中量级强冲击试验机摆锤的优化设计

为使摆锤在冲击砧台过程中,摆锤转轴处不受碰撞冲击作用,对摆锤尺寸进行了优化设计。基于刚体动力学模型,推导了冲击试验机摆锤打击点与打击中心重合的条件、摆锤转轴轴线至打击中心距离的表达式。选取摆锤的若干几何参数作为设计变量,并将多目标、非线性优化设计问题简化为单目标问题,建立了摆锤优化设计的数学模型;利用Matlab优化工具箱对优化设计问题进行了求解,并分析了优化结果的有效性。研究结果对工程设计有一定的指导意义。     

舰船冲击试验及大型振动冲击台的应用

针对舰船用设备抗冲击试验的实现手段,对目前进行试验研究的主要方式进行总结.对各种试验方式的优缺点进行对比,并以船用主汽轮机汽缸为试验对象,对大型振动冲击平台的应用进行分析.分析表明,大型振动冲击平台是实现舰船用设备抗冲击试验的一种新型而先进的手段.振动冲击平台克服了传统试验手段的不足,发展了传统手段的优点,是以后进行冲击试验的发展趋势.     

200t级浮动冲击平台水下爆炸试验低频冲击响应数据分析

[目的]为了提高舰载设备抗冲击考核试验的标准性,[方法]分析200 t级浮动冲击平台舷侧16 m工况的水下爆炸试验低频振子冲击响应数据,给出浮动冲击平台低频冲击响应特性。[结果]结果表明,浮台横向和垂向的低频响应差异不明显,说明浮动冲击平台导流装置效果显著,至少在低频段可有效调节浮台垂向与横向的冲击强度比例;浮动冲击平台低频冲击谱的低频段和高频段存在拐点,低频拐点出现在约4 Hz处,高频拐点出现在约15 Hz处。[结论]浮动冲击平台不同部位的低频冲击响应相差不大,说明低频响应以浮台整体的刚体运动为主。     

浮动冲击平台水下爆炸冲击谱测量与分析

物体运动的时域曲线具有直观性,频域分析可以更深刻地认识物体的运动特性。冲击谱分析是研究冲击运动的频谱分析方法,但是冲击加速度测量的零漂现象了冲击谱的正确性。我们在浮动冲击平台水下爆炸试验中,用加速度计算得到的冲击 簧片仪测量的冲击谱互相验证的方法获得了准确的冲击谱。本语文通过分析表明：冲击谱不但可以估算舰船设备受到的冲击响应值,还得到了水下爆炸产生的３个过程,即冲击波,滞后流和二次压力波的３种能量     

重型弹性安装设备非标冲击试验考核方法研究

根据现行的舰船设备抗冲击试验考核标准GJB150.18-86,质量大于2.7 t的重型设备需在标准浮动冲击平台(以下简称浮台)上进行冲击试验考核,合格后方可装舰。对于给定时域冲击载荷的重型弹性安装设备的试验考核,则是一个需要解决的问题。该文首先采用目前描述冲击或作用在设备上的瞬态载荷最为广泛的间接方法即冲击谱方法对此时域载荷进行了描述,并将其与浮台冲击谱进行了比较,采用安装频率处谱值等效的方法来确定时域载荷和浮台冲击谱对考核结果是否具备一致性。接着,对一重型弹性安装设备在浮台上按照设计载荷的要求进行了试验,发现浮台低频段由于气泡脉动的影响在其倍频程处呈现振荡效应,影响设备低频段响应的主要因素包括气泡脉动频率、设备安装频率和气泡驱动因子等。最后,通过设置合理的工况,达到了预期的要求。     

甲板模拟器对浮动冲击平台冲击环境的调节数值分析

[目的]为研究安装了甲板模拟器的浮动冲击平台(FSP)系统对舰载设备考核的机理,[方法]建立平台—甲板模拟器—设备系统有限元模型和力学模型,并开展数值模拟分析。通过改变甲板模拟器的固有属性,提出以不同的甲板模拟器调节设备考核中的冲击输入,以满足设备冲击试验的要求。[结果]结果表明:当未安装设备时,甲板模拟器上的冲击谱曲线在自身固有频率处出现峰值;而安装设备时,不同的甲板模拟器可实现对冲击谱峰值的控制。[结论]因此,甲板模拟器与设备的相互作用改变了设备安装频率附近范围的冲击谱峰值,可以实现对设备冲击输入的调频作用。     

GB／T12778-2008《金属夏比冲击断口测定方法》及其相关标准

GB／T12778—2008《金属夏比冲击断口测定方法》和GB／T229—2007《金属材料夏比摆锤冲击试验方法》是船舶及其它行业广泛使用、且关联比较密切的试验方法国家标准。该两项标准经过修订，标准内容发生了不同程度的变化。本文通过分析对比，指出新、旧标准之间存在的主要差异，并就该两项标准对“纤维断面率”术语及其测定方...     

