铁路货运融入现代物流的动阻力关系研究

随着铁路改革不断深化,货运转型过程中存在的问题也日渐凸显,如何加速铁路货运融入现代物流进程,已成为当前铁路物流创新发展的重要研究方向。在阐述铁路货改背景和发展现状的基础上,借助力学基本原理塑造了铁路物流演化系统。通过构建力学车体模型,得到影响铁路货运创新发展的动阻力关系,并基于规范性理论分析指出铁路货运融入现代物流的三种情况,最后针对不同情况分别提出具体应对策略。     

运输结构调整政策下铁路货运市场的拓展空间和供给侧建议

调整运输结构,提高铁路货运比重是我国当前综合运输发展的重要政策,而探明铁路货运市场的拓展空间并有针对性地开展供给侧改革是落实该政策的必要工作。本文基于我国关于运输结构调整的相关政策及铁路货运行业的发展现状分析了我国铁路货运市场的拓展空间,指出了铁路货运增量的重点当前主要在大宗黑货而未来主要在白货的发展趋势。随后阐述了铁路在中长途白货运输市场的核心竞争力并提出了旨在充分发挥该竞争力的供给侧改革建议,包括集装箱+固定车底行车运输组织模式创新,南北向铁路通道统筹"黑白"分工以及整合神华铁路通道等。     

我国铁路货运需求影响因素及发展趋势

短期来看铁路货运需求受经济周期的影响较大,与经济走势具有较高的正相关性。当前到2030年,经济增长、能源消费需求增长、基本建设投资增长、完成工业化进程等对铁路货运需求正向增长的推动作用要强于产业转型升级、能源结构调整和利用方式变化等对铁路货运需求增长的抑制作用,我国铁路货运需求将保持低速增长。与此同时,产业结构调整、新兴产业和业态发展、居民消费结构升级等因素将促使各类"白货"运输需求持续快速增长,铁路货运需求结构变化更为显著。长期来看,我国国情决定了对铁路货运保持着较高的依赖性,铁路货运需求不会出现大幅快速下降的局面,铁路货运分担率最终将稳定在一定的水平上,铁路长期在货运领域发挥重要作用。     

探析现代物流理念下铁路货运组织创新改革

铁路货运作为我国现代物流体系的主要方式之一,为我国的社会经济发展发挥重要作用,铁路货运具有运费低、安全便捷、不受天气影响等优点。受传统物流模式的影响,铁路货运组织以不能适应当前市场经济发展的需要,基于现代物流理念下铁路货运组织创新改革迫在眉睫。本文分析了我国铁路货运组织中存在的问题,并提出了一些创新的改革措施,以期提高铁路货运组织的效率和竞争力。     

公铁竞争下铁路货物列车开行决策与定价综合研究

随着公路货运与铁路货运间竞争关系的持续激烈化，我国铁路货运存在市场分担量不足、企业经营效益有待提升等问题。充分利用铁路经济性优势，同时协调铁路列车开行决策方案、降低成本并确保铁路企业利润，有利于铁路增强货运收益，更好的参与市场竞争。基于对列车开行决策与运输定价间关联性的探讨，以货运分担量及运价为决策变量，构建出一个公铁竞争环境下的铁路货物列车开行决策与运输定价综合优化模型，以此实现铁路企业利润的最大化和货主广义费用的最小化。通过算例验证得出该模型满足可行性与合理性要求，能够促进铁路达到一定的市场分担率水平、创造较高的经营效益。     

铁路货运市场的定位和政策建议

本文全面调查了铁路货运市场和高速公路货运市场发展现状,深入地分析了铁路货运改革的举措及阶段性成效,研究了铁路货运市场优势的发展与定位的变化,提出了铁路"白货"运输量单列统计、省域铁路交通物流业协调机制、细化集装箱运输的货类统计、强化中欧和中亚班列常态化运行、特需货物列车的推广等政策建议,研究结论对相关部门决策具有重要参考作用。     

