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1.
Fatigue damage is one of the governing factors for the design of offshore wind turbines. However, the full fatigue assessment is a time-consuming task. During the design process, the site-specific environmental parameters are usually condensed by a lumping process to reduce the computational effort. Preservation of fatigue damage during lumping requires an accurate consideration of the met-ocean climate and the dynamic response of the structure. Two lumping methods (time-domain and frequency-domain) have been evaluated for a monopile-based 10 MW offshore wind turbine, both based on damage-equivalent contour lines. Fatigue damage from lumped load cases was compared to full long-term fatigue assessment. The lumping methods had an accuracy of 94–98% for the total long-term fatigue damage and 90% for individual wind speed classes, for aligned wind and waves. Fatigue damage was preserved with the same accuracy levels for the whole support structure. A significant reduction of computational time (93%) was achieved compared to a full long-term fatigue assessment. For the cases with 30° and 60° wind-wave misalignment, there was a mean underestimation of approximately 10%. Variations in penetration depth did not affect the selection of the lumped sea-state parameters. This work presents a straightforward method for the selection of damage-equivalent lumped load cases, which can adequately preserve long-term fatigue damage throughout the support structure, providing considerable reduction of computational effort. 相似文献
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A linearized aero-hydro-servo-elastic floating wind turbine model is presented and used to perform integrated design optimization of the platform, tower, mooring system, and blade-pitch controller for a 10 MW spar floating wind turbine. Optimal design solutions are found using gradient-based optimization with analytic derivatives, considering both fatigue and extreme response constraints, where the objective function is a weighted combination of system cost and power quality. Optimization results show that local minima exist both in the soft-stiff and stiff-stiff range for the first tower bending mode and that a stiff-stiff tower design is needed to reach a solution that satisfies the fatigue constraints. The optimized platform has a relatively small diameter in the wave zone to limit the wave loads on the structure and an hourglass shape far below the waterline. The shape increases the restoring moment and natural frequency in pitch, which leads to improved behaviour in the low-frequency range. The importance of integrated optimization is shown in the solutions for the tower and blade-pitch control system, which are clearly affected by the simultaneous design of the platform. State-of-the-art nonlinear time-domain analyses show that the linearized model is conservative in general, but reasonably accurate in capturing trends, suggesting that the presented methodology is suitable for preliminary integrated design calculations. 相似文献
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This paper presents experimental assessment of crack growth rates of S355J2+N steel in a corrosion fatigue environment similar to what is experienced on offshore wind farm monopile structures under various cyclic load frequencies in order to assess the effect of cyclic frequency of the applied loading within a frequency range pertinent to the structure. Fatigue crack propagation behaviour in this test programme is evaluated through fatigue tests on six compact tension test specimens in air and in laboratory simulated seawater under free corrosion condition. Fatigue crack lengths were monitored by back face strain (BFS), DCPD and ACPD. A regression model was derived through the BFS method to express strain values as a function of crack length to width ratio. The effectiveness of BFS method is particularly demonstrated in the simulated marine environment. Within the range of test frequencies, crack growth rates in simulated seawater when compared to the equivalent air test revealed environmental reduction factors of 2 and 4 at lower and higher values of stress intensity factors respectively. Significant difference in the results of the seawater test frequencies is discussed. 相似文献
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The offshore wind industry experienced a boost during the last decade in terms of size of wind farms and rated capacity of the wind turbines: towers are getting taller and blades are getting longer, constantly facing new and complex challenges. Because of the relative immaturity of the wind industry, and the fact that the offshore design standards stemmed from the oil and gas industry, it is generally acknowledged that the reliability levels achieved, although not very well understood, might result in partial safety factors not optimal for OWT. This paper addresses this situation by studying the reliability levels delivered by the current standards and assessing the validity of the safety factors through a reliability-based code calibration. The combination of the low probability of failure imposed on the design of OWTs and the computational cost of the aero-elastic time-domain simulations brings out the need to develop new approaches for reliability analyses. In this paper, the reliability analysis is performed using a Kriging surrogate model to approximate the load-effect from the aero-elastic simulations converting expensive-to-evaluate limit state functions to explicit functions. Subsequently, a calibration of the safety factors is carried out using the probabilistic models from literature. The approach is applied to an industry-reference turbine and support structure. The results showed very low probabilities of failure for the most severe design cases and confirm that the safety factors from the IEC are mostly adequate. 相似文献
