不同还原过程空燃比大小对降低稀燃汽油机NOx排放的试验研究

运用自行开发设计的稀燃发动机电控系统和催化系统，对稀燃汽油机运用吸附还原催化法在不同的还原过程空燃比条件下降低NOx的排放进行了研究。试验结果表明，还原过程空燃比越小，吸附还原催化器吸附的NOx还原就越彻底，汽油机排出的NOx也越少。但稀燃汽油机的燃油消耗率增加，经济性变差。     

稀燃汽油机降低NOx排放技术方案分析研究

采用吸附还原催化转化器和三效催化转化器的不同组合,对一台改装的16气门电控燃油喷射稀燃汽油机进行了降低富氧下NOx排放的实验研究。结果表明：三效催化转化器位于吸附还原催化转化器之前的布置方案具有较好的降低稀燃汽油机NOx排放的效果。     

轿车汽油机实现稀燃及降低NOx排放的关键技术

从燃烧室结构、燃烧室内气流运动、点火方式、分层燃烧及燃油喷射方式等几方面论述了当代轿车，气油机实现稀薄燃烧所采用的几项关键技术，介绍了目前降低稀燃汽油机氮氧化物NOx排放所采用的催化技术(NOx直接催化分解技术、选择还原催化技术和吸附还原催化技术)和废气再循环EGR技术，指出了这些技术的综合应用。可以有效地实现汽油机稀薄燃烧，可以大幅地降低稀燃汽油机氮氧化物NOx排放，为轿车汽油机实现稀燃，提高轿车汽油机的经济性和改善其氮氧化物NOx排放提供具体的技术措施。     

控制稀燃汽油机NOx吸附-还原催化转化器再生过程的试验研究

针对汽油机稀薄燃烧排放控制的特殊要求,研制了一套适用于稀燃汽油机的电控节气门(ECT)系统.该系统可控制稀燃发动机周期性的短暂工作于浓混合气状态,满足NOx吸附-还原催化转化器的工作要求,降低稀燃发动机的NOx排放.并在混合气浓度改变的同时实现对点火时刻和节气门开度的连动控制,维持发动机输出功率稳定.实验结果表明,稀混合气燃烧配以NOx吸附-还原催化转化器进行排气后处理可使NOx排放最低达50×10-6,最高转化率达91%,该系统是解决稀燃及其排放问题的可行方案.     

稀薄燃烧汽油机NOx排放后处理研究进展

降低稀燃汽油机NOx排放是实现稀薄燃烧的最大难题。文中详细阐述了降低稀燃汽油机NOx排放的吸附催化转化和选择还原催化转化技术与研究进展。认为应该充分应用稀燃发动机的排气产物作为还原物质,如HC和CO等,采用沸石和贵金属分子筛催化器对NOx进行选择还原。提出研制具备高的NOx转化效率,同时具有好的水热耐久性和高的抗硫中毒能力的选择还原催化器是我们科技工作者追求的目标。     

点燃式发动机排气后处理技术新发展

在提出高发动机经济性的同时，满足日益严格的排放要求的关键是降低冷起动过程HC的排放和减少排气富氧条件下NOx的排放。催化转换器快速起活技术与吸收技术相结合可以有效降低冷起动暖机过程的HC排放。富氧条件下还原NOx的技术主要有催化还原、电化还原、选择性NOx再循环以及低温等离子体等技术。低温等离子体技术与选择性催化还原技术相结合是降低稀燃发动机排放的有效方法。     

降低汽车发动机排放的技术

从机内净化技术，机外净化技术和应用清洁燃料等方面讨论了降低汽车发动机排放技术，对车用发动机分层充气预混合稀薄燃料（MPFI）、汽油机直喷燃烧（GDI）和均质混合压缩点火式燃烧（HCCI）等燃烧技术，选择催化还原剂（SCR）、NOx存储器还原催化系统（NSR）、等离子体辅助催化剂等新的稀燃NOx催化剂和微粒处理系统，通过这些技术的综合运用达到不断严格的排放标准和环保要求。     

车用稀燃电控汽油机排放控制技术研究

应用二次喷油及可变进气技术，形成准均质稀混合气，改善了燃烧过程，扩大了发动机稀燃极限。降低了NOx排放量。综合运用三效催化器和空燃比优化控制技术不仅使HC和CO排放接近零，也使NOx排放进一步降低。采用自主开发的电控系统的稀燃汽油机具有较好的燃油经济性。     

