船舶参数横摇数值计算与力学机理分析

[目的]参数横摇是船舶在波浪中的特殊失稳现象,现有研究认为,波浪经过船体时稳性参数的变化是激发船体横摇的主要原因,但其力学机理并不明确。[方法]首先,基于惯性坐标下的垂荡和纵摇耦合运动方程,以及船体坐标下的横摇运动方程,建立垂荡、纵摇和横摇的混合动力学模型;然后采用所提出的摇荡耦合切片计算方法,数值计算船舶参数横摇运动,分析数值计算的横摇运动规律,并基于能量原理提出发生参数横摇的衡准。[结果]研究结果表明,船舶发生参数横摇的力学机理是,在横摇角增大过程中回复力矩系数吸收的能量小于横摇角减小过程中回复力矩释放的能量;发生参数横摇的衡准是,回复力矩系数一阶谐波分量的相位角位于[0,π]内。[结论]明确参数横摇力学机理有助于深入认识参数横摇失稳模式的物理本质,提出的参数横摇衡准对于船舶第2代完整稳性衡准的制定具有参考意义。     

基于渐进法的船舶横摇非线性阻尼系数识别

阻尼对于海浪中船舶的横摇运动响应预报至关重要。本文基于渐进法,利用自由横摇衰减数据,提出了一种适用于船舶大幅横摇运动的非线性阻尼系数识别方法。非线性阻尼选用线性加二阶模型,非线性回复力矩可以是任意形式的奇函数。通过数值方法模拟生成自由横摇衰减曲线,采用本文方法识别阻尼系数,验证方法的有效性。开展不同横摇角幅值下的参数研究,将不同船舶横摇方程的阻尼系数识别结果与其他方法的估算结果进行对比分析,验证了本文方法的高精度。最后,将本文方法应用于船舶自由横摇衰减实测数据,识别其非线性阻尼系数,数值模拟结果与试验数据一致性较好。研究表明该方法精度高,易操作,适用于大角度横摇和强非线性回复力矩条件下非线性阻尼系数的识别。     

横摇阻尼对参数横摇计算精度影响研究

船舶横摇预报准确程度很大程度上取决于横摇阻尼的计算。参数横摇作为一种非线性横摇运动,在数值预报时,横摇阻尼算法对数值结果有很大影响。基于船模自由衰减试验拟合横摇阻尼系数,用一计算船舶回复力及耦合运动的数值程序来预报参数横摇,与试验结果对比,证实了该阻尼计算方法和数值算法的可靠性;进而根据贝尔登公式、渡边公式等计算横摇阻尼,比较不同横摇阻尼计算方法的精度。计算表明,用基于试验获得的横摇阻尼系数计算参数横摇相对可靠;采用其他阻尼系数计算的横摇幅值与试验值均有一定偏差,有些甚至偏差很大。     

不规则波中船舶参数横摇的概率分析

从概率的角度探讨不规则波中船舶参数横摇的特性。参数横摇伴随着船舶大角度横摇,不仅会降低船舶舒适性,而且当横摇角过大时还会造成集装箱的破坏与落水,带来经济损失。在不规则波中,船舶初稳性高是随波浪而随机变化,参数横摇呈现出非线性和随机性,因而增加了对这一问题的研究难度。采用数值模拟,从概率的角度探讨船舶在不规则随机纵浪中的参数横摇,用频率分布直方图分析不规则波中横摇角的频率分布,并分析横摇角概率分布受运动方程初值的影响。结果表明:不规则波中参数横摇的数值模拟结果会受运动方程初值的影响,不同的运动方程初值会导致不同的概率分析结果,可以选取合适的时间段,以减小初值的影响。     

深V型船零速横摇改善措施

针对千吨级深V型船在高海况下其零速横摇幅值较大的问题,在拖曳水池中开展静水阻力、横摇衰减模型试验。通过求解非线性横摇方程,预报规则波中的横摇响应,采用双参数谱预报实船在4,5级海况下的零速横摇幅值。同时,对比分析舭龙骨长度、宽度、安装位置以及连续性对阻力、横摇阻尼系数及横摇幅值的影响规律。研究结果表明:在巡航速度至最大航速范围内,可获得阻力增值不超过4.5%,正横浪零速横摇幅值减小25%以上的舭龙骨设计方案,可为千吨级深V型船在锚泊状态下减少横摇幅值提供技术支撑。     

