酚类抗氧化剂抑制生物柴油氧化及对排放影响的试验研究

针对生物柴油氧化安定性较差、NO_x排放较高的问题,选用酚类抗氧化剂如迷迭香、茶多酚和丁基羟基茴香醚,分别添加到生物柴油中,测量了生物柴油在不同氧化时间下的过氧化值。在186F柴油机台架上,燃用添加不同抗氧化剂的生物柴油,测量了标定转速、不同负荷时的NO_x和HC排放。试验结果表明:与没有添加抗氧化剂的生物柴油相比,经过4 320h后,添加迷迭香的生物柴油过氧化值最大降低了0.028mol/kg,降幅近48%,生物柴油的氧化安定性得到明显改善;与B20调和生物柴油相比,添加迷迭香、茶多酚抗氧化剂的K1B20与K2B20调和生物柴油的HC排放的平均值有小幅升高,添加丁基羟基茴香醚的BHAB20调和生物柴油的HC排放平均降幅为25%;标定转速不同负荷时,添加抗氧化剂,NO_x排放均下降,在75%负荷时,添加迷迭香的K1B20相对B20的NO_x最大降幅为9.4%。3种抗氧化剂中,迷迭香抗氧化剂对于提高生物柴油氧化安定性和降低柴油机燃烧生物柴油NO_x排放的效果最好。     

典型原料生物柴油燃烧颗粒物微观结构及氧化特性

应用EEPS粒径谱仪、高分辨率透射电子显微镜、同步热分析仪等仪器分析了3种不同碘值生物柴油(大豆生物柴油、棕榈生物柴油和餐废油脂生物柴油)在高压共轨柴油机燃烧产生颗粒物的微观结构和氧化特性.结果 表明:相较于柴油燃烧颗粒物,生物柴油燃烧颗粒物粒径偏小、聚集程度更高、基本碳粒子微晶碳层越发无序,起燃温度Ti、燃尽温度Te...     

Sofim柴油机油升级换代

随着环保法规的日益严格和汽车工业的技术进步，国外柴油机油近十几年来发展在美国使用也３２年的ＣＤ柴油机油已经废止，１９９４年ＣＦ４占美国柴油机油用量的８５％，但目前ＣＦ４亦已逐步淘汰，大部分车辆正在使用适用于低硫柴油的ＣＧ４柴油机油，并在全美推广ＣＨ４柴油机油。本文描述了美国柴油机油规格发展的现状、原因及评价方法，指出Ｓｏｆｉｍ柴油机油升级换代是技术进步的必然结果，随着汽车排放和节能的提高，发动机技     

菜籽油发动机排放物的致癌作用

一提到代用燃料,国内和国外许多人都强调它的优点,而不提它的缺点。有些人认为,代用燃料都是清洁燃料。菜籽油也是代用燃料的一种,用作发动机的燃料已有几十年历史,被称做“生物柴油”。它在欧洲被用作许多现代化柴油机汽车的燃料而不需要任何改装。根据德国油料植物和蛋白质植物联合会的说法,过去几个月中,在德国由于柴油价格急剧上涨,“生物柴油”的销路越来越好。该联合会估计,在2001年,“生物柴油”的生产将至少达到46万吨。这种被称作RME(菜籽油甲基酯)的“生物柴油”迄今被认为是矿物柴油的良好替代品。许多人以为,用“生物柴油”作燃料的汽车排出的有害物质远比用普通柴油的少得多。     

生物柴油发动机非常规排放物及测试方法

综述了生物柴油发动机非常规排放物的研究进展,对发动机燃用生物柴油和矿物柴油非常规排放物进行了分析。重点介绍了醛类、酮类、单环芳香烃(MAHs)、多环芳香烃(PAHs)、金属粒子和DDE 6类非常规排放物的主要属性及其测试方法。结果表明,在相同工况下,发动机燃烧生物柴油的醛类、多环芳香烃(PAHs)、单环芳香烃(MAHs)的排放量低于燃烧柴油,但部分金属粒子和DDE的排放量要高于燃烧柴油。非常规排放物,特别是多环芳香烃(PAHs)、金属粒子和DDE有毒、致癌。这些非常规排放物可以通过色谱仪—质谱仪联用、气相色谱仪—火焰离子探测器联用及高效液相色谱仪—紫外线检测器系统联用等方法来测定。     

