The safety of ferries: an accident injury perspective

This study investigates determinants of fatal and non-fatal injuries in ferry vessel accidents. Poisson regression estimates indicate that fatal and non-fatal injuries are 3.35 and 4.46% higher for fire/explosion than for material/equipment failure or grounding accidents, and 3.13 and 3.38% higher for multi-vessel than for single-vessel accidents. Non-fatal injuries are higher when the weather is foggy but less at night and the older the ferry. Estimated marginal effects indicate that every 100 fire/explosion accidents result in 6.1 fatal injuries, while each fire/explosion accident results in approximately one non-fatal injury.     

Determinants of crew injuries in vessel accidents

This study investigates determinants of the number of non-fatal crew injuries, fatal crew injuries and missing crew in freight ship, tanker and tugboat vessel accidents based upon individual accidents investigated by the US Coast Guard for the 1991–2001 period. Poisson and negative binomial regression estimates suggest that: (1) freight ship and tanker non-fatal injuries are higher when the vessel is moored or docked and during high winds and cold temperatures; (2) tugboat non-fatal injuries are higher during poor visibility; (3) freight ship fatal injuries increase with vessel age and tanker and tugboat fatal injuries are higher for fire and capsize accidents, respectively; and (4) freight ship missing crew increase with vessel age and tugboat missing crew are higher for fire and lake accidents.     

Determinants of crew injuries in vessel accidents

This study investigates determinants of the number of non-fatal crew injuries, fatal crew injuries and missing crew in freight ship, tanker and tugboat vessel accidents based upon individual accidents investigated by the US Coast Guard for the 1991-2001 period. Poisson and negative binomial regression estimates suggest that: (1) freight ship and tanker non-fatal injuries are higher when the vessel is moored or docked and during high winds and cold temperatures; (2) tugboat non-fatal injuries are higher during poor visibility; (3) freight ship fatal injuries increase with vessel age and tanker and tugboat fatal injuries are higher for fire and capsize accidents, respectively; and (4) freight ship missing crew increase with vessel age and tugboat missing crew are higher for fire and lake accidents.     

Determinants of the damage cost and injury severity of ferry vessel accidents

This study investigates determinants of the property damage cost and injury severity of ferry vessel accidents. Detailed data of individual ferry vessel accidents for the 11-year timeperiod 1991–2001 that were investigated by the U.S. Coast Guard are used to estimate ferry-vessel accident property damage cost and injury severity equations. Tobit regression is used to estimate the former equation and the ordered probit model is used to estimate the latter. Property damage costs include damage costs to the vessel itself, its cargo and contents, and other-property damage (e.g., damage to pier structures and waterfront facilities). Injury severity for a ferry vessel accident is measured as an ordinal variable — no injuries, non-fatal injuries and fatal injuries. Damage cost and injury severity of individual ferry vessel accidents are expressed as functions of the type of vessel accident, vessel characteristics, vessel operation phase, weather/visibility conditions, type of waterway, type of vessel propulsion, type of vessel hull construction and cause of vessel accident. The property damage estimation results suggest that allision, collision and fire ferry vessel accidents incur more vessel property damage cost per vessel gross ton than other types of accidents. The injury severity estimation results suggest that injury severity is greater when the ferry vessel accident is caused by human error as opposed to vessel and environmental factors.     

台湾海峡及附近水域海难事故的灰色关联分析

运用灰色关联系统分别分析了所有船舶和300 gt及以上的船舶在台湾海峡及附近水域中发生的海难事故,并对碰撞、触礁或搁浅、触碰、失火或爆炸、机械故障、倾斜或倾覆等六类海难事故,进行了灰色关联矩阵运算及分析。分析结果表明该水域海难事故以300 gt以下的小船所占比率较高,同时该水域海难事故类型以机械故障具较高关联性;当排除300 gt以下的船舶后,该水域海难事故类型则以碰撞具较高关联性。     

Causes of casualties and the regulation of occupational health and safety in the shipping industry

The aim of this paper is to investigate maritime safety from an occupational hazards perspective as opposed to a maritime casualty perspective. It is recognised that safety in shipping should encompass casualties arising from accidents occurring in the course of performing normal seafaring duties, not just those arising from technical defects or maritime disasters. The paper discusses an investigation involving a survey of 19 flag states and two detailed studies of records kept at the Hong Kong and Singapore maritime administrations. The results indicate that occupational accidents account for a significant proportion of fatalities at sea. The statistics presented specify the ship types that are most at risk, as well as the types of occupational hazards that can most frequently lead to accidents and fatalities. The results of this study indicate voids in the process of investigating fatalities that relate to occupational accidents. These results also indicate inadequate investigation of events and causes. The creation of a database of such information could potentially be used for the development of appropriate regulations that could prevent fatal and non-fatal occupational accidents through regulatory processes.     