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The composite bucket foundation (CBF) is a new and environmentally-friendly foundation for offshore wind turbines. This foundation can be prefabricated in batches onshore followed by integrated transport and installation at sea. The structure itself has a subdivision air cushion structure that enables the foundation to float stably on the water surface and realize long-distance towing of the foundation. The mechanism of this air-liquid-solid coupling towing process is complicated, and the influence of the bulkheads on the towing resistance is not clear. In this paper, the influence of the subdivision structure on the towing resistance of the CBF is compared with the tow test in hydrostatic water. The structural motion characteristics and the change of the cushion pressure are also analysed. Experiments are used to verify numerical calculation results. The flow field difference between the CBF with bulkheads, the CBF without bulkheads and the real floating structure was analysed. The dynamic pressure coefficient was used to analyze the force at surfaces of different CBF's. For the tow test and numerical calculation of multiple CBFs, the optimal multi-CBF tow distance and towage number are obtained through the calculation of energy consumption rate. 相似文献
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针对海上风机的发展趋势,对一种混合式海上浮式风机基础的动力响应进行了研究。应用SESAM软件和FAST软件分别建立海上风机的下部浮式基础以及上部结构的数值模型,调用Aero Dyn程序包计算结构的空气动力载荷。分析系统的动态响应和基础的运动特性。改变筋腱预张力的大小,研究其对浮式基础运动响应的影响,为海上风机混合式基础的初步设计提供一定的理论依据。 相似文献
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Monopile-supported offshore wind turbines (OWTs) are dynamically sensitive structures whose fundamental frequencies may be close to those of environmental and turbine-related excitations. The changes in fundamental frequencies caused by pile-soil interaction (PSI) may result in unwanted resonance and serious O&M (Operation and Maintenance) issues, which have been identified as major challenges in the research field. Therefore, a novel model updating framework with an implicit objective function is proposed to monitor both the stiffness and damping variation of the OWT system based on the measured vibration characteristics, which is further verified by laboratory tests. In particular, layered soil was considered in the tests to simulate the practical soil conditions of Chinese seas. Different pile lengths were introduced to consider the long-term PSI effects for rigid piles and slender piles. The results showed that the variation in the fundamental frequency is significantly reduced in layered soil compared with the pure sand scenario. For the OWT systems in layered soil, the variation in foundation stiffness is negatively related to the burial depth under cyclic loading. The proposed model updating framework is proven reliable for support condition monitoring of OWT systems in complicated soil conditions. 相似文献
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Longitudinal stresses due to combined horizontal and vertical bending moments in ships, corresponding to a return period
of 20 years, are estimated by linear response analysis. In principle, the stress should be obtained by combining the stress
in all sea states that can occur over a long-term period. A method to determine the desired long-term extreme stress by considering
only a few short-term sea states is presented. The sea states have a certain probability of occurrence, and are each identified
by a contour line in the (H
s, T
p)-plane. This approach makes it possible to estimate the extreme loads on the vessel in a practical and accurate manner. Moreover,
it is shown that the long-term stress can be estimated by combining the individual long-term extreme stresses due to vertical
and horizontal bending moments by using the sum-of-squares approach and accounting for the correlation between stresses. It
was found that the correlation coefficient can be taken as the largest of the ones calculated along the contour line. It is
shown that this correlation coefficient can even be approximated by the normalized phase angle at the wave length where the
dominant response has its peak value. A comparison with the results obtained using well-known combination rules is presented.
While linear analysis has been used here, it is believed that the approach can be generalized to stresses with nonlinear behavior,
and hence represent a significant improvement in calculation efficiency.
