The impact of US regularory practices on the productivity of ocean liner services?

This United States stands alone amongst the nations of the world in its attempt to unilaterally regulate transnational ocean linear services. The major reason for current US regularity policies with regard to scheduled ocean transportation lies in its fundamental distruct of any form of co-operation amongst competitors as demonstrated by its history of antitrust legislation.

The linear industry, because of its unique technical and economic charectersitics has given rise to the establishment of ocean conferences—co ordinating sgreements between the operators of linear vessels. Whilst ocean conferences are permitted—even encouraged—by the their most diluted form, the so-called 'open conferences.

This Paper offers a critical review of Successive US regulatory practices in maritime transport. It is argued that these practices result in excess costs in US trades to the order of $1 billion annually, and that the linear industry's efficient functioning is seriously impaired by these rules-rules imposed by a government administration which fails to recognize that the linear industry's technical efficiency is of far greater importance than its market performance.     

西亚、北非地区变局的经济根源

突尼斯、埃及政局严重动荡引发阿拉伯国家聚集的西亚北非地区接连发生"政治地震".这是多种因素"历史合力"的结果,从经济角度看主要是: 第一,被经济全球化边缘化. 从全球范围看,西亚、北非地区动荡实际上是经济全球化深入发展、地缘政治大洗牌过程中发生的一次"板块震动".经济全球化是人类历史和世界形势发展的潮流,开始由以美欧为代表的发达国家引领,这些国家利用经济全球化实现了经济结构战略转.     

关于主机缸套上沿局部热疲劳裂纹的产生与危害

船舶主机缸套上沿热疲劳裂纹是由于油头的不正常喷射造成的,这种热疲劳裂纹在主机运行中有一定的隐蔽性,其危害导致缸套炸裂。     

Structure, conduct and performance on the major liner shipping routes 1

Market concentration on the major container shipping routes has the potential to reduce contestability, impede effective competition and, as a consequence, inhibit the positive relationship between trade and economic growth. This development could also hamper the ability of economic regions to realize their respective competitive and comparative advantages. Within this context, the structure-conduct-performance (SCP) framework is used to analyse liner shipping dynamics in the transpacific, Europe-Far East and transatlantic trade routes. The analysis finds no conclusive evidence that either the increased concentration of slot capacity or the attempts by shipping lines to boost potential slot capacity (mainly through collaborative arrangements) lead to improved financial performance. The paper concludes that, despite high and increasing concentration among carriers on each of the trade routes analysed, these markets remain contestable.     

Structure,conduct and performance on the major liner shipping routes 1

Market concentration on the major container shipping routes has the potential to reduce contestability, impede effective competition and, as a consequence, inhibit the positive relationship between trade and economic growth. This development could also hamper the ability of economic regions to realize their respective competitive and comparative advantages. Within this context, the structure-conduct-performance (SCP) framework is used to analyse liner shipping dynamics in the transpacific, Europe–Far East and transatlantic trade routes. The analysis finds no conclusive evidence that either the increased concentration of slot capacity or the attempts by shipping lines to boost potential slot capacity (mainly through collaborative arrangements) lead to improved financial performance. The paper concludes that, despite high and increasing concentration among carriers on each of the trade routes analysed, these markets remain contestable.     

远洋船用柴油机缸套工作过程的分析与研究

目前,船舶正朝着大功率,大型化发展,需要船舶的主动力装置船舶柴油机具有高可靠性和耐久性.活塞环和缸套是柴油机的关键部件,直接决定柴油机性能的优劣,必须投入力量进行研究.     