基于三维时域混合源法的顶浪参数横摇研究

参数横摇是复原力周期性变化引起的横摇现象,在顶浪中与垂荡、纵摇的动态耦合非常显著,呈现出强非线性特点,难以准确预报。论文采用一种三维时域面元法进行参数横摇的数值预报,该方法采用混合源法,即内域采用Rankine源,外域采用瞬态的时域Green函数求解平均湿表面的辐射势和绕射势,沿船体瞬时湿表面求解入射势,通过求解垂荡-横摇-纵摇相互耦合的三自由度方程得到参数横摇的时历曲线和幅值。通过与国际标模C11集装箱船的试验结果对比验证了本文数值方法的可靠性,并进一步分析了横摇阻尼和GM值对参数横摇的影响。研究表明,论文采用的三维时域面元法可有效用于顶浪参数横摇的数值预报;横摇阻尼和GM值是参数横摇的敏感性参数,在临界值附近较小的变化会引起较大的参数横摇预报误差。     

基于能量法的船舶静水横摇试验阻尼估算方法研究

船舶横摇阻尼准确估算是正确预报波浪中横摇运动的前提。为获得船舶横摇阻尼,通常采用静水中船模自由横摇衰减试验的方法。文章基于模型试验的横摇衰减测量数据,采用能量法进行了船舶横摇阻尼系数的研究,主要研究了横摇衰减曲线拟合函数形式,横摇衰减周期截取个数对获取的横摇阻尼系数的影响。最后将采用能量法获取的横摇阻尼系数用于规则波中船舶横摇运动预报,验证了采用该方法获取的阻尼系数的适用性。     

船舶大幅横摇运动

本文讨论了六个自由度船舶非线性运动方程.在船舶作大幅横摇运动假定下,采用压力积分方法,利用Taylor展开,导出其他自由度运动对横摇的非线性耦合运动方程.得到其他自由度运动对横摇的非线性耦合系数表达式,以及入射波和绕射波对横摇扶正力矩的非线性影响.结果表明,纵向运动对横摇的非线性静力耦合作用不存在,它们之间的耦合主要是由波浪引起的.     

基于三维时域混合源法的顶浪 不规则波参数横摇研究

国际海事组织(IMO)船舶设计建造分委会(SDC)第4次会议把参数横摇稳性直接评估提上议程,如何准确预报和评估不规则波中的参数横摇是亟待解决的问题。文章提出采用一种三维时域面元法进行不规则波中参数横摇的预报和评估,该方法首先采用混合源法,即在内域采用Rankine源,在外域采用瞬态的时域Green函数,该混合源法充分考虑了船体的定常和非定常运动,以及定常运动对非定常运动的影响;其次考虑了船体与不规则波浪的瞬时相对位置,沿船体瞬时湿表面进行压力积分求解Froude-Krylov力和静水力;然后通过时域求解垂荡—纵摇—横摇三自由度耦合方程计算参数横摇。文中以国际标模C11集装箱船为研究对象,研究了不同随机波浪谱下参数横摇的发生规律,进行了统计分析,并通过已有的试验结果验证了文中采用方法的有效性。结果表明,该文采用的三维时域面元法可有效用于顶浪不规则波中参数横摇的直接数值预报。     

基于参数横摇的航行安全性研究

第二代完整稳性衡准中将波浪中船舶稳性失效模式分为五种,论文文主要研究其中的参数横摇模式,基于参数横摇衡准草案对在迎浪中航行的船舶进行计算。衡准计算中采用了多元线性回归的方法计算了静水中的回复力系数,运用Ikeda法计算横摇阻尼系数,最后运用二分法求出横摇幅值A。根据实船的计算结果,绘制出船舶航行时参数横摇的可能发生区域,结合图形为船舶的航行安全性提供操作指导。     