部分加氢生物柴油改善柴油机的燃烧与排放（双语出版）

部分加氢工艺可显著提升生物柴油的氧化安定性,同时改善燃料的着火性能,是提高生物柴油品质的有效途径。以Raney-Ni为催化剂,异丙醇为供氢体,在85℃的水环境下对大豆生物柴油进行催化转移加氢试验,得到部分加氢生物柴油,并以传统柴油作为参照,分别制备B20（80%传统柴油+20%生物柴油）和PHB20（80%传统柴油+20%加氢生物柴油）,在186FA型柴油机上进行发动机性能试验,并使用燃烧分析仪、尾气分析仪和烟度计等仪器探究加氢生物柴油对柴油机燃烧过程及排放性能的影响。研究结果表明：柴油机燃用柴油、B20及PHB20的当量燃油消耗率基本相当;在标定工况下,尽管加氢生物柴油运动黏度略有升高而不利于燃油雾化,但其十六烷值较高更易于燃烧,在燃料特性的综合影响下,与柴油机燃用柴油相比,B20和PHB20的着火时刻依次提前了0.8 °曲轴转角和1.4 °曲轴转角,瞬时放热峰及最大爆发压力亦随之提前,但最大放热率和最大爆发压力依次略有降低;在标定工况下,与燃用柴油相比, B20的HC,CO和烟度排放分别下降了9.9%、9.3%和15.2%,NO_x排放上升了8.5%;而PHB20的HC,CO和烟度排放分别下降了12.4%、13.5%和17.1%,NO_x排放上升了6.7%;综合可见,PHB20改善柴油机燃烧及排放的效果优于B20。     

天然抗氧化剂对生物柴油燃烧特性的影响研究

针对生物柴油氧化安定性较差的特点,在调和油B20中添加天然抗氧化剂,改善生物柴油的氧化安定性.通过发动机台架试验,测量了标定转速、不同负荷时,分别添加迷迭香与茶多酚两种抗氧化剂的生物柴油K1B20和K2B20的示功图,并与燃用柴油B0、生物柴油B100以及调和油B20进行对比,探讨了抗氧化剂对柴油机燃烧过程的影响.结果表明:低负荷时,与燃用B0相比,燃用B100的最高燃烧压力、最大压力升高率升高,瞬时放热率峰值降低,滞燃期缩短,燃烧持续期延长;与燃用B20相比,燃用K1B20和K2B20的压力曲线与瞬时放热率曲线形状以及燃烧特性参数基本相同.全负荷时,随生物柴油掺混比的增加,最高燃烧压力降低;燃用K1B20和K2B20的最高燃烧压力升高,对应的曲轴转角略有延迟,最大压力升高率峰值基本相同,对应曲轴转角延迟.燃用K1B20和K2B20对柴油机的输出功率影响不大,与B20相比,滞燃期与燃烧持续期略有缩短,排气温度有所降低.     

部分加氢生物柴油改善柴油机的燃烧与排放

部分加氢工艺可显著提升生物柴油的氧化安定性,同时改善燃料的着火性能,是提高生物柴油品质的有效途径。以Raney-Ni为催化剂,异丙醇为供氢体,在85℃的水环境下对大豆生物柴油进行催化转移加氢试验,得到部分加氢生物柴油,并以传统柴油作为参照,分别制备B20(80%传统柴油+20%生物柴油)和PHB20(80%传统柴油+20%加氢生物柴油),在186FA型柴油机上进行发动机性能试验,并使用燃烧分析仪、尾气分析仪和烟度计等仪器探究加氢生物柴油对柴油机燃烧过程及排放性能的影响。研究结果表明:柴油机燃用柴油、B20及PHB20的当量燃油消耗率基本相当;在标定工况下,尽管加氢生物柴油运动黏度略有升高而不利于燃油雾化,但其十六烷值较高更易于燃烧,在燃料特性的综合影响下,与柴油机燃用柴油相比,B20和PHB20的着火时刻依次提前了0.8°曲轴转角和1.4°曲轴转角,瞬时放热峰及最大爆发压力亦随之提前,但最大放热率和最大爆发压力依次略有降低;在标定工况下,与燃用柴油相比, B20的HC,CO和烟度排放分别下降了9.9%、9.3%和15.2%,NOx排放上升了8.5%;而PHB20的HC,CO和烟度排放分别下降了12.4%、13.5%和17.1%,NOx排放上升了6.7%;综合可见,PHB20改善柴油机燃烧及排放的效果优于B20。     

酯类含氧燃料组分对柴油机燃烧与排放特性的影响研究

为了进一步研究生物柴油和碳酸二甲酯（DMC）在柴油中的调配比例对柴油机性能的影响,在体积比90％的柴油中分别掺混10％生物柴油、10％DMC及5％生物柴油与5％DMC的混合物,连同柴油组成B10,D10,B5D5和柴油4种燃料,考察了不同含氧燃料对柴油机燃烧过程、经济性和排放性的影响。结果表明,3种含氧燃料对柴油机缸内最高燃烧压力和压力升高率峰值影响不大,B10的放热峰值略有降低,而DMC的加入使B5D5和D10的放热峰值明显升高。DMC造成的着火延迟效应要比同比例生物柴油造成的着火提前效应更明显。B10和D10的当量燃油消耗率与柴油基本相当,但B5D5的当量燃油消耗率略有降低。发动机燃用B10时,除NOx在全负荷时升高7．9％外,CO,HC和炭烟排放相对有所降低;而混合燃料中DMC的引入虽不利于HC和CO的氧化,但可同时降低烟度和NOx排放。     