Received: September 18, 2001 / Accepted: December 18, 2001 相似文献
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This paper aims to assess the uncertainty on the extreme mooring loads of floating system considering short-term variability. Two environmental contour approaches based on the inverse First and Second Order Reliability Methods are employed to identify critical sea states that may give rise to extreme loads. The uncertainty related to the construction of environmental contours is addressed including significant differences due to marginal distribution fitting, parameter estimation methods and joint models. Three measured datasets are analysed using a known conditional joint distribution and proposed mixed copula model. 3-h time domain numerical simulation for each sea state is conducted and the characteristic extreme responses of mooring lines subjected to design loads are assessed. The uncertainties due to various statistical models including the average conditional exceedance rate method as well as global maxima, peak-over-threshold method combined with Gumbel distribution, Generalized Extreme Value distribution, Generalized Pareto distribution and 3-parameter Weibull distribution are investigated and quantified. It is observed that marginal distributions, joint models and parameters estimation methods have apparent effect on design loads estimation, and the extreme tensions of the semi-submersible platform shows significant difference using various probabilistic models. The results indicate that those epistemic uncertainties should be account for in the reliability analysis or safety factor calibration for mooring systems. 相似文献
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海洋平台结构系统可靠性分析及其构件安全等级评判 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
海洋平台在服役期间将遭遇恶劣的环境载荷，研究其系统可靠性并评价其构件安全等级有着重大意义。本文采用分技界限法寻找结构的主要失效路径，以Ditlevsen界限法求取结构的系统失效概率，最后引进模糊综合评判方法对结构作综合评判．由此得到结构构件的安全等级。文中还具体分析了圆管截面极限方程的建立，讨论了影响系数对系统可靠性计算的影响，得到影响系数与系统失效概率的定性关系。按以上思路编制了空间刚架的通用可靠性分析程序，算例表明程序是合理有效的。 相似文献
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Installation complexities are one of the major challenges in the floating offshore wind turbine (OWT) industry. The modern concept introduced by the SFI-MOVE project is an effort to overcome the complexities by utilizing a low-height lifting mechanism. It is common to idealize a crane in the lifting mechanism as a rigid body since the structural deflections are smaller than the responses introduced by the other system components. However, structural flexibility can play an essential role in demanding offshore operations with smaller acceptable tolerances. In this study, lifting cranes are modeled using the finite element method and simplified by implementing equivalent 3D beam elements. Dynamic analysis is performed for various environmental conditions, and the responses of the crane structure and the OWT are calculated for each load case. This research reveals that crane structure flexibility influences the relative motion between a floating spar buoy and an OWT during mating operations. Crane structural flexibility contributes significantly to the OWT rotations. In addition, the response deviation between using rigid and flexible cranes increases as the excitation force increases. Therefore, it is recommended to consider the crane structural flexibility in the calculation when strict installation tolerances are needed. 相似文献
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Environmental contours are often applied in probabilistic structural reliability analysis to identify extreme environmental conditions that may give rise to extreme loads and responses. They facilitate approximate long term analysis of critical structural responses in situations where computationally heavy and time-consuming response calculations makes full long-term analysis infeasible. The environmental contour method identifies extreme environmental conditions that are expected to give rise to extreme structural response of marine structures. The extreme responses can then be estimated by performing response calculations for environmental conditions along the contours.Response-based analysis is an alternative, where extreme value analysis is performed