无源氨选择性催化还原三效催化器设计——稀燃火花点燃直接喷射汽油机适用的排气后处理系统

稀燃火花点燃直接喷射汽油机技术能改善燃油经济性,然而,稀燃运行时的氮氧化物（NOx）还原始终是实施有效节能技术的主要障碍。一些被广为应用的排气后处理技术包括了稀氮氧化物捕集和有源尿素选择性催化还原（SCR）技术,其缺点是材料成本高,并且需要用户干预尿素溶液充注。报道了一种既简单成本又低的无尿素的无源氨（NH3）-SCR系统,它具有在稀燃汽油机中应用的潜力。这种无源NH3-SCR排气后处理系统的关键组件包括紧耦合式三效催化转化器（TWC）和置于车底的SCR系统。可以通过短暂的发动机富油燃烧运行在三效催化转化器中生成NH3,然后将它储存在车底的SCR催化转化器中。在新欧洲行驶循环的瞬态循环稀燃运行时,通过TWC的NOx会被SCR催化转化器内储存的NH3还原。TWC的设计对NH3的生成至关重要,并对低排气温度下碳氢化合物及一氧化碳排放的降低起关键作用。总之,试验证实,无源NH3-SCR是一种适用于稀燃火花点燃直接喷射汽油机的高效、低成本的稀NOx后处理技术。详细介绍了该系统,以及包括稳态试验结果在内的其他结果。     

车用汽油机稀薄燃烧的实现及排放特征分析

研究了车用465汽油机稀薄燃烧的实现与机内净化策略,借助于缸内存在的滚流运动,采用适当的气道内喷射方式,实现了均质稀薄燃烧,不同负荷时的稀燃极限可达21~22,分析了汽油机稀燃排放的特征,NOx排放先升高后降低,HC和CO排放明显降低,合理控制稀燃空燃比,可降低NOx排放。     

Major sources of hydrocarbon emissions in a premixed charge compression ignition engine

Although premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) combustion engines are praised for potentially high efficiency and clean exhaust, experimental engines built to date emit more hydrocarbons (HCs) and carbon monoxide (CO) than the conventional machines. These compounds are not only strictly controlled components of the exhaust gas of road vehicles but are also an energy loss indicator. The prime objective of this study was to investigate the major sources of the HCs formed in the combustion chamber of an experimental PCCI engine in order to suggest some effective technologies for HC reduction. In this study, to explore the dominant sources of HC emissions in both operation modes, a single cylinder engine was prepared such that it could operate using either conventional diesel combustion or PCCI combustion. Specifically, the contributions of the top-ring crevice volume in the combustion chamber and the bulk quenching of the lean mixture were investigated. To understand the influence of the shape and magnitude of the crevice on HC emissions, the engine was operated with 12 specially prepared pistons with different top-ring crevices installed one after another. The engine emitted proportionally more HCs as the depth of the crevice increased as long as the width remained narrower than the prevailing quench distance. The top-ring-crevice-originated exhaust HCs comprised approximately 31% of the total HC emissions in the baseline condition. In a series of tests to estimate the effects of bulk quench on exhaust HC emissions, intake air was heated from 300K to 400K in steps of 25K. With the intake air heated, HC and CO emissions decreased with a gradually diminishing rate to zero at 375K. In conclusion, the most dominant sources of HC emissions in PCCI engines were the crevice volumes in the combustion chamber and the bulk quenching of the lean mixtures. The key methods for reducing HC emissions in PCCI engines are minimizing crevice volume in the combustion chamber and maximizing intake air temperature allowed based on the permissible NOx level.     

掺氢比对氢-甲醇发动机稀薄燃烧及排放影响

为探究掺氢比对氢-甲醇发动机稀薄燃烧性能的影响，在一台1.8 L涡轮增压缸内直喷汽油机 （GDI） 改装的氢-甲醇发动机上，开展了不同燃空当量比和不同掺氢比条件下的甲醇发动机掺氢燃烧和排放试验研究。结果表明，在稀燃条件下，增大掺氢比能提高发动机缸内最高燃烧压力及放热率峰值，且燃烧相位提前，燃烧持续期缩短。在稀燃情况下适当掺氢有助于改善循环变动，混合气越稀改善效果越好，但随燃空比和掺氢量增大时，循环变动却有恶化的趋势。当燃空当量比大于 0.71 时，增大掺氢比能改善 HC 排放；当燃空当量比大于 0.83 时，掺氢能改善 NOx排放，但 CO 排放恶化；当燃空当量比小于0.83时，增大掺氢比导致NOx排放恶化但CO排放降低。     

Investigation on Spray Behavior and NOx Conversion Characteristic of a Secondary Injector for a Lean NOx Trap Catalyst

Lean NOx trap (LNT) catalyst has been used to reduce NOx emissions from diesel engines. The LNT absorbs NOx in lean condition and discharges N2 by reducing NOx in rich conditions. Thus, it is necessary to make exhaust gas lean or rich conditions for controlling LNT system. For making a rich condition, a secondary injector was adopted to inject a diesel fuel into the exhaust pipe. In the case of secondary injector, the behavior of spray is easily affected by high temperature (i.e., 250 ～ 350 °C) occurred in the exhaust manifold. Therefore, it is needed to investigate the spray behavior of diesel fuel injected into an exhaust manifold, as well as the conversion characteristics for a lean NOx trap of a diesel engine with LNT catalyst. The characteristics of exhaust emissions in NEDC (New European Driving Cycle) mode were analyzed and spray behaviors were visualized in various exhaust gas conditions. The results show that as the exhaust gas mass flow increases, the spray cone angle becomes broad and the fuel is directed to the flow field. Besides, the cone angle of spray is decreased by centrifugal force caused in exhaust gas flow field. In addition, the effects of nozzle installation degree, injection quantity, and exhaust gas flow on NOx conversion performance were clarified.     