轻型车燃用生物柴油瞬态工况排放特性的研究

通过对轻型车燃用生物柴油和0#柴油尾气排放的测量和分析，研究瞬态工况有害排放物模态特性。试验结果表明，与0#柴油相比，轻型车燃用生物柴油可显著改善冷启动过程的HC和CO排放，其HC、CO和PM比排放分别降低76．9％、45．7％和52．8％，但NOx比排放增加5．8％。燃料在燃烧转变为CO2和H2O释放出化学能的同时也将空气中的N2氧化成NOx，因而可用NOx／CO2来描述NOx排放随运行工况的变化规律。     

生物柴油对柴油机燃油系统橡胶、金属和塑料件的性能影响研究

研究了多种橡胶、金属和塑料在3种生物柴油中浸泡28天后的质量、尺寸及外观变化,并与0号柴油的结果进行对比。试验结果表明:生物柴油对氟橡胶的溶胀性影响与0号柴油相近,但对丁腈橡胶的影响略大于0号柴油;生物柴油对铝、45号钢及3种塑料几乎没有影响;大豆油和泔水油对紫铜和黄铜有明显的腐蚀作用,而麻疯树油对铜片的腐蚀与0号柴油相近。     

Morphology and oxidation kinetics of CI engine’s biodiesel particulate matters on cordierite Diesel Particulate Filters using TGA

The impact of small compression ignition (CI) engine operation conditions and fuel properties on diesel and biodiesel particulate matters (PMs) quantity using opacity smoke meter is investigated. The biodiesel engine’s PMs are around a half of diesel engine PMs under the same engine operation conditions. Morphology of both engine’s PMs are also studied using a Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and image processing method. The average primary nanoparticle sizes of diesel and biodiesel engine’s PMs are approximately 34 nm and 32 nm, respectively. The result shows that engine operation condition and fuel property are strongly impact on the quantity and size distribution of primary nanoparticles emission. PM oxidation kinetics on conventional cordierite Diesel Particulate Filters (DPFs) powders by Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) is also successfully studied. The calculated apparent activation energies of biodiesel engine’s PM oxidation on conventional cordierite DPFs powders are lower than that of diesel engine’s PM and carbon black because of unburned oxygenated molecule. The calculated apparent activation energy of biodiesel engine’s PM and diesel engine’s PM oxidize on conventional cordierite DPFs powders with pure air are in the range of 109 ~ 131 kJ/mole and 117 ~ 130 kJ/mole, respectively. It might be expected that smaller primary nanoparticle size of biodiesel engine’s PMs and bio-oxygenate unburned hydrocarbon can promote more PM oxidation rate during vehicle’s DPF regeneration process.     

重型柴油机燃用不同柴油替代燃料的性能研究

对乖型柴油机燃用纯柴油、体积混合比例为1:9的天然气合成油(GTL柴油)与柴油混合燃料(G10)、体积混合比例为1:9的生物柴油与柴油混合燃料(BD10)、纯GTL柴油(G100)及纯牛物柴油(BD100)5种燃料的动力性、经济性及燃烧特性进行了研究.结果表明,BD10、G10与纯柴油有相似的燃烧特性,额定转速F G100的缸内工作压力增大,BD100的缸内工作压力显著降低;G10油耗较之BD10降低2.43%,功率较之BD10平均高2.78%;与燃用纯柴油的油耗相比,G100平均降低2.62%,BD100平均高出13%;除NOx排放外,生物柴油在降低CO、HC、PM的排放上均有所改善.     

Reaction characteristics of the diesel oxidation catalyst of particulate matters from the diffusion flame of a oiler burner

The objective of this experimental study is to investigate the characteristics of the size distribution and the number concentration of PM (particulate matters) emitted from the diffusion flame of a boiler burner, which has the same type of combustion as a diesel engine. This study is performed to investigate the emission characteristics of nanoparticles generated from diffusion combustion in diesel fuel, and it considered fuel factors and the reaction characteristics of the nanoparticles on the DOC (Diesel oxidation catalyst). The factors examined in this experiment included the sulfur content in the fuel, the blend of the diesel fuel containing biodiesel and bio-ethanol, and the concentration of engine oil (0.1% and 1.0%) blended with diesel fuel. The particle size distribution of the nanoparticles exhausted from the boiler burner was measured by an SMPS (scanning mobility particle sizer). The number concentration of PM that were smaller than 70 nm in diameter greatly increased in the rear of the DOC when fuel containing 250 ppm of sulfur was used. The experiment also suggested that the particle number concentration in both the front and rear of the DOC was lower when ULSD (ultra low sulfur diesel) fuel blended with biodiesel and bio-ethanol, which are oxygenated fuels, was used than when only ULSD fuel was used. The higher the content of engine oil in the fuel, the higher the particle number concentration was in the front and rear of the catalyst. When the first dilution air temperature is increased from 30°C to 180°C, the nanoparticle number concentration dramatically dropped in the rear of the catalyst when fuel containing 250 ppm of sulfur was used, while the particle size distribution remained almost the same when the fuel with engine oil was used.     