Review on the seasonal variation of the surface circulation in the Japan/East Sea

The seasonal variation of the surface circulation in the Japan/East Sea (JES) and the Tsushima/Korea Straits (TKS) is reviewed and discussed, focusing on mesoscale and submesoscale variabilities.The monsoon modified by coastal geographical features near Vladivostok generates a dipole of vortex off Vladivostok which induces dramatic changes in the surface circulation in the northwest JES, splitting the Subpolar Gyre into two smaller gyres by generating the Vladivostok Dome. Between these two smaller gyres, the Northwest Thermal Front is formed and current reversal is induced along the North Korean coast. The winter monsoon also induces a current reversal along the Sakhalin coast. The volume transport of the surface Subpolar Gyre has two maxima in January and August. The maximum in August is induced by the summer intensification of the Liman-North Korean Cold Current and the shallow and narrow surface coastal jet generated by the sea ice and snow melting. The maximum in January is induced by the northwest monsoon and associated cooling.Salient features in the TKS are the submesoscale variabilities. In the western channel, submesoscale eddies with length scale of about 80 km and time scale of 5–6 days develop in the cold period. On the lee side of the Tsushima Islands, Karman-like vortex pairs are generated in the warm period. Anticyclonic vortices generated at the northern tip of the Tsushima Islands have a time scale of 5 to 8 days, length scale of 35 to 60 km, and propagate toward the JES with a phase speed of 8 cm/s. Cyclonic vortices south of the anticyclonic counter part of the vortex pairs are rather stationary with intermittent occasional propagation toward the east. The development of stratification seems to be necessary for the development of Karman-like vortex pairs.Summarizing the results above, a schematic surface circulation with seasonal change is proposed.     

Effects of the 1988/89 climatic regime shift on the structure and function of the southwestern Japan/East Sea ecosystem

In this study we compared the structure of the ecosystem and the role of major species before and after 1988/89 climatic regime shift (CRS) in the southwestern Japan/East Sea. The 1988/89 CRS event changed the biomass and production of fisheries resources in the southwestern Japan/East Sea. Total biomass of all species groups in the ecosystem increased by 59% after the CRS. These results indicate that there were substantial changes in the function of major species in the southwestern Japan/East Sea ecosystem. The relative contribution of walleye pollock, at trophic level (TL) III, to the total flow of energy decreased drastically from 33.0% in the pre-CRS period to 4.3% in the post-CRS period, while that of common squid, at the same TL, doubled from 34.2% to 72.2% during the periods.     

MAN K6Z70/120E型柴油机缸套裂纹原因和避免措施

MANK6Z70/120E型机缸套较容易产生裂纹,多发生在扫气口肋骨处,笔者对缸套裂纹产生原因进行分析并根据工作经验提出避免措施.     

天津港东突堤北侧集装箱码头PHC管桩打桩应力试验研究

天津港地质条件为软土地基，其码头结构基本上采用高桩梁板式的结构形式。为了研究PHC大管桩在本地区的适用性，并为今后大型深水泊位的建设作必要的技术储备，在天津港东突堤北侧集装箱码头连接段进行了该桩型的综合试桩。文章主要介绍打桩应力的测试内容，包括打桩应力的测试方法以及打桩应力测试结果。     

Lights, camera and acoustics: Assessing macrobenthic communities at a dredged material disposal site off the North East coast of the UK

This study presents the results of a trial assessment based on a combination of sampling techniques at a dredged material disposal site located off the North East coast of the UK, over 2001 to 2004. The site was surveyed with a high-resolution sidescan sonar system producing a mosaic with 100% coverage of the survey area. Benthic communities and sediments were ground-truthed using a Hamon grab with a video camera. Additionally, the area was also sampled in 2003 with a Sediment Profile Imaging (SPI) camera, which complemented other techniques by providing in situ information on sediment quality, and biogenic activities. An assessment is made of the benefits of combining the results from conventional methods, principally using grab samples, with those from acoustic techniques and optical imaging devices to determine seafloor and macrobenthic conditions. This information has the potential to contribute to the enhancement of routine monitoring programmes within UK waters.     

救生艇用柴油机气缸套温度场的计算与分析

针对柴油机气缸套的热负荷问题,以救生艇用2105柴油机的气缸套为研究对象,建立了气缸套温度场的计算模型,讨论了边界条件,在Fluent软件平台上开展了标准工况下2105柴油机气缸套三维温度场的计算.计算结果表明,等温线的分布是轴对称的,整个温度场分布是由上至下逐渐变低,其中顶面最高,中间冷却水处最低,上部温差沿轴向方向较大,下部温度分布比较均匀;整个缸套温度最高点位于缸套顶部内侧.从计算结果看,该气缸套温度分布合理,最高温度为511 K,热负荷不大.     