基于公路与铁路联运的立体式物流系统的铁路货场土地利用效率研究

铁路货运因成本低、单次运量大等优点被广泛应用于煤炭、钢材、汽车等长大笨重货物的运输中,但铁路货场存在占地面积大,对城市、交通分隔严重,对城市环境有较大污染等问题,针对上述问题,有学者提出立体式自动化铁路货场的解决策略,即一种基于公路与铁路联运的立体式物流系统（下文简称立体式物流系统）以达到提高货运效率、节省土地资源的目的。采用对比研究方法,对传统铁路货场和以立体式物流系统为基础的铁路货场的土地利用效率进行对比研究,量化评估立体式物流系统铁路货场的土地利用效率,验证立体式物流系统铁路货场的可行性,以供参考。     

提高城市铁路货运比例对策思考——以贵阳为例

提高铁路货运比例,促进绿色交通发展成为优化运输结构、货运降本增效、提升经济社会效益,服务城市高质量发展的重要内容之一。本文以贵阳为案例,基于贵阳为充分把握“西部陆海新通道”、“一带一路”机遇,助力强省会建设、双碳目标的实现,满足现在和未来经济结构下的运输需求及运输结构面临升级转型要求,通过分析铁路物流货运结构与比例现状、铁路货运比例低原因,提出了提高铁路货运比例方向和对策体系构成建议,以期为提高铁路货运比例提供贵阳贡献。     

铁路货运集中化需要注意的问题和建议

<正> 铁路货运集中化是改善铁路运输组织、强化货运管理的重要改革。所谓货运集中化,就是将货运业务集中到规模较大、设备比较完善、在路网中所处位置比较合理的货运站办理,并封闭(指停办货运业务,下同)货运量小且设备简陋的车站。货运集中化在全国铁路特别是在主要繁忙干线实施以来,取得了比较明显的社会、经济效益,提高了铁路运输能力和运营效益,优化了运输组织。但是,由于货运集中化在一定程度上突破了长期以来铁路货运管理体制,重新调整了多方(铁路与地方、路内各部门以及职     

铁路货运需求影响因素研究——以美国为例

铁路货运需求受供给侧因素和需求侧因素共同影响,供给侧因素主要包括铁路货运技术、综合运输体系和国家运输政策,需求侧因素主要包括GDP、人均GDP、产业结构、城镇化水平、经济地理和经济周期。基于美国经验分析,本文得出如下结论 :第一,受城市化、人均GDP、经济增长、经济地理等因素影响我国铁路货运需求长期仍将保持上升趋势,需进一步扩大铁路网来满足未来更大货运需求。第二,我国铁路领域虽然实现了政企分离,但是铁路总公司仍未能成为真正意义上的市场主体,需继续推动铁路领域的市场化改革,提高铁路货运市场竞争力。     

A proposal for cost-related and market-oriented train running charges

This paper examines some key aspects of a charging system for promoting railway transport, including charges reflecting a clear relationship with costs (transparency) and charges reflecting the quality of the infrastructure manager's service. Train running charges recover track-related costs and can help to develop a charging system that meets these requirements. To orient train running charges to the market, a method for processing track maintenance and renewal costs is proposed whereby the quality of the service provided by an infrastructure is measured according to its utility to the railway undertaking. To achieve transparency, a single indicator is used for cost planning and the subsequent levying of costs on railway undertakings. The paper includes an example of how proposed train running charges would be calculated according to data from 14 European countries. The example shows that short-distance trains generate the lowest maintenance and renewal costs, followed by long-distance trains and freight trains.     