水下爆炸荷载作用下水面舰船设备冲击环境预报方法研究

利用MSC.DYTRAN有限元软件,采用冲击谱的描述方法,以舰艇结构加速度响应作为输入,对大型舰船设备在水下爆炸荷载作用下的冲击环境进行数值仿真。在分析该类型舰船设备冲击环境特点的基础上,通过对不同爆炸冲击因子作用下数值仿真结果的对比分析,归纳出爆炸冲击因子与设备冲击环境关系,并给出水面舰船设备冲击环境的预报公式。该预报公式计算结果与采用有限元方法得到的数值计算结果吻合良好。     

减振器冲击性能测试方法研究

根据舰船所受到的冲击力学过程,对减振器冲击性能测试问题进行了分析,提出了基于气缸式冲击模拟台的减振器冲击性能测试方法,并介绍了试验测量系统.采用该方法对钢丝绳减振器作为冲击防护元件时的力学特性进行了研究,得出了该元件关于压缩/拉伸非对称的冲击耗能特性,并分析了参数变化特点.     

舰船设备冲击环境的能源研究

在浮动冲击平台水下爆炸试验中，低频簧片仪的簧片应变曲线展示了簧片对水下爆炸响应的全过程。在研究簧片应变曲线与水下爆炸作用外力对应关系时，发现了水下爆炸气泡膨胀产生的滞后流与舰船设备冲击振动响应的重要联系，并用丰富的理论和实验数据证实了“水下爆炸滞后流使舰船产生的（阶跃）位移是安装频率为数十赫兹的舰船设备冲击振动的主要能源”，而冲击波具有的能量对舰船设备冲击振动的贡献是微不足道的。     

Wave impact underneath horizontal decks

The problem of water impact on a fixed horizontal platform deck from regular incident waves was studied. Two-dimensional potential flow was assumed, and the resulting boundary-value problem was solved by three alternative numerical methods, a method based on a generalization of the impact theory by Wagner, and two different nonlinear boundary-element methods. The Wagner-based method used a von Karman approach during the water exit phase, i.e., when the wetted surface decreases. Experiments of the impact on an idealized platform deck have been performed to validate the theory. Comparisons show that the Wagner-based method yields good results for the water entry phase, when the wetted deck area increases, but poor results when the wetted area diminishes. The boundary-element methods compare well with experiments for the entire impact process. A Kutta condition is necessary at the aft body–free surface intersection during water exit and when the flow separates from the aft edge. Gravity effects matter for the water exit phase.     

On the water impact and elastic response of a flat plate at small impact angles

It is well known that Wagner's theory for the impact between a flat body and a water surface cannot be applied to very small impact angles because of the effects of the trapped air. We focus our attention on the impact problem with a small impact angle, which has not been studied in detail owing to theoretical and experimental difficulties. In order to investigate the transitional impact behavior from a trapped-air impact to a Wagner-type impact, we carried out precise pressure and strain measurements by dropping a plate and increasing the impact angle, β, from 0° to 4° by increments of 0.5°. Based on the experimental results, the time histories of the measured pressures were identified as belonging to three patterns: the Wagner type, the trapped-air type, and the intermediate type. During the transitional impact process, the Wagner-type pattern was observed near the keel at the beginning of the impact, with the trapped-air pattern toward the edge of the plate. The Wagner-type pressure pattern dominated with increasing impact angle. Although high peak pressures appeared in the transitional impact process, the maximum strains measured in the plate were not so sensitive to the impact angle. It was found that the structural response can be estimated by using the average pressure at impact, which leads to a new design approach for small impact angles.     

