Simulation of Train-Track Interaction with Stochastic Track Properties

A numerical method to simulate vertical dynamic interaction between a moving train and a railway track was extended to account for stochastic properties in the track structure. The numerical simulations are carried out in the time-domain with a moving mass model. Full-scale measurements in the field and laboratory experiments were carried out to obtain data for the stochastic track model. The values of the stochastic variables are thus chosen to correspond to real tracks. To investigate the influence of the randomness of selected stochastic parameters in the track structure, the Latin Hypercube sampling method with correlation control was used to generate stochastic realisations.     

Dynamic Train-Track Interaction: Variability Attributable to Scatter in the Track Properties

A numerical method to simulate vertical dynamic interaction between a rolling train and a railway track has been used to investigate the influence of stochastic properties of the track structure. A perturbation technique has been used to investigate the influence of the scatter in selected track properties. The train-track interaction problem has been numerically solved by use of an extended state-space vector approach in conjunction with a complex modal superposition for the whole track structure. All numerical simulations have been carried out in the time-domain with a moving mass model. Properties such as rail pad stiffness, ballast stiffness, dynamic ballast-subgrade mass and sleeper spacing have been studied. To obtain sufficient statistical information from track structures, full-scale measurements in the field and laboratory measurements have been carried out. The influence of scatter in the track properties on the maximum contact force between the rail and the wheel, the maximum magnitude of the vertical wheelset acceleration, and the maximum sleeper displacement have been studied. Mean values and standard deviations of these quantities have been calculated. The effects of the variation of the investigated track properties are discussed.     

Dynamic Train-Track Interaction: Variability Attributable to Scatter in the Track Properties

A numerical method to simulate vertical dynamic interaction between a rolling train and a railway track has been used to investigate the influence of stochastic properties of the track structure. A perturbation technique has been used to investigate the influence of the scatter in selected track properties. The train-track interaction problem has been numerically solved by use of an extended state-space vector approach in conjunction with a complex modal superposition for the whole track structure. All numerical simulations have been carried out in the time-domain with a moving mass model. Properties such as rail pad stiffness, ballast stiffness, dynamic ballast-subgrade mass and sleeper spacing have been studied. To obtain sufficient statistical information from track structures, full-scale measurements in the field and laboratory measurements have been carried out. The influence of scatter in the track properties on the maximum contact force between the rail and the wheel, the maximum magnitude of the vertical wheelset acceleration, and the maximum sleeper displacement have been studied. Mean values and standard deviations of these quantities have been calculated. The effects of the variation of the investigated track properties are discussed.     

基于谐波合成法的轨道随机不平顺数值模拟

针对轨道不平顺所致的列车随机振动问题,采用单维单变量随机场谐波合成法,引入轨道垂向、轨向及水平交叉谱的影响,以轨道不平顺谱为输入,对轨道不平顺过程进行模拟。通过对模拟样本的谱密度函数、相关函数检验验证表明,谐波合成法能有效地模拟出符合要求的随机样本,为轨道随机振动分析提供恰当的时域输入函数。以美国第6级线路轨道垂向不平顺功率谱为输入谱的数值算例,用谐波合成法模拟的轨道时域样本及其功率谱密度,与目标谱吻合较好。     

Train-Track Interaction and Mechanisms of Irregular Wear on Wheel and Rail Surfaces

Summary High-frequency train-track interaction and mechanisms of wheel/rail wear that is non-uniform in magnitude around/along the running surface are surveyed. Causes, consequences and suggested remedies to relieve the problems are discussed for three types of irregular wheel/rail wear: (1) short-pitch rail corrugation on tangent tracks and large radius curves, (2) wheel corrugation as caused by tread braking, and (3) wheel polygonalisation. The state-of-the-art in modelling of dynamic train-track interaction in conjunction with prediction of irregular wear is reviewed.     