on the actual response rather than on the environmental conditions. For complex structures, this is often not practical due to computationally heavy response calculations. However, by establishing statistical emulators of the response, using machine learning techniques, one may obtain long time-series of the structural response and use this to estimate extreme responses.In this paper, various contour methods will be compared to response-based estimation of extreme vertical bending moment for a tanker. A response emulator based on Gaussian processes regression with adaptive sampling has been established based on response calculations from a hydrodynamic model. Long time-series of sea-state parameters such as significant wave height and wave period are used to construct N-year environmental contours and the extreme N-year response is estimated from numerical calculations for identified sea states. At the same time, the response emulator is applied on the time series to provide long time-series of structural response, in this case vertical bending moment of a tanker. Extreme value analysis is then performed directly on the responses to estimate the N-year extreme response. The results from either method will then be compared, and it is possible to evaluate the accuracy of the environmental contour method in estimating the response. Moreover, different contour methods will be compared. 相似文献
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The cost of foundations for offshore wind turbines constitutes approximately 35% of the total cost of an offshore wind farm. The bucket foundations show significant potential due to their superior transportation and installation efficiencies compared to pile foundations, leading to potential cost savings for the foundation of up to 30%. For a bucket foundation to be installed successfully, the penetration resistance must be predicted. However, there is currently a lack of clarity on how to select a suitable calculation method for penetration resistance based on known geological parameters to guide construction. In order to evaluate the current methods of calculation for bucket foundation penetration resistance, this study combines theoretical calculation methods with two sets of practical measurement data from the field. The calculation methods of penetration resistance for bucket foundation are first reviewed and categorized. The applicability range of each method and the parameters needed for calculation are given. Next, according to the measured data in the process of penetration of bucket foundation on site, the evolution of compartment pressure, tilt angle, resistance and required suction in the process of penetration are analyzed. Finally, the reviewed methods are compared to the results of two practical projects in order to analyze the differences between them and make recommendations for the calculation technique. The findings can be used as a guide for calculating the bucket foundation's penetration resistance in complex geological conditions. 相似文献
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土体参数变异性较大时,船坞边坡的整体稳定性常具有较大的不确定性。为了准确地分析船坞边坡的整体稳定性,降低稳定性分析中的不确定性,考虑土体黏聚力和内摩擦角的变异性对船坞边坡进行可靠度分析。通过边坡稳定数值模拟软件Slide基于刚体极限平衡分析得出确定性安全系数,再基于实测船坞边坡土体参数分布采用响应面法和一次二阶矩法对船坞边坡可靠度进行计算。结果表明,基于土体参数标准值的确定性分析得出的安全系数对船坞边坡稳定性的评估较为片面,并不能真实反映边坡的稳定性,基于可靠度分析的边坡稳定性更接近实际情况。实际工程设计、施工中,应当综合考虑边坡安全系数和可靠度。 相似文献
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利用ANSYS有限元分析软件自带的概率设计系统(PDS)中的响应面法,对某一实际工程中的高桩墩式码头进行了三维有限元分析,得到结构的响应面方程。再利用Matlab软件结合验算点法(JC法),通过迭代搜寻验算点,最终求得了结构在各项外部荷载及其自身重力作用下的结构可靠性指标。由于结构的极限状态方程未知J,C法无法正常使用。根据ANSYS中响应面法的计算原理,采用了一种新的方法将上述荷载正态当量化。此外,还进行了高桩墩式码头可靠度的敏感性分析,得到了敏感性因素。计算结果与实际情况符合较好,可为高桩墩式码头的结构设计校核提供参考依据。 相似文献
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半圆形防波堤具有稳定性高、结构简单、便于施工等优点。以往对其进行可靠度计算时,根据波高与周期,计算防波堤受到的荷载作用,将荷载作为随机变量,估计其概率分布模型,建立显式的极限状态方程,再进行求解。计算得到的波浪荷载序列对于最优分布线型的离散程度较差。采用基于隐式功能函数的防波堤可靠度分析方法,将波高和周期作为随机变量,无需计算波浪荷载这一中间序列,规避了误差的产生,简化了计算流程。分别采用隐式与显式两种方法对半圆形防波堤进行了可靠性分析。结果表明,两种方法得出的可靠度指标存在差异,这种差异是由于波浪荷载拟合时所产生的误差造成的。 相似文献
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结合天津港地区以淤泥质为主的工程地质条件,构建引桥式接岸结构的ANSYS有限元数值模型。根据PDS模块抽样结果建立基于桩基承载力、胸墙一引桥连接点强度和结构位移等3种失效模式下的响应面方程,计算各随机变量影响结构可靠度的灵敏度和不同失效模式下接岸结构的可靠度,提出可供接岸结构优化设计参考的相关建议。 相似文献