着速和着角对水雷入水过载影响的数值仿真分析

为了研究高速水雷入水时受到的过载情况,采用流固耦合仿真软件MSC-Dytran,对水雷击水问题进行数值模拟仿真研究。分别计算了不同入水情况下雷体指定部位的加速度响应随时间的变化。仿真结果表明水,雷冲击载荷随入水速度的增大而迅速增大,入水速度是水雷受到的冲击载荷大小的主要影响因素。对新型水雷的结构设计、引信的设计、水雷装药的安全性设计以及其他元器件的抗冲击设计提供有价值参考。     

“极低频探地(WEM)工程”的电磁环境影响评价

简要介绍"极低频探地(WEM)工程"电磁环境评价的必要性和内容;论述WEM发射台在电磁辐射方面环境评价的特殊性、评价方法和结论,对于同类工程建设具有指导意义。     

结构冲击试验的校准计算

非线性有限元方法日益广泛地应用于结构冲击损伤的数值模拟计算,其可靠性和精度是值得关注的问题.本文为国际船舶结构大会(ISSC)对于本专题合作研究的部分结果.本文用超大型油船船侧结构碰撞大尺度模型试验的测量结果,验证非线性有限元方法及其代表性程序MSC.Dytran的计算效果.通过准静态和动态试验资料与计算结果的比较,指出非线性有限元方法在钢结构冲击(碰撞)计算中的有效性,同时指出正确实施计算过程,特别是有限元网格密度对于计算结果精度的重要性.对于结构在同一位置经受多次冲击的累积损伤计算,本文提出了一种非常简单但准确有效的模拟计算方法.     

Wave impact on a horizontal elastic plate

The objective is to find slamming-induced local stresses in the steel or aluminum wetdeck of a multihull vessel. This is studied theoretically by representing the wetdeck as a beam model and accounting for dynamic hydroelastic effects. Two numerical methods are used, one being a simplified asymptotic solution. Satisfactory agreement between the two methods is reported. Experimental drop tests of horizontal elastic plates of steel and aluminum are also reported, and the results from the experiments agree well with the numerical computations. This study reveals, both numerically and experimentally, that slamming-induced local stresses are strongly influenced by dynamic hydroelastic effects. The maximum bending stresses are insensitive to where waves hit, the curvature of the waves, and maximum pressures. Measured maximum pressures are very sensitive to external conditions, and cannot be used as a measure of maximum local bending stresses. A simple procedure for local design stresses due to wetdeck slamming is outlined.     

The impact of muddy bottoms in ports

Ports are drivers of regional and of countries’ economic development. Most ports are built close to coastlines, where waters are shallower and tend to suffer from deposit sedimentation processes, which reduce depths in operational areas. In presence of shallow waters and sedimentation, ports must decide whether to dredge or not, where both decisions have significant impacts on ports’ annual incomes. Nevertheless, there are seabeds, namely muddy bottoms, in which vessels can navigate with a safety degree. This paper aims at investigating the extent to which the theoretical knowledge of vessel’s control in muddy waters is valid at a certain nautical bottom, as defined by the Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses (since 2009 the World Association for Waterborne Transport Infrastructure but the acronym stays PIANC) and its impact on port economics. To achieve the proposed objective, an email survey was sent to worldwide pilots that manoeuvre ships in muddy waters. The survey validated the theoretical knowledge, showed that navigation in muddy waters is possible, that it can contribute to reduce ports’ operational costs, and that the subject can be rather controversial.     

燃油费税新政对港口业影响几何

2009年1月1日启动实施的成品油价格和燃油税费改革,已经使得国内众多以集装箱、散货、液化品货运以及水上、公路客运为主营的运输与物流企业,开始分享到燃油费税新政带来的利好.     

航电枢纽项目环境影响评价

针对航电枢纽项目环境影响评价中重点不突出、要点把握不够等问题,对赣江流域不同航电枢纽项目环境影响评价成果进行分析、研究,提出航电枢纽项目在政策、规划符合性分析、工程分析、生态影响评价、水环境和水文情势影响评价中的要点,对指导航电枢纽项目环境影响评价、减缓航电枢纽项目建设对环境的影响、优化航电枢纽环境保护设计和环境管理具有重要意义。     

“绿色壁垒”及其对我国的影响

绿色壁垒,是指在国际贸易领域里,一些科技上有较大优势的国家,通过立法或制订严格的强制性技术法规,对国外商品进行准入限制的贸易壁垒,建立绿色壁垒的目的是为了保护环境和保障人类健康,所以,绿色壁垒又称环境壁垒。 绿色壁垒产生、形成和发展的主要原因在于: (1)全球日益严重的生态环境灾难企业在产品生产过程中过度消耗人类赖以生存的自然资源,加深了地