Train-Track Interaction and Mechanisms of Irregular Wear on Wheel and Rail Surfaces

Summary High-frequency train-track interaction and mechanisms of wheel/rail wear that is non-uniform in magnitude around/along the running surface are surveyed. Causes, consequences and suggested remedies to relieve the problems are discussed for three types of irregular wheel/rail wear: (1) short-pitch rail corrugation on tangent tracks and large radius curves, (2) wheel corrugation as caused by tread braking, and (3) wheel polygonalisation. The state-of-the-art in modelling of dynamic train-track interaction in conjunction with prediction of irregular wear is reviewed.     

Modelling of Railway Track and Vehicle/Track Interaction at High Frequencies

Abstract

A review is presented of dynamic modelling of railway track and of the interaction of vehicle and track at frequencies which are sufficiently high for the track's dynamic behaviour to be significant. Since noise is one of the most important consequences of wheel/rail interaction at high frequencies, the maximum frequency of interest is about 5kHz: the limit of human hearing. The topic is reviewed both historically and in particular with reference to the application of modelling to the solution of practical problems. Good models of the rail, the sleeper and the wheelset are now available for the whole frequency range of interest. However, it is at present impossible to predict either the dynamic behaviour of the railpad and ballast or their long term behaviour. This is regarded as the most promising area for future research.     

Modelling of Railway Track and Vehicle/Track Interaction at High Frequencies

A review is presented of dynamic modelling of railway track and of the interaction of vehicle and track at frequencies which are sufficiently high for the track's dynamic behaviour to be significant. Since noise is one of the most important consequences of wheel/rail interaction at high frequencies, the maximum frequency of interest is about 5kHz: the limit of human hearing. The topic is reviewed both historically and in particular with reference to the application of modelling to the solution of practical problems. Good models of the rail, the sleeper and the wheelset are now available for the whole frequency range of interest. However, it is at present impossible to predict either the dynamic behaviour of the railpad and ballast or their long term behaviour. This is regarded as the most promising area for future research.     

高速铁路不同结构类型曲线轨道的轮轨动态相互作用特征分析

为了研究高速铁路不同结构类型曲线轨道的轮轨动态相互作用特征,以期为动车组在线路上的适应性设计提供参考,通过动力学仿真的手段,针对我国高速铁路常见的的板式无砟轨道、双块式无砟轨道和有砟轨道等多种类型轨道结构,采用车辆-轨道耦合动力学模型,选取轨道随机不平顺和钢轨波浪形磨耗不平顺,计算了高速动车组通过曲线时的轮轨动态相互作用响应,分析了动车组在不同结构类型曲线轨道上运行的动态相互作用特征.结果表明,动车组在不同结构类型的曲线轨道上运行时,轮轨垂向动态相互作用指标随速度增大而增大,轮轨横向动态相互作用指标随速度增大呈先减小后增大的规律.随机不平顺作用下,动车组在不同结构类型曲线轨道上动力学性能很接近,其在无砟轨道上的运行性能略优于在有砟轨道上的运行性能;钢轨波浪形磨耗不平顺作用下,CRTSⅡ型无砟轨道上的轮轨动态相互作用最强,CRTSⅠ,CRTSⅢ和双块式无砟轨道次之,有砟轨道最弱.     

Energy Dissipation Due to Vehicle/Track Interaction

SUMMARY

The effects of track irregularities and wheel profile on the amount of energy dissipated in railroad freight vehicles is examined. A nonlinear computational model is used to determine the average dissipation in the vehicle suspension and the wheel/rail contact patches. This dissipation is a component of the total resistance force acting on the vehicle. Parametric results are presented showing the effects of track geometry, wheel profile, suspension design, and hunting on train resistance. Track geometry studies consider the effects of track quality and curving. The AAR 1:20 wheel profile and the Heumann wheel profile are compared under various operating conditions. Compared with the Heumann profile, the AAR 1:20 profile is shown to have lower average resistance on good quality tangent track, but higher average resistance in steady curves. A trade-off exists between the two profiles when dynamic curve entry is considered.     