柴油替代燃料经济性分析

对柴油及生物柴油、二甲醚(DME),F—T柴油(天然气合成)等石化柴油替代燃料的理化特性、排放进行了比较,并进行了经济性分析。结果表明,在生产规模一定的情况下,原料成本是影响柴油替代燃料经济竞争力的主要因素。与石化柴油比较,以废弃食用油或泔脚油为原料的生物柴油,以天然气和煤为原料的DME以及以天然气为原料的F—T柴油具有经济竞争力。     

电控高压共轨柴油机燃用生物柴油的燃烧特性

针对1台大排量电控高压共轨柴油机,在发动机结构和参数不作变动和调整的条件下,研究了5种不同生物柴油含量的混合燃料(B0,B10,B15,B20和B30)对发动机燃烧特性的影响。结果表明,随着燃料中生物柴油含量的增加,燃烧始点、燃烧终点、放热重心逐渐提前,滞燃期和燃烧持续期有所缩短,发动机的缸内最高燃烧压力和放热率峰值逐渐降低,所对应的相位逐渐提前。生物柴油含量对缸内最高燃烧压力影响较小,而对放热率峰值影响较大,在大负荷工况下对放热率的影响更加明显。     

Instantaneous 2-D visualization of spray combustion and flame luminosity of GTL and GTL-biodiesel fuel blend under quiescent ambient conditions

An experimental study has been performed on spray combustion and two-dimensional soot concentration in diesel (ULSD), GTL and GTL-biodiesel fuel jets under high-pressure, high-temperature quiescent conditions. Instantaneous images of the fuel jets were obtained with a high-speed camera. It was confirmed that by blending GTL with 20% rapeseed biodiesel, certain fuel properties such as kinematic viscosity, density, surface tension, volatility, lower heating value and others may be designed and improved to be more like those of conventional diesel fuel but with considerable decrease in the amount of sulfur, PAH, cold filter plugging point, etc. The results showed that the spray tip penetration increased and the spray cone angle decreased when 20% biodiesel fuel was added to GTL fuel. Autoignition of the GTL-biodiesel blend occurred slightly earlier than that of diesel fuel. Experiments under high-pressure, high-temperature conditions showed that higher injection pressure induced a lower soot formation rate. The integrated flame luminosity, which serves as an indicator of soot concentration in the fuel jet, was slightly higher for the GTL-biodiesel blend than for pure GTL fuel due to the slightly higher sulfur content of pure biodiesel fuel.     

Empirical approach for predicting the cetane number of biodiesel

The cetane number is an indicator of ignition quality and thus of fuel quality in the realm of diesel engines. It is conceptually similar to the octane number used for gasoline. Generally, a compound that has a high octane number tends to have a low cetane number and vice versa. The cetane number of a diesel fuel is related to the ignition delay time. In our work the first approach is a statistical one the accuracy of which depends upon the data obtained from various papers and literature sources, as all equations used were based on this data. During prediction using more than one equation is a good approach, as it provides the accuracy as well as the relative error. The second approach is also a statistical one, but its value depends upon the saponification number and iodine value. Therefore the accuracy of this equation may be higher, since we can collect the data for saponification numbers and iodine values from literature, without needing to calculate them. Using the saponification number and iodine value we can select an optimal biodiesel as generally a good biodiesel is selected using these three values. Thus the second approach allows us the freedom to select a biodiesel.     

柴油机掺烧生物柴油NO_x和Soot排放控制研究

对柴油机燃用生物柴油-0号柴油混合燃料的NO_x和Soot排放特性进行了仿真研究。在柴油机参数不作任何改变的情况下燃用体积分数分别为10%,20%,30%,40%和50%的生物柴油混合燃料,与原机的NO_x和Soot排放特性进行对比。研究表明:随着混合燃料中生物柴油体积分数的增加,柴油机Soot排放降低,NO_x排放增大。EGR的引入使柴油机NO_x排放降低,同时也使Soot排放增加。在1 800r/min中低负荷工况下,大比例生物柴油-0号柴油混合燃料应用于柴油机时,可通过调节EGR率使得柴油机NO_x和Soot排放都控制到与原机相当。