Improvement of air quality by means of transportation system management

Under the United States federal Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977, states must implement transportation system management (TSM) tactics in urban areas that have not attained national ambient air quality standards for carbon monoxide and photochemical oxidants. This paper provides a preliminary assessment of the effectiveness and feasibility of using TSM tactics to improve air quality. Based on this assessment, the authors conclude that TSM measures should be effective in eliminating localized carbon monoxide problems, but that such measures are not likely to contribute significantly toward reducing regional oxidant levels. In addition, because most individual TSM tactics can have only marginal impacts on regional motor vehicle emissions, coordinating the planning and implementation of a portfolio of TSM measures will be an essential element of an effective TSM program for improving air quality.     

Dealing with congestion from a regional perspective The case of Massachusetts

Traffic congestion has received considerable public and media attention over the past several years. However, many of the transportation and land use actions offered to deal with the congestion phenomenon focus only on a specific site or at most a subregion of the metropolitan area. This paper argues that congestion in many cases is an areawide phenomenon requiring consideration from a regional and programmatic viewpoint. A ten-point congestion-relief program developed for eastern Massachusetts is described. Actions in this program included those aimed to mitigate current congestion and avoid future congestion through land use management. Four policy areas are emphasized - providing transportation system improvements, managing transportation demand, managing land use, and managing the institutional and funding framework. The paper concludes that because of the political nature of the congestion problem, the congestion-relief program's importance lies more in the message it sends to the public that programmatic action is being taken. The paper also concludes that a regional approach is necessary thus requiring close examination of existing institutions, that demand management is an important component of the strategy, that the private sector has an important role to play, and that the long-term effectiveness of the program relates to the success of attempts to institutionalize efforts into zoning and permit procedures.     

Regulating traffic by controlling land use The Southern California experience

In Los Angeles emphasis in transportation planning has recently shifted from facility construction to transportation system management and the control of land use with the goal of slowing the growth in traffic congestion. This paper critically examines several recent transportation growth management strategies in Los Angeles, and concludes that though they were well intentioned, they might not lead to the intended consequences.     

Controlling vehicular emissions in Beijing during the last decade

The vehicle population of Beijing is sharply increasing at an average annual rate of 14.5%, causing severe transportation and environmental problems. The Beijing municipal government and the public have worked hard to control vehicular emissions since 1995. Strategies and measures have been introduced to regulate land use and traffic planning, emission control of in-use vehicles and new vehicles, fuel quality improvement, introduction of clean fuel vehicle technology and fiscal incentives. New development plans for Beijing will change the transportation structure by encouraging public transportation. For in-use vehicles, the I/M program has employed ASM tests since early 2003 and the government has encouraged the retirement of high-emission vehicles. For new vehicles, Beijing introduced Euro 1 and Euro 2 emission standards in early 1999 and 2003, respectively. It is also confirmed that Euro 3 standards will be introduced in 2005. At the same time, the fuel quality in Beijing was improved significantly, by banning lead and reducing sulfur among other changes. CNG and LPG were introduced in 1999 and are used in buses and taxis. Today Beijing has the largest CNG bus fleet in the world with more than 2000 dedicated CNG buses. Beijing has also focused on fiscal incentives such as tax deductions for new vehicles meeting enhanced emission standards to encourage their sales. These strategies and measures have had an impact on the control of vehicular emissions. Despite the rapid increase of the vehicle population by 60% between 1998 and 2003, total vehicular emissions have not increased. With the enhancement of vehicular emission control, the air quality in Beijing is improving as the city strives to its goal for a “Green Olympics”.     

Modelling and simulation of transportation system effectiveness to reduce traffic congestion: a system dynamics framework

ABSTRACT

This paper is designed to evaluate and improve the effectiveness of transportation systems and reduce traffic congestion through the use of simulation models and scenario development. A system dynamics framework is used to test and evaluate the alternatives of future strategies for the city of Surabaya, Indonesia. Some factors affecting the effectiveness of transport systems include operational effectiveness and service effectiveness, as well as uncertainty. To improve the effectiveness of transportation systems, several strategies can be implemented, such as subsidizing public transportation, increasing the cost of private vehicle parking fees, raising taxes on private vehicles, and reducing delays in public transportation through scenario development. Scenario results show that, by pursuing these strategies, effectiveness could be improved by 80% as the impact of the increase in operational and service effectiveness, helping to mitigate traffic congestion. Congestion could be reduced to 70% (on average) due to the decrease in daily traffic.     

Special issue on intelligent transportation systems,big data and intelligent technology

ABSTRACT

Based on the increasing demands of transportation development, the concept of an Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) has received increasing attention in both academic and industry arenas. It integrates information, communications, computers and other technologies, and applies them in the field of transportation to build an integrated system of people, roads and vehicles by utilizing advanced data communication technologies. It can establish a large, fully functioning, real-time, accurate and efficient transportation management system. Intelligent transportation systems shift the focus from road managers to road users. In order to achieve this purpose, intelligent transportation systems use advanced technology to provide drivers with convenient information to help reduce traffic congestion and to increase available road capacity. This special issue is dedicated to exploring the most recent advances in intelligent transportation systems and big data based on intelligent technology.     

Induced traffic: what do transportation models tell us?