An investigation of different methods for the prevention of parametric rolling

The parametric rolling of modern containerships is emerging as a serious problem, to the extent that its effects warrant a study into its prevention. In light of this, two methods for reduction of parametric rolling are proposed and examined by physical model experiments. The first is a sponson attached to the side of a ship, the purpose being to decrease the rate of change of the rollrestoring moment. The second is an antirolling tank to increase roll damping. By conducting free-running model experiments for a 6600-TEU post-Panamax container ship with sponsons under typical parametric rolling conditions, it was found that the sponsons could decrease the magnitude of parametric rolling. The antirolling tank could prevent parametric rolling completely in certain conditions, even in severe head seas. Using the damping coefficients from experimentally derived data of a model ship with an antiroll tank, a numerical simulation was established. The numerical model was then compared with the free-running model experiments. The results indicated that the numerical model could qualitatively verify the experimental results. Finally, an attempt to optimise the size of an antirolling tank for preventing parametric rolling for the subject post-Panamax container ship in the North Pacific Ocean is presented.     

Stochastic averaging for estimating a ship roll in random longitudinal or oblique waves

In this work, the C11 container ship is taken as an example to analyze its rolling performances in random longitudinal or oblique waves. Firstly, a dynamic model of C11 roll in random waves is improved, and it is verified by the model test and numerical simulation. Mathematically, this dynamic model is a one-dimensional stochastic differential equation with random parametric (and external) excitation. Secondly, an enhanced stochastic averaging method is proposed to solve this stochastic differential equation. The validity of the solutions was verified by Monte Carlo simulation. At last, the probabilistic characteristics of the extreme rolling response were investigated based on the calculated results using enhanced stochastic averaging method. According to the analysis, some advices for ship's manoeuvring can be put forward when ships are navigating in random waves.     

Predicting parametric rolling in irregular head seas with added resistance taken into account

Parametric rolling in irregular head seas is investigated using numerical simulation in the time domain in this paper. The effect of the change in speed due to added resistance on parametric rolling is taken into account. Three methods of calculating the added resistance in irregular head seas are applied to this problem, and then Pinkster’s method, which considers the time-varying added resistance in irregular head seas, is extended for further investigations in this paper. Furthermore, the Froude–Krylov component of restoring variation is estimated with coupling from heave and pitch motions, and the hydrodynamic effects are extrapolated nonlinearly with regards to roll angle. Finally, the “practical non-ergodicity” of parametric roll is investigated with a model experiment at zero forward speed and using the simulation, and the effect of added resistance is investigated with the simulation.     

参数横摇下大型集装箱船外飘砰击的近似计算方法（英文）

Since the research of flare slamming prediction is seldom when parametric rolling happens, we present an efficient approximation method for flare slamming analysis of large container ships in parametric rolling conditions. We adopt a 6-DOF weakly nonlinear time domain model to predict the ship motions of parametric rolling conditions. Unlike previous flare slamming analysis, our proposed method takes roll motion into account to calculate the impact angle and relative vertical velocity between ship sections on the bow flare and wave surface. We use the Wagner model to analyze the slamming impact forces and the slamming occurrence probability. Through numerical simulations, we investigate the maximum flare slamming pressures of a container ship for different speeds and wave conditions. To further clarify the mechanism of flare slamming phenomena in parametric rolling conditions, we also conduct real-time simulations to determine the relationship between slamming pressure and 3-DOF motions, namely roll, pitch, and heave.     

规则迎浪中船舶参数横摇的三维时域预报方法研究

参数横摇是船舶因复原特性改变而引起的典型非线性现象。文章采用三维时域方法预报规则迎浪中船舶的参数横摇运动。该方法引入匹配面将流域分为内域和外域,内域中采用Rankine源来满足物面条件和线性自由面条件,而外域中应用时域格林函数来满足线性自由面条件和远场辐射条件。数值方法中,Froude-Krylov力和恢复力是通过对船舶瞬时湿表面积积分获得,同时考虑了横摇、垂荡和纵摇三自由度之间的耦合作用,以及非线性横摇阻尼的影响。数值结果与试验结果吻合很好,说明该方法可以有效地预报参数横摇。     

Parametric rolling prediction in irregular seas using combination of deterministic ship dynamics and probabilistic wave theory

In recent years there have been reports of serious accidents of parametric rolling for modern container ships and car carriers. For avoiding such accidents, a prediction method of parametric rolling in irregular seas is required. Since parametric rolling is practically non-ergodic, repetitions of numerical simulations or experiments could be not feasible to ascertain the behaviour. Therefore, in this paper, a method combining a stochastic approach with a deterministic approach in order to estimate the probabilistic index without such simple repetitions is developed. The ship's response in regular seas is estimated by solving an averaged system of the original 1-DoF roll model, and random waves necessary for occurrence of parametric rolling is achieved by using Longuet-Higgins’s or Kimura’s wave group theory. As a result, a fast and robust computation method of the probabilistic index is established. Finally, it is concluded that the proposed method is considered to be one of the useful tools for discussing the new IMO Intact Stability Code.     