如何控制与减少造修船中的火灾爆炸事故

船舶造修生产过程中的火灾与爆炸,不仅会给企业和职工带来严重危害,同时在社会上也会产生相当大的不良影响。文章对造修船过程中的火灾与爆炸做了分析,就如何控制与减少造修船中的火灾爆炸事故,提出了应对措施。     

Determinants of the property damage costs of bulk barge accidents

This study investigates determinants of the vessel, cargo, and other-property damage costs of bulk barge accidents in US inland waterways. Tobit estimation of a three-equation recursive model suggests that, in bulk barge accidents: (1) vessel damage cost is greater for collision, fire/explosion, and material/equipment failure accidents than for groundings; (2) cargo damage cost is greater at night and when the weather is foggy and increases with barge age; and (3) otherproperty damage cost is greater for multi-vessel accidents, but decreases with barge size. A dollar of vessel damage cost increases other-property damage cost by $1.38, while a dollar of cargo damage cost increases this cost by $6.90. An important result for formulating bulk barge accident cost-reduction policies is that a given determinant might have a negative effect on one type of damage cost but a positive effect on another.     

小型液货船惰性气体系统最新动向

防止油船和化学品船火灾及爆炸事故一直是IMO关注的问题,同时也是油轮公司和化学品船公司日常安全管理的重点之一。液货船(包括油船、化学品船和液化气体船)在海上航行或在货物操作期间,可能发生各种不可预测的因素,存在着很多巨大的火灾或爆炸危险性。为确保安全,避免航行及货物操作期间各种不可预测因素的影响,只有在液货船,如油船上安装惰性气体系统,并对船员作全面培训,才能减少甚至防止事故的发生。     

柴油—LNG动力船舶燃料加注燃爆风险分析预测

将液化天然气(LNG)用作船用燃料,可降低运输成本,且节能环保。但在生产及储运过程中存在火灾爆炸的风险。本文着重对LNG双燃料动力船舶加注过程的风险进行了分析。运用事故树分析方法,对加注过程中的风险进行识别并进行定性分析;根据泄漏概率和相关统计公式求得了燃料加注过程中管系发生泄漏的概率;对加注过程发生泄漏事故的后果进行了预测,包括利用高斯模型对加注过程管系泄漏事故时可燃气体浓度在5%-15%的半径范围进行预测,运用池火模型计算加注过程LNG 泄漏形成池火的热辐射危险距离;采用TNT当量法和超压准则对加注过程气罐泄漏发生蒸气云爆炸的危害范围进行预测。     

舰船机舱火灾爆炸的危险源辨识方法研究

近些年来,舰船机舱火灾爆炸事故数量居高不下,而现有的经验层次的研究方法已经不能很好地应对机舱火灾爆炸问题,需要寻求更有效的解决方法.本文探讨故障树分析法在机舱火灾爆炸危险源辨识中的具体应用过程,重点讨论如何建立准确完善的故障树.根据机舱火灾爆炸的特点提出了准确建树的系统划分方法,该方法可以保证建立的故障树正确全面地反映机舱火灾爆炸事故的发展过程,从而确保根据故障树做出的分析结果的准确性.最后以机舱主机燃油系统为例应用此方法建立了故障树,对此故障树做了相应的分析讨论,并指出了故障树分析法在机舱火灾爆炸危险源辨识的具体应用过程中有待解决的其他问题.     

Generalized F distribution model with random parameters for estimating property damage cost in maritime accidents

ABSTRACT

This study develops a generalized F distribution model with random parameters to estimate the ship property damage cost in maritime traffic accidents with 10 years’ shipping accident data in the Fujian waters. Model results show that sinking and capsizing can incur the largest property damage cost, followed by collisions, contact, grounding and fire/explosion. There is a smaller ship property damage cost when the ship is moored or docked. The poor visibility has the least impact on the increment of ship property damage cost. Results reveal that the bigger property damage cost is associated with maritime accidents occurring in the Straits/sea areas and under the strong wind/wave condition and nighttime periods. It is also found that the lookout failure exhibits a bigger effect than the operation error. These results are helpful for policy makers to make efficient strategies for reducing property damage cost in maritime accidents. The developed model is useful for insurance companies in determining the appropriate ship insurance rates.     

