道路交通安全评价方法研究

随着道路运输的快速发展,我国的交通安全形势也不容乐观。为更好的确保人民出行安全,需在道路建设初期进行安全评价。本文利用德尔菲法进行两轮专家调查,建立了较为科学完善的道路安全评价指标体系;利用层次分析法合理确定各评价指标权重,从系统工程学角度建立了一套可量化、操作性强的道路安全评价机制。     

Exploring the impacts of road surface texture on tyre/road noise - A case study in Hong Kong

The impacts of road surface texture on tyre/road noise are explored by analysing field data applying fast Fourier transform technique to tyre/road noise spectrum analysis. The results indicate that the tyre/road noise can be higher at lower frequency bands but lower at higher bands. Cluster analysis on surface texture in terms of wavelength identified three cluster groups that centred at 1.32 mm, 3.65 mm, and 5.11 mm have different impacts on noise. The shorter wavelength group suppressed tyre/road noise, medium group aggravated it and the high wavelength group were outliers.     

基于灰色关联度的交通安全道路影响因素辨析

道路系统中诸因素共同作用决定了系统的交通安全发展态势。如何在众多因素中寻找主要致因,是进行道路安全改善时所必须面对的问题。考虑到数据获取贫信息的特点,采用灰色关联分析,不但可以提高现有数据的利用率,而且弥补常用数理统计方法作系统分析所导致的缺憾。实例分析表明:采用此方法所得到的主要道路影响因素和交通安全之间的关联度大小与实地踏查结果相吻合,结果说明灰色关联度可以简单而高效地进行系统因素辨析。     

Understanding the impacts of mobile phone distraction on driving performance: A systematic review

The use of mobile phones while driving—one of the most common driver distractions—has been a significant research interest during the most recent decade. While there has been a considerable amount research and excellent reviews on how mobile phone distractions influence various aspects of driving performance, the mechanisms by which the interactions with mobile phone affect driver performance is relatively unexamined. As such, the aim of this study is to examine the mechanisms involved with mobile phone distractions such as conversing, texting, and reading and the driving task, and subsequent outcomes. A novel human-machine framework is proposed to isolate the components and various interactions associated with mobile phone distracted driving. The proposed framework specifies the impacts of mobile phone distraction as an inter-related system of outcomes such as speed selection, lane deviations and crashes; human-car controls such as steering control and brake pedal use and human-environment interactions such as visual scanning and navigation. Eleven literature-review/meta-analyses papers and 62 recent research articles from 2005 to 2015 are critically reviewed and synthesised following a systematic classification scheme derived from the human-machine system framework. The analysis shows that while many studies have attempted to measure system outcomes or driving performance, research on how drivers interactively manage in-vehicle secondary tasks and adapt their driving behaviour while distracted is scant. A systematic approach may bolster efforts to examine comprehensively the performance of distracted drivers and their impact over the transportation system by considering all system components and interactions of drivers with mobile phones and vehicles. The proposed human-machine framework not only contributes to the literature on mobile phone distraction and safety, but also assists in identifying the research needs and promising strategies for mitigating mobile phone-related safety issues. Technology based countermeasures that can provide real-time feedback or alerts to drivers based on eye/head movements in conjunction with vehicle dynamics should be an important research direction.     

Distinguishing the land use effects of road pricing based on the urban form attributes

This paper studies the effects of road pricing on land use under different development scenarios (business as usual scenario and transit oriented development scenario) by a quantitative method, which combines the integrated land use and transport interaction model (TRANUS model) with the scenario-planning techniques. Moreover, in order to further analyze the differences of the land use effects of road pricing on traffic analysis zones (TAZs) with different urban form attributes, a quantitative classification method combining factor analysis and cluster analysis is then used to quantitatively classify TAZs. The results demonstrate that the effects of road pricing on the land use of a specific region depend on the urban form attributes of the region. The higher the densities of employments and population, and better street design (high densities of street and intersections) and public transportation condition, the less the region is negatively affected by road pricing, and vice versa. More importantly, rail transit can alleviate the negative impact of road pricing on commercial development and population concentration of the region. Therefore, before introducing a road pricing policy, it is necessary to develop public transport system, especially rail transit.     