Migration of railway freight transport from command economy to market economy: The case of China

In recent years, Chinese railway freight transport has been facing great challenges from transport market reformation and economic expansion. Although the total volume of railway freight has been increasing, its market share has decreased greatly, especially at the beginning of migration from command economy to market economy. This paper considers four aspects believed to be responsible for the loss of the railway freight market share. First, we review the history and current situation of the Chinese railway freight transport and study the relationship between economic development and freight transport in China. Second, the causes resulting in the loss of the market share of railway freight are analysed in detail. Third, the current measures taken by Chinese Railways (CR) to restore its competitiveness are discussed. The effects of these measures on railway traffic volume, market share and productivity are also studied. Finally, the way forward for the future of CR is discussed. It is concluded that CR has not yet adapted sufficiently to new economic conditions, although in recent years progress has been made. Further reform will be needed.     

Scheduling freight trains traveling on complex networks

In the US, freight railways are one of the major means to transport goods from ports to inland destinations. According to the Association of American Railroad’s study, rail companies move more than 40% of the nation’s total freight. Given the fact that the freight railway industry is already running without much excess capacity, better planning and scheduling tools are needed to effectively manage the scarce resources, in order to cope with the rapidly increasing demand for railway transportation. This research develops optimization-based approaches for scheduling of freight trains. Two mathematical formulations of the scheduling problem are first introduced. One assumes the path of each train, which is the track segments each train uses, is given and the other one relaxes this assumption. Several heuristics based on mixtures of the two formulations are proposed. The proposed algorithms are able to outperform two existing heuristics, namely a simple look-ahead greedy heuristic and a global neighborhood search algorithm, in terms of railway total train delay. For large networks, two algorithms based on the idea of decomposition are developed and are shown to significantly outperform two existing algorithms.     

Evaluation of the policies in British local transport plans with regard to the promotion of rail freight

Over the last couple of decades there has been a trend in Western Europe and North America towards making the railway industry more able to compete successfully with road for freight haulage through deregulation and/or structural change. This trend has been drive, partly, by a concern to produce more commercially viable railway industries, but also by concerns to reduce the environmental impacts of road haulage through modal shift. The latter in particular has led to the development of public policies supportive of rail freight, particularly at the national or international levels. This paper reports on qualitative research that analysed public policy aimed at promoting rail freight in Britain but, unusually, the focus was on local rather than national policy. The research was an investigation of the approach of local authorities to the encouragement of rail freight as evidenced through their Local Transport Plans. The paper concludes that in Britain there has been a significant amount of local policymaking for rail freight and that although national policy matters are of overriding importance, the role of local policy is significant and can be developed further.     

Evaluation of road-rail interaction in Thailand

The main line of the State Railway of Thailand to serve the Northeastern region of the Kingdom was built in 1900 to the town of Korat and subsequently extended to its northern extremity at the Laos border. The Friendship Highway, a modern highway parallel to the railway and serving the same transportation corridor, was completed in 1958 as far as Korat. In 1965 the northern extension of the Friendship Highway was opened to Nong Khai, the northern terminus of the railway.The effect of the nearby and parallel highway on freight traffic - for upland crops, vegetables, rice, kenaf, and forest products - is shown in terms of tonnages dispatched by the railway and in relation to the production of those commodities. Passenger traffic originating on the Northeastern railway line is analysed. Statistics indicating the shift in modal split between road and rail, for both freight and passengers in the Kingdom, are presented for a six-year period. An estimate of the loss in revenue for the Korat-Nong Khai segment of the railway has been made for both originating passengers and certain classes of freight traffic. Clearly demonstrated is the unceasing trend toward road haulage of freight and the use of highway buses by intercity passengers. This paper is intended to draw attention to the magnitude of the problem rather than to suggest definitive solutions.     