粉尘爆炸及“杂混合物”对其特性的影响

在工业粉体加工、装卸、储运和处理的过程中,时有爆炸火灾的发生,因粉体静电,尤其是含不份较低的碳氢化合物粉体及绝缘性高的高分子化合物粉粒的静电引起的爆炸占有一定的比例。作者首先论述粉尘爆炸的特点及机理,接着论述“杂混合物”对粉尘爆炸特性的影响：介绍粉尘的爆炸特性,以试验数据描述“杂混合物”对爆炸极限、爆炸压力－强度的影响以及“杂混合物”中可燃气含量及其最低最小点火能量的关系。最后剖析ＬＤＰＥ粉粒在贮     

烟大铁路轮渡渡船主柴油机选型分析

烟大铁路轮渡项目是我国沿海铁路通道的重要组成部分.渡船为我国首次采用电力推进的滚装船铁路轮,柴油发电机组是渡船动力装置的核心.它的选型关系到船舶的初投资和营运的经济性.本文简述了柴油机选型原则、渡船电站功率的计算、渡船柴油机装配功计算、渡船柴油机选配方案.通过柴油机装机功率选配方案分析比较,渡船柴油机装机功率按12000kW方案选择是合理的.     

渤海客滚船火灾事故原因分析及管理对策

对客滚船安全管理的规律性进行研究,可以提高管理的针对性和科学性,进一步降低各种不安全因素对客滚船航行安全的影响,防止和减少客滚船事故的发生,为全面提升客滚船航行安全系数提供事实和理论分析依据。针对近年来渤海客滚船事故的种类和起因进行了较为全面的统计,对占渤海客滚船事故比例最大的火灾事故发生的原因进行了分析。在此基础上,结合日常对客滚船管理的实际经验,指出了渤海客滚船火灾事故在船舶管理、火灾预防和控制、客滚船结构设计上存在的对火灾事故的预防和控制等方面暴露出的问题,并针对这些问题提出了相应的安全管理对策。     

美国海军潜艇舱室液压系统泄漏火灾风险研究进展

本文针对潜艇舱室液压油泄漏后的火灾风险研究,概述了美国海军所开展的一系列研究工作。为开展这项专项研究,美国利用根据核潜艇艏部舱室搭建的“沙德威尔/688”测试平台,对火灾、爆炸和其它相关风险进行了试验研究,取得大量成果,同时基于实测数据验证了针对性开发的潜艇舱室火灾预测软件的准确性。文章结合我国该领域的研究进展,指出液压油泄漏火灾风险控制思路和未来发展方向。相关研究对我国开展潜艇及其它船舶和密闭环境火灾风险控制研究具有指导意义。     

一种舰载导弹固体火箭发动机烤燃过程的数值计算方法

为了能够有效避免火灾中导弹固体火箭发动机着火爆炸的灾难发生、保存舰艇的生命力和战斗力,建立了一种舰载导弹固体火箭发动机烤燃过程的一维传热数学模型.该数学模型考虑了辐射换热、对流换热、导热和化学反应源项的作用.利用有限差分方法,通过数值计算得到了发动机的温度时间分布曲线、温度空间分布曲线和着火延迟时间.结果表明,火焰温度和火焰温升速率对发动机的着火延迟时间有显著影响;发动机的绝热层对外界火灾有好的隔热作用;快速热烤下,推进剂的着火首先发生在外表面上.     

Relationship between latent conditions and the characteristics of holes in marine accidents based on the Swiss cheese model

In his Swiss cheese model, Reason states that no one can foresee all possible accident scenarios. If holes can be visualized and the relationship between holes and latent conditions can become clear, then it is possible to control the occurrence of holes. The objective of this research is to determine the relationship between latent conditions and the characteristics of holes. In this study, 84 serious marine accidents, divided into six types, were analyzed. Furthermore, the safety management system (SMS) in organizations and risk management at local workplaces were considered as defensive layers, and 10 latent conditions were defined by modifying the software–hardware–environment–liveware (SHEL) model. The following results were found. Holes in the SMS defensive layer tend to arise during the early stages of the plan–do–check–act (PDCA) cycle, except for cases involving sinking. Holes in the defensive layer of risk management tend to arise during the early stages of the risk management process in cases involving collisions, occupational casualties, fire, or explosion. The most frequent latent condition was an inadequate condition of operators, but was not necessarily the same for different types of accidents. These findings indicate that the locations of and reasons for the opening of holes can be determined. By applying a method for closing holes in combination with the findings of this study, accidents can be systematically prevented.     

"莱长01"沿海汽车渡船设计

本文介绍一艘单向推进、车辆可首、尾双向上落码头的沿海汽车渡船设计。其阻力性能优于双向推进船型而又保持了双向推进船型车辆快速上落的优点;借助首侧推的操作,船舶离靠码头方便。     

船舶机舱防爆防燃应注意的问题

针对船舶机舱防爆防燃应注意的问题,介绍了船舶机舱产生爆炸及火灾的几个原因,并分析了爆炸及火灾发生的机理,从实际工作出发,阐述了预防机舱火灾及爆炸事故的具体措施。