Comparison of data envelopment analysis and deterministic parametric frontier approaches: an application in the Norwegian road construction sector

This paper analyzes efficiency in the Norwegian road sector by using two competing methods. The first is Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), while the second is Deterministic Frontier Analysis (DFA) with a Cobb‐Douglas kernel specification. Both approaches show similarities with respect to efficiency distribution. The rock‐blasting sectors potential for efficiency improvement is in the range 19–59 percent. Both approaches demonstrate decreasing return to scale properties for the average unit. There is a significant correlation between size and efficiency indicating that larger units perform better than smaller ones. Precautionary blasting mainly performed in densely populated areas is also found to explain much of the variations in efficiency scores. Any policy implication should therefore carefully examine exogenous factors. The main difference between the two approaches, which can be explained by the number of parameters to be determined, concerns level of scores rather than their distribution. However, there are arguments that advocate DEA rather than DFA in the rock‐blasting sector.     

The impact of major road developments on the spheres of urban influence of Japanese cities

This study aims to measure the impact of major road developments on the spheres of urban influence of Japanese cities.First, the sphere of urban influence is defined by application of an individual behavior model. The model explains the number of trips to representative cities in regions from the residential place of each individual using the following factors; the attractiveness of cities, the travel time to cities and the individual's free time. Development of major roads shortens the travel time, and this causes the change in the sphere of urban influence. The model we propose has the structure to explain this phenomenon.Second, this method is applied to all of Japan where expressways are now being rapidly constructed and, how they change spheres of urban influence is explained. In the application, as a measure of attractiveness of cities, population, commercial and industrial activity, etc. are considered. From these points of view, the impacts of construction of expressways in Japan are estimated.     

Labour market effects in assessing the costs and benefits of road pricing

Traffic congestion and the policies used to combat it have been studied extensively. One area which has received less attention is the secondary impacts of such policies. This paper uses a micro-simulation framework to study the effect on labour markets of road pricing. The key benefit of our chosen methodology is that it allows a simultaneous consideration of both commuting and migration decisions. We show that while welfare gains can be achieved through optimal charging, this may come at the price of decreased integration. This may manifest through either greater centralisation tendencies in population, or through unemployment disparities between regions.     

Estimating commuter mode choice: A discrete choice analysis of the impact of road pricing and parking charges

Automobile use leads to external costs associated with emissions, congestion, noise and other impacts. One option for minimizing these costs is to introduce road pricing and parking charges to reduce demand for single occupant vehicle (SOV) use, while providing improvements to alternatives to encourage mode switching. However, the impact of these policies on urban mode choice is uncertain, and results reported from regions where charging has been introduced may not be transferable. In particular, revealed preference data associated with cost recovery tolls on single facilities may not provide a clear picture of driver response to tolls for demand management. To estimate commuter mode choice behaviour in response to such policies, 548 commuters from a Greater Vancouver suburb who presently drive alone to work completed an individually customized discrete choice experiment (DCE) in which they chose between driving alone, carpooling or taking a hypothetical express bus service when choices varied in terms of time and cost attributes. Attribute coefficients identified with the DCE were used in a predictive model to estimate commuter response to various policy oriented combinations of charges and incentives. Model results suggest that increases in drive alone costs will bring about greater reductions in SOV demand than increases in SOV travel time or improvements in the times and costs of alternatives beyond a base level of service. The methods described here provide an effective and efficient way for policy makers to develop an initial assessment of driver reactions to the introduction of pricing policies in their particular regions.     

福州市交通安全与智能交通系统探讨

智能交通系统是一个高科技集成系统,它综合运用各种高新技术于整个交通管理系统之中,可以系统、全面、高效地提高交通运输的安全性.文章阐述了智能交通系统在交通安全中的作用及在福州市的应用情况,指出了福州市发展智能交通的方向,以提高福州市的交通安全管理水平.     

道路碾压混凝土在我国道路建设中的应用

道路碾压混凝土在我国路基路面工程中具有较好的应用前景。文章在介绍道路碾压混凝土及国外应用动态的基础上,分析其在我国道路建设中的意义、应用历史与现状。     

The limits of partial life cycle assessment studies in road construction practices: A case study on the use of hydrated lime in Hot Mix Asphalt

Extensive published literature shows that hydrated lime improves Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) durability. Its impact on the environmental impact of HMA has not been investigated. This paper presents a comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for the use of HMA without hydrated lime (classical HMA) and with hydrated lime (modified HMA) for the lifetime of a highway. System boundaries cover the life cycle from cradle-to-grave, meaning extraction of raw materials to end of life of the road. The main assumptions were: 1. Lifetime of the road 50 years; 2. Classical HMA with a life span of 10 years, maintenance operations every 10 years; 3. Modified HMA with an increase in the life span by 25%, maintenance operations every 12.5 years. For the lifetime of the road, modified HMA has the lowest environmental footprint compared to classical HMA with the following benefits: 43% less primary total energy consumption resulting in 23% lower emissions of greenhouse gases. Partial LCAs focusing only on the construction and/or maintenance phase should be used with caution since they could lead to wrong decisions if the durability and the maintenance scenarios differ. Sustainable construction technologies should not only consider environmental impact as quantified by LCA, but also economic and social impacts as well. Avoiding maintenance steps means less road works, fewer traffic jams and hence less CO₂ emissions.     