Nonlinear analysis of parametric rolling in longitudinal and quartering seas with realistic modeling of roll-restoring moment

Parametric rolling of a containership in longitudinal and quartering seas is examined by applying nonlinear dynamics to a 1DOF mathematical model with realistic modeling of the wave effect on roll-restoring moment. In our previous work, we confirmed that a mathematical model with a roll-restoring moment in waves calculated with the Froude–Krylov assumption could considerably overestimate the danger of capsizing associated with parametric rolling. Therefore, in the present work, all numerical calculations based on nonlinear analysis were carried out with the direct aid of a measured roll-restoring moment in waves. For this purpose, captive model experiments were conducted for various sets of wavelengths in longitudinal seas. This experiment demonstrates that the Froude–Krylov prediction could not explain the wavelength effect on restoring moment as the wave-steepness effect. Using the numerical model with the aid of this measured roll-restoring moment, the Poincaré mapping technique was applied to identify bifurcation structures of roll motions not only in longitudinal seas, but also in quartering seas. As a result, it was confirmed that capsizing associated with parametric rolling is more likely to occur in following seas than in quartering seas. However, period-doubling and chaos appeared in quartering seas. Finally, an averaging method assuming a period-2 orbit was applied to the same model with the same conditions as the Poincaré map. Reasonably good agreement was obtained between the numerical results with a Poincaré map and those with the averaging method in longitudinal seas, but the averaging method has limited capability in quartering seas.     

大型汽车滚装船参数横摇研究

对于航行在纵向波浪中的船舶,参数横摇是横稳性中典型的不利情形。文章对参数横摇作了介绍,并对某大型汽车滚装船进行了实例分析。首先,对船舶在纵向波浪中的稳性变化进行了计算;然后,根据衡准进行验证;最后,采用数值仿真方法,研究了稳性变化、横摇阻尼、航速、航向等参数对参数横摇的影响。     

Theoretical study on the effect of parametric rolling on added resistance in regular head seas

A formula based on Maruo’s theory is presented for the added resistance in regular head seas when parametric rolling occurs. Firstly, the velocity potential of the radiation waves due to parametric rolling, sway and yaw motions should be superposed on the conventional velocity potential. Secondly, the added resistance is averaged within the time duration that is double the encounter period. Thirdly, the stationary-phase method which is used in Maruo’s method is also used to obtain the formula of added resistance in waves with parametric rolling taken into account as well as viscous roll damping. Fourthly, source distribution based on Maruo and Ishii's and Maruo and Iwase’s works is used to calculate the added resistance. Finally, the effect of parametric rolling on added resistance in regular head seas mainly results from viscous roll damping and it becomes larger as the amplitude of parametric rolling becomes larger.     

摇摆条件下船用蒸汽蓄热器放汽过程数值研究

基于两流体模型和热相变模型,结合考虑附加惯性力的摇摆计算模型,并引入指数压降放汽边界条件,利用CFX软件进行了摇摆条件下船用蒸汽蓄热器放汽过程数值计算。计算结果显示,在摇摆条件下,蒸汽蓄热器放汽压力和温度均快速降低,但摇摆运动对放汽压力和温度参数影响比较小;摇摆运动加强蒸汽蓄热器内汽水两相流体的湍流交混,诱发蓄热器压力场、速度场和温度场分布紊乱;周期性的摇摆运动导致蒸汽蓄热器水位产生剧烈的周期性波动,且波动周期与摇摆周期基本一致。摇摆模型在蒸汽蓄热器两相流数值模拟中的成功应用,可为海洋条件下蒸汽蓄热器热工水力的准确分析提供参考。