Energy Dissipation Due to Vehicle/Track Interaction

The effects of track irregularities and wheel profile on the amount of energy dissipated in railroad freight vehicles is examined. A nonlinear computational model is used to determine the average dissipation in the vehicle suspension and the wheel/rail contact patches. This dissipation is a component of the total resistance force acting on the vehicle. Parametric results are presented showing the effects of track geometry, wheel profile, suspension design, and hunting on train resistance. Track geometry studies consider the effects of track quality and curving. The AAR 1:20 wheel profile and the Heumann wheel profile are compared under various operating conditions. Compared with the Heumann profile, the AAR 1:20 profile is shown to have lower average resistance on good quality tangent track, but higher average resistance in steady curves. A trade-off exists between the two profiles when dynamic curve entry is considered.     

用于微观仿真车辆模型中轨迹的简化算法

实际车辆运行轨迹的测量和计算都比较复杂。现存的微观仿真车辆模型，往往都回避了车辆轨迹的计算，而用直线运行来近似代替。构建微观车辆模型时，在影响车辆运行轨迹的各个因素中，可以只考虑前轮转向角和前后轴间距离2个主要因素，而质量、摩擦、刚体系数等其他次要因素是可以忽略的。据此，给出了车辆运行轨迹计算的简化算法，并为此进行了若干试验论证。结果表明，这种简化，一方面使得车辆微观模型在轨迹上更加接近于真实，另一方面，算法计算量小，是微观仿真中可以接受的。     

用于微观仿真车辆模型中轨迹的简化算法

实际车辆运行轨迹的测量和计算都比较复杂.现存的微观仿真车辆模型,往往都回避了车辆轨迹的计算,而用直线运行来近似代替.构建微观车辆模型时,在影响车辆运行轨迹的各个因素中,可以只考虑前轮转向角和前后轴间距离2个主要因素,而质量、摩擦、刚体系数等其他次要因素是可以忽略的.据此,给出了车辆运行轨迹计算的简化算法,并为此进行了若干试验论证.结果表明,这种简化,一方面使得车辆微观模型在轨迹上更加接近于真实,另一方面,算法计算量小,是微观仿真中可以接受的.     

Numerical Simulation of Pantograph-Overhead Equipment Interaction

Summary The main features of a mathematical model for the simulation of pantograph-catenary dynamic interaction are presented and, in particular, some aspects related to the catenary and pantograph schematisation are outlined. The model enables to investigate the behaviour of the system in a relatively large frequency range (up to 100 Hz), due to the inclusion of the bending modes of the collector head. In order to simulate the contact between wire and collector, a procedure based on the penalty method is adopted, and it is shown by means of a numerical test case that the method reproduces the constraint acting at the pantograph-catenary interface over a wide frequency range with high accuracy, provided that suitable values are given to the contact parameters. The problem of minimising the numerical disturbances due to the discretisation of the contact wire is also discussed, showing that the entity of these disturbances can be reduced to acceptable values by adopting a proper discretisation of the contact wire, so that no post-filtering of simulation results is required. Applications to some specific aspects of current collection are presented, and comparisons with available experimental data from line tests are shown.     

高速公路弯道行车轨迹仿真与影响因素分析

针对山区高速公路弯道事故高发的特点,对山区高速公路的弯道行车轨迹进行了仿真研究。首先考虑山区高速公路汽车行驶状态的非线性特性,建立基于非线性的5自由度汽车动力学模型的驾驶员-汽车-道路闭环操纵系统模型,然后应用模型对山区高速公路弯道的行车轨迹进行了模拟仿真,通过对不同道路条件下行车轨迹的对比分析,得到其对高速公路曲线段行车轨迹的影响规律：随着圆曲线曲率的增加,缓和曲线长度的减少,曲线超高的增大,行车轨迹侧向偏移越大。仿真结果对高速公路曲线段道路交通安全管理提供了理论支持。