对格拉管线一次排堵钻孔意外失火事故分析

格拉管线曾经发生过3次严重冰堵。每次排堵都要实施管线钻孔作业,以配合利用油品体积压缩(膨胀)公式来寻找并确定冰堵点位置。在进行第2次冰堵排除过程中,因密闭钻孔器漏油漏气和钻头不锋利而磨擦起火,致使实施钻孔的2人被烧成重伤,参加灭火的多人被烧成轻伤。分析这次管线排堵钻孔意外失火事故发生的原因:一是钻孔人员对油气的危害认识不足,未及时给予清除;二是思想麻痹,未及时刃磨变钝的钻头;三是消防灭火措施不力。通过改进,再未发生过类似事故     

An application of the directional distance function with the number of accidents as an undesirable output to measure the technical efficiency of state road transport in India

By using the directional distance function (DDF) of data envelopment analysis (DEA), this study measures the technical efficiency of 37 Indian state road transport undertakings (SRTUs) for the year 2012–13. We employ the DDF as a tool for analyzing a joint production function with both desirable and undesirable outputs (i.e., the number of accidents). A comparison between the results with and without accidents shows that several SRTUs have experienced significant changes in their efficiency scores as well as in their rankings after accounting for the undesirable output. This indicates the importance of including the number of accidents – a safety standard – as representative of the undesirable output in computing the efficiency scores of SRTUs. The results of the Tobit model indicate that SRTUs with greater vehicle productivity are more efficient under both conventional DEA and DDF approaches. We also employed zero-truncated negative binomial model to assess the factors influencing the number of road accident experienced by the Indian SRTUs and found that the accident count was significantly influenced by fleet utilization and vehicle productivity.     

沥青路面在绿色公路建设发展中的问题分析及应对措施

2020年12月21日,国务院新闻办公室发布《新时代的中国能源发展》白皮书,清晰勾勒了我国在2060年前实现碳中和的基本路线图。而在公路建设领域,我国公路及城市道路路面类型大多为沥青路面,沥青路面在新建、改扩建中所面临的能耗巨大、污染严重、旧料回收等环保问题日渐凸显,引发的环境问题不容小觑。本文通过将传统沥青路面的施工工艺流程与低碳、节能等绿色发展理念进行综合分析,阐明了其发展中所面临的诸多环保问题,并利用SWOT分析法对环保沥青的发展态势进行界定,提出了环保沥青材料在不同内外部环境下发展的应对举措,梳理思考了基于传统工法下几种环保沥青路面的发展路线,借以为科技创新引领绿色公路建设的新发展阶段提供一定参考。     

道路旅客运输企业安全责任链研究

责任制贯穿于道路运输生产经营的全过程,所有对道路运输生产经营产生作用和影响的行为都应承担其相应的责任。文中在分析责任链内涵、道路运输安全责任链内容及其作用的基础上,借鉴澳大利亚国家道路货物运输安全责任链管理与处罚的思路,结合我国道路旅客运输特点,探索了我国道路旅客运输企业安全“责任链”,并提出了我国道路旅客运输企业安全责任划分的措施与建议。     

山区公路长坡路段的交通安全勘察与治理

文章针对当前山区公路长坡路段普遍存在多发事故的现状,以国内数条山区公路为实例,通过勘察、调研以及对重大交通事故的统计分析及案例研究,发掘山区长坡路段安全隐患中的若干关键问题,探求其中的要点和规律,提出一系列提高长坡路段安全性能的措施。     

The influence of the road network on private productivity measures using Data Envelopment Analysis: A case study from Spain

We evaluate the economic effects of investment in the road network on private regional activity. We employ provincial Spanish panel data from 1980 to 2007 to perform non-parametric frontier techniques based on Data Envelopment Analysis and to obtain the Malmquist productivity indexes, thus enabling us to examine the evaluation of the productivity growth via technological changes or efficiency gains. Additionally, we analyze the role of transport infrastructure on the evolution of Total Factor Productivity and its components through econometric techniques. Our results show important spillover effects. Moreover, our findings have significant implications for policy makers if we take into account the fact that the use of the road network in economic activity or in commercial relations greatly influences productivity growth.     

封闭包盖膨胀土路堤填筑技术探讨

文章针对南友高速公路路基存在典型膨胀土的工程特性,介绍采用封闭包盖技术填筑膨胀土路堤的关键填筑技术,为类似工程提供参考。