动卧客运与快递货运的高速铁路夜间能力利用模式

目前我国高速铁路的日间行车能力已得到了较为充分的利用,而如何组织好高铁夜间垂直天窗与夜行列车之间的耦合关系、用好高铁夜间能力,是适应多样化市场需求的需要,也是进一步提升高铁经营效益的有效途径。对此,本文提出了动卧列车和货运动车组两种相对可行的高铁夜间运输产品,分别对其产品特征进行了分析,充分考虑高铁夜间天窗制约下两种列车的开行模式,基于市场需求提出了列车开行策略,并在充分对比两种产品的经济效益、客(货)源组织、能力分配等因素的基础上,给出了高铁夜间能力发展建议。     

A tabu search algorithm to solve the integrated planning of container on an inter-terminal network connected with a hinterland rail network

Transport demand for containers has been increasing for decades, which places pressure on road transport. As a result, rail transport is stimulated to provide better intermodal freight transport services. This paper investigates mathematical models for the planning of container movements in a port area, integrating the inter-terminal transport of containers (ITT, within the port area) with the rail freight formation and transport process (towards the hinterland). An integer linear programming model is used to formulate the container transport across operations at container terminals, the network interconnecting them, railway yards and the railway networks towards the hinterland. A tabu search algorithm is proposed to solve the problem. The practical applicability of the algorithm is tested in a realistic infrastructure case and different demand scenarios. Our results show the degree by which internal (ITT) and external (hinterland) transport processes interact, and the potential for improvement of overall operations when the integrated optimization proposed is used. Instead, if the planning of containers in the ITT system is optimized as a stand-alone problem, the railway terminals may suffer from longer delay times or additional train cancellations. When planning the transport of 4060 TEU containers within one day, the benefits of the ITT planning without considering railway operations account for 17% ITT cost reduction but 93% railway operational cost growth, while the benefits of integrating ITT and railway account for a reduction of 20% in ITT cost and 44% in railway operational costs.     

Marginal railway track renewal costs: A survival data approach

In this paper, renewal costs for railway tracks are investigated using survival analysis. The purpose is to derive the effect from increased traffic volumes on rail renewal cycle lengths and to calculate associated marginal costs. A flow sample of censored data containing almost 1300 observations on the Swedish main railway network is used. We specify Weibull regression models, and estimate deterioration elasticities for total tonnage as well as for passenger and freight tonnages separately. Marginal costs are calculated as a change in present values of renewal costs from premature renewal following increased traffic volumes. The marginal cost for total tonnage is estimated to approximately SEK 0.002 per gross ton kilometre.     

A zone design methodology for national freight origin–destination data and transportation modeling

The zone system used for freight data collection and the geographic resolution of published data has a significant impact on analysis and planning. The majority of existing freight model zones are created in an ad hoc way. In this paper, a new model-based design method is introduced to develop freight zones for the continental USA. It focuses on two methodology issues: (1) the criteria that represent the desired properties of a zone system and (2) the constraints that govern the shape, size, and continuity of zones. The method is applied to the continental USA by optimizing an interzonal travel distance weighted by freight flows using county-level freight data. Several optimal national-level freight zone systems with different numbers of zones are developed. The results indicate that a 300-zone system provides a balance between the number of zones and optimization measures where the currently available public freight data are provided with approximately 100 zones.     

Optimizing the freight train connection service network of a large-scale rail system

This paper presents a formulation and solution for the train connection services (TCSs) problem in a large-scale rail network in order to determine the optimal freight train services, the frequency of services, and the distribution of classification workload among yards. TCS problem is modeled as a bi-level programming problem. The upper-level is intended to find an optimal train connection service, and the lower-level is used for assigning each shipment to a sequence of train services and determining the frequency of services.Our model solves the TCS problem of the China railway system, which is one of the largest railway systems in the world. The system consists of 5544 stations, and over 520,000 shipments using this system for a year period. A subnetwork is defined with 127 yards having some minimum level of reclassification resources and 14,440 demands obtained by aggregating 520,000 shipments to the subnetwork. We apply a simulated annealing algorithm to the data for optimal computation after pre-processing and get an excellent result. Comparing our optimal solution with the existing plan result, there are improvements of about 20.8% in the total cost.