长江口南北槽及横沙东滩工程流场数值模拟

应用多维水动力学模型Dekft3D-fkow，采用交错C网格与ADI法，通过数值模拟深水航道工程及横沙东滩促淤工程对长江口流场的影响进行研究。其结果为促淤工程可行性研究提供科学论证。     

MAN K6SZ70/150C型柴油机气缸套损坏原因分析及管理要点

K6SZ70/150C型柴油机是MAN公司设计的KSZ系列船用低速柴油机,缸径700mm;冲程1 500mm;主机最大持续功率9 900kw,转速132RPM,平均有效压力1.3MPa。该机作为远洋船舶的主机投入营运以来,,由于先天性的设计缺陷,一直存在着缸套容易产生裂纹,缸套过早损坏,给船舶的安全航行和营运效率带来了严重的影响。     

pH variability and CO2 induced acidification in the North Sea

A coupled carbonate system–marine ecosystem–hydrodynamic model is used to simulate the temporal and spatial variability in pH across the southern North Sea as it relates to the environmental and biological processes affecting CO₂, namely, photosynthesis and respiration, riverine boundary conditions and atmospheric CO₂ concentrations. Annual pH ranges are found to vary from < 0.2 in areas of low biological activity to > 1.0 in areas influenced by riverine signals, consistent with observations and previous studies. It is shown that benthic, as well as pelagic, activity is an important factor in this variability. The acidification of the region due to increased fluxes of atmospheric CO₂ into the marine system is calculated and shown to exceed, on average, 0.1 pH units over the next 50 years and result in a total acidification of 0.5 pH units below pre-industrial levels at atmospheric CO₂ concentrations of 1000 ppm. The potential for measurable changes in biogeochemistry are demonstrated by simulating the observed inhibition of pelagic nitrification with decreasing pH. However, we conclude that there is a lack of knowledge of how acidification might affect the complex interaction of processes that govern marine biogeochemical cycles and a consequent need for further research and observations.     

北部湾港口建设与整合的思考

2009年4月,交通运输部批准了防城港、钦州港和北海三港统一归并,组成"广西北部湾港"。这标志着我国沿海又一个港口群的诞生。阐述了北部湾港口的建设与整合的目标和进展情况。分析了北部湾港口建设与整合对促进北部湾地区经济发展的重大意义。最后,提出了进一步健全北部湾港口管理体制、发展临港工业等5项对策。     

关于黄、东海区增设通航分道的探讨

分析了黄、东海区目前的通航现状,建议以123°经线为中线在黄、东海区增设通航分道,与交通部制定的原北方沿海定线分道配合使用,供过往船舶合理选择,同时也可有效地限制违章作业渔船对航行船舶的影响,达到规范海区航行秩序,确保船舶安全的目的。     

Relationship between phytoplankton bloom and wind stress in the sub-polar frontal area of the Japan/East Sea

The seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton blooms in the central Japan/East Sea (JES) show pronounced year-to-year variability based on Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS; 19972003) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)/Terra (20002003) observations. Wind seems to strongly influence this variability. To study the relationship between wind and bloom initiation, we analyzed daily, remotely sensed wind stress data (Active Microwave Instrument–wind [AMI–wind], NASA Scatterometer [NSCAT], and Quick Scatterometer [QuickSCAT]: 19972003) and daily chlorophyll concentrations based on ocean color data (SeaWiFS and MODIS). The results agreed well with the hypotheses; in spring, blooms began 615 days after wind stress weakened. Fall blooms started 39 days after wind strengthened. We also simulated seasonal changes using a simple light–nutrient model using two values for the respiration ratio: 10% and 20%. The use of 20% seemed to reproduce the timing of the spring bloom quite well but underestimated the absolute level of chlorophyll concentration. On the other hand, using 10% produced a better estimation of the chlorophyll concentration but failed to match the timing. Neither of the model runs reproduced the timing of the fall bloom well.