国国情的安全岛设计型式。     

Assessment of distracted pedestrian crossing behavior at midblock crosswalks

Risk of pedestrian-vehicle crashes increased with distraction of pedestrians at roadway crossings. Aims of the study included analysing distracted pedestrian crossing behavior, identifying factors that influence pedestrian crossing speed at a midblock crosswalk, and determining the influence of road cross-section (RCS) on pedestrian walking speed.Three cities in Oregon State in the USA were included in the study: Corvallis, Albany, and Eugene. A combination of digital video and researcher field notes were used to obtain the data at each site. A total of 1045 pedestrian crossings from 23 midblock crossings were observed and analysed to determine the association of distraction type, road cross-section, and other in situ factors with pedestrian walking speed. Data analysis was conducted in two stages. First, the effect of each distraction type (looking at a handheld device, talking on a cell phone, wearing headphones, walking in a pair, walking in a group, and other distractions) on the pedestrian walking speed was examined. The results showed that average walking speed was 4.8 ft./s (1.46 m/s). Pedestrians walking with headphones crossed more quickly (0.91 ft./s) (0.28 m/s) than those with no distractions (5.14 ft./s) (1.57 m/s). In addition, talking on a cell phone was not significantly correlated with walking speed. Moreover, the other four distraction types were associated with decreasing the walking speed by 0.29 ft./s (0.09 m/s) to 0.83 ft./s (0.25 m/s). Second, the influence of pedestrian distraction, crosswalk configuration, land use, compliance rate, and pedestrian demographics on the pedestrian walking speed were examined in this study. Findings indicated that distracted pedestrian in two road cross-sections would require more crossing time than an elderly pedestrian. Pedestrian safety is a key concern in transportation research, and improved understanding of the factors contributing to pedestrian fatalities could enable safer roadways to be designed.     

路段行人过街设施的合理间隔

通过对路段行人过街设施的合理间隔进行分析,发现如果路段行人过街设施间隔过大,会导致行人绕行距离过长,行人乱穿道路的现象加剧;如果过小,则车辆行驶时频繁启停,行车延误增大。以行人延误和机动车延误之和最小建立目标函数,求解得到行人过街设施的合理间隔。路段行人过街设施的合理间隔与行人交通量、机动车交通量、路段长度以及行人过街宽度有关,充分考虑行人过街设施设置的各种影响因素。路段行人过街设施依据合理间隔进行设置,可以有效降低行人和机动车延误。     

路段感应式信号控制行人过街系统设计

为保障路段行人安全过街,提高行人过街效率,设计了基于感应控制的路段行人安全过街系统.该系统分别采用视频和感应线圈实现对过街行人和路段车辆的自动检测,并据此设计行人过街感应信号控制方案,辅以“减速带式”人行横道、路段行人过街通道灯和智能人行道护栏3种过街辅助设施,实现时空上的人车分离.     

不同控制方式下路段人行横道交通状况的对比分析

人行横道因其建设维护费用低、行人过街便捷等特点,被广泛地应用于行人过街的交通组织之中。在不同控制方式下的人行横道上,行人过街存在不同的问题。以北京市展览馆路段为例,针对有无信号灯控制路段人行横道的交通状况进行了交通调查,在对比分析调查数据的基础上,从行人过街效率、机动车通行效率以及人行横道安全性3个方面,探讨不同的路段人行横道控制方式对交通流的影响。     

客运枢纽内部通道合理规模仿真分析

以客运枢纽内连接服务设施设备的通道作为研究对象,以通道的长度和宽度对行人流分散作用的强度分析入手,借助行人流仿真软件,设计仿真方案,利用仿真输出的行人流参数统计数据,建立行人流流量随观测时间的变化趋势曲线,一方面,对曲线的变化趋势进行对比分析,另一方面,对统计数据进行K-W检验以分析数据的差异性。结合曲线对比和K-W检验结果,综合分析单向通道、双向通道的长度和宽度变化对行人流分散作用的影响,进而确定单向通道和双向通道的最佳宽度分别为4m和8m,最佳长度为50m。      

无信号控制人行横道处行人过街特性探析

行人是交通环境中的"弱势群体",尤其是在无信号控制人行横道处,研究行人交通特性是提出改善行人安全措施的前提。本文初步对无信号控制人行横道处人车干扰运行和行人过街运动特性进行定性分析,并选取长春市南湖大路上具有代表性的无信号控制人行横道进行实地观察和试验,定量分析行人到达人行横道规律和行人过街速度特性,其中重点分析年龄、性别和人群中行人数量对行人过街速度的影响。按照年龄将行人分为中、青年人,老人,儿童;按照性别将行人分为男性行人和女性行人;人群中行人数量主要选取1,2,3及4人以上进行研究。这些数据和分析结论对下一步针对实地情况提出改善行人交通安全的方案提供了基本的理论依据。     

信号交叉口行人使用手机对其过街行为和安全的影响

针对信号交叉口处行人使用手机对其安全产生不利影响的问题,以武汉市9个信号交叉口的实测数据为基础,对行人使用与不使用手机情况下的过街行为与安全性差异进行统计分析.以往的研究中,评价行人安全多通过简单的对比分析,很少有量化的参数依据;针对行人使用手机对过街安全的影响,以人车冲突为评价指标,建立了基于有序概率(OP)的模型,可以更好地量化评价与预测信号交叉口处的行人安全.结果 表明,有11个因素与人车冲突显著相关,包括行人年龄、使用手机方式、过街速度、行人是否与他人结伴过街、嘹望次数、闯红灯与否、车道数、上游车道左转流量、上游车道右转流量、进口道右转流量和信号周期.其中,使用手机会增加人车冲突的概率:在双向2,4,5,6和7车道上,过街时打电话行人的人均冲突分别是不使用手机行人的3.56,3.42,3.33,3.29和3.00倍;看屏幕行人的人均冲突分别是不使用手机行人的4.78,4.17,3.80,3.59和3.30倍;而听音乐行人和不使用手机行人之间的人均冲突并没有明显差异.