Effects of valve timing and intake flow motion control on combustion and time-resolved HC & NOx formation characteristics

In SI engines, valve events have a major influence on volumetric efficiency, fuel economy and exhaust emissions. Moreover, swirl and tumble motions in the intake charge also improve combustion speed and quality by stratifying the mixture as well as intensifying the mixing rate of air and fuel. This paper investigates the behaviors of an engine and the combustion phenomenon for various intake valve timings and intake charge motions using CVVT system and port masking schemes. Test condition includes a part load and a cold idle condition inclusive of a cold start of the engine. Time-resolved HC and NOx emissions were also measured at an exhaust port to examine their formation mechanisms and behaviors with fast response HC/NOx analyzers. In conclusion, the fast burning of fuel and improved combustion quality by enhanced charge motions reduced unburned HC emissions, and advancing the intake valve opening reduced HC as well as NOx. Furthermore, HCs during the cold transient phase and idle conditions decreased with recalibrated start parameters such as lean air-fuel ratio and spark retardation via the enhancement of intake charge motions.     

Operating strategy for gasoline/diesel dual-fuel premixed compression ignition in a light-duty diesel engine

Environmental problems have become a major issue for diesel engine development. Although emission aftertreatment systems such as DPFs (diesel particulate filters), LNTs (lean NOx traps) and SCR (selective catalytic reduction) have been used in diesel vehicles, the manufacturing cost increase caused by this equipment can be hard to be control. Thus, it is better for engine emissions to be reduced by improving the combustion system. A dual-fuel combustion concept is a recommended method to improve a combustion system and effectively reduce emissions. Low reactivity fuel including gasoline and natural gas, which was supplied to the intake port by the FPI (port fuel injector), improved the premixed air-fuel mixture conditions before ignition. Additionally, a small amount of high reactivity fuel, in this case diesel, was injected into the cylinder directly as an ignition source. This dual-fuel combustion promises lower levels of NOx (nitrogen oxide) and PM (particulate matter) emissions due to the elimination of local rich regions in the cylinder. However, it is challenging to control the dual-fuel combustion because the combustion stability and efficiency deteriorate due to the lack of ignition source and reactivity. Thus, it is important to establish an appropriate dual-fuel operating strategy to achieve stable, high efficiency and low emission operation. As a result of this research, a detailed operating method of dual-fuel PCI (premixed compression ignition) was introduced in detail at a low speed and low load condition by using a single cylinder diesel engine. Engine operating parameters including the gasoline ratio, a diesel injection strategy consisting of multiple injectors and timing, the EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) rate and the intake pressure were controlled to satisfy the low ISNOx (indicated specific NOx) and PM emissions levels (0.21 g/kWh and 0.1 FSN, 0.040 g/kWh, respectively) as per the EURO-6 regulation without any after-treatment systems. The results emphasized that a well-constructed dual-fuel PCI operating strategy showed low NOx and PM emissions and high GIE (gross indicated fuel conversion efficiency) with excellent combustion stability.     

车用稀燃增压单一燃料CNG发动机电控系统的研究

为深入研究 CNG发动机稀薄燃烧特性 ,进一步降低天然气发动机的有害排放 ,设计了车用增压天然气发动机电控系统。该系统采用高能点火模块来获得天然气着火所需的点火能量 ,电控喷射单元采用模糊控制器来获得比较精确的空燃比控制 ,实现对天然气发动机的顺序多点喷射。运用该系统对增压单一燃料 CNG发动机的燃烧和排放性能进行了试验研究 ,结果表明了该系统的有效性。     

Effects of mixture stratification on HCCI combustion of DME in a rapid compression and expansion machine

Compression ignition of homogeneous charges in internal combustion (IC) engines is expected to offer high efficiency of DI diesel engines without high levels of NOx and particulate emissions. This study is intended to find ways of extending the rich limit of HCCI operation, one of the problems yet to be overcome. Exhaust emissions characteristics are also explored through analyses of the combustion products. DME fuel, either mixed with air before induction or directly injected into the combustion chamber of a rapid compression and expansion machine, is compressed to ignite under various conditions of compression ratio, equivalence ratio, and injection timing. The characteristics of the resulting combustion and exhaust emissions are discussed in terms of the rate of heat release computed from the measured pressure, and the concentrations of THC, CO, and NOx are measured by FT-IR and CLD. The experimental data to date show that operation without knock is possible with mixtures of higher equivalence ratio when DME is directly injected rather than when it is inducted in the form of a perfectly homogeneous fuel-air mixture. Although fuel injected early in the compression stroke promotes homogeneity of the DME-air mixture in the cylinder, it causes the mixture to ignite too early to secure good thermal efficiency and knock-free operation at high loads. Low temperature reactions occur at about 660K regardless of the fueling methods, fuel injection timing and equivalence ratio. The main components of hydrocarbon emissions turned out to be unburned fuel (DME), formaldehyde and methane.