Mathematical models of transportation systems have played a prominent role in transportation planning throughout the world since the 1960s. These models are hypotheses of how people use transport systems. They provide a means of extrapolating the necessarily limited empirical evidence of how road users respond to changes in the road system. However, it needs to be recognised that these extrapolations rely for their validity on the realism of the underlying theories; transportation models can only tell us about the relationships actually built into them.This paper reviews the limited number of studies undertaken mainly in the UK in which calibrated transportation models have been used in a systematic way to give some insight into the relative importance of the various components of induced traffic. These studies include analyses of the effects of road schemes using: a theoretical single link model; conventional four-stage transportation models of Cardiff and Belfast; elasticity models in Cardiff, Belfast, West London and Norwich; land-use interaction models in Leeds, Bilbao, Dortmund; and a model of land-use effects in Norwich. The results tell us two things: (a) the scale of the various elements of induced traffic, and (b) the implications for the economic benefits of road schemes.     

Transport system management in San Francisco: an assessment

The paper reports the results of a transportation corridor study. The emphasis in the study is in transportation system management (TSM) policies although some capital intensive alternatives are also considered.

The results suggest that currently popular TSM policies in U.S.A., even when augmented with capital intensive changes, have only marginal impacts on modal choices. These currently popular policies, high occupancy vehicle priority lanes, improved bus and express bus service, increased feeder bus service and so forth, appear to confer benefits to well to do suburbanites but do not improve the transportation of urban dwellers.

Another interesting result is that if user costs were increased to cover the full costs of transportation the transit fares for low income people would increase ten percent and the increase for urban dwellers would be about 20 percent. Interestingly, there would be no change in bus fares for either group. However, for high income travellers and suburbanites the increase in transit fares would be in excess of 100 percent. Thus, the current fare structure is inequitable making the low income people and the urban dwellers to pay a much larger share of their transportation cost than the often well to do suburbanites.     

荆门市综合交通运输系统总体布局规划

文章运用区域综合交通规划学、系统工程学、区域经济学和旅游经济学等多学科研究方法,针对我国“十二五”期间大力发展旅游业和优先建设交通基础设施的特殊背景,以荆门市交通运输系统为研究对象,综合考虑城市交通、过境交通、旅游交通及其各种交通方式的综合协调,对荆门市的综合交通运输网络进行总体布局规划。     

Short-term impact analysis of fuel price policy change on travel demand in Malaysian cities

Abstract

Malaysia is one of the few countries in the world that provides a fuel subsidy to consumers. Due to the recent economic crisis, the Malaysian Government decided to revise its fuel subsidization policy from a fixed price subsidy to a floating price subsidy dependent on global oil demand. Recognizing that the change in fuel subsidization policy can have an impact on travel behavior, this article investigates the short-term impact of the policy change on private and public transportation in the Klang Valley region of Malaysia. Spectral analyses are performed to investigate if the policy change has an impact on private vehicle travel demand, measured in terms of road traffic, and short-term travel demand elasticity with respect to fuel price is estimated. To measure the impact on the public transportation system, the demand cross-elasticity values of rail transit and buses are also estimated. It was found that traffic flow reduces with an increase in fuel price, although elasticity and cross-elasticity values obtained are low. The article finds that there is a potential mode shift from private vehicles to rail transit with increasing fuel price. It is demonstrated that reducing fuel price subsidy can be an effective travel demand management strategy to alleviate congestion.     

An intersection turning movement estimation procedure based on path flow estimator

Estimation of intersection turning movements is one of the key inputs required for a variety of transportation analysis, including intersection geometric design, signal timing design, traffic impact assessment, and transportation planning. Conventional approaches that use manual techniques for estimation of turning movements are insensitive to congestion. The drawbacks of the manual techniques can be amended by integrating a network traffic model with a computation procedure capable of estimating turning movements from a set of link traffic counts and intersection turning movement counts. This study proposes using the path flow estimator, originally used to estimate path flows (hence origin–destination flows), to derive not only complete link flows, but also turning movements for the whole road network given some counts at selected roads and intersections. Two case studies using actual traffic counts are used to demonstrate the proposed intersection turning movement estimation procedure. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A methodology to estimate travel time using dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) under incident conditions

This paper presents results from a research case study that examined the distribution of travel time of origin–destination (OD) pairs on a transportation network under incident conditions. Using a transportation simulation dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) model, incident on a transportation network is executed under normal conditions, incident conditions without traveler information availability, and incident conditions assuming that users had perfect knowledge of the incident conditions and could select paths to avoid the incident location. The results suggest that incidents have a different impact on different OD pairs. The results confirm that an effective traveler information system has the potential to ease the impacts of incident conditions network wide. Yet it is also important to note that the use of information may detriment some OD pairs while benefiting other OD pairs. The methodology demonstrated in this paper provides insights into the usefulness of embedding a fully calibrated DTA model into the analysis tools of a traffic management and information center.     

基于熵权TOPSIS法的绿色交通发展分析——以舟山为例

绿色交通是一种低污染且有利于城市环境多元化的城市交通运输系统。这可以解决我国因私人汽车增加等原因所带来的交通拥堵、汽车排放尾气增加、资源短缺、城市能耗严重、生态环境破坏和空气污染等问题。且该运输系统该运输系统在解决以上问题的同时,可以降低建设维护成本和促进社会公平。目前,我国绿色交通发展在持续进步,本文以舟山为例,从基础指标、交通工具和道路建设三个方面选取数据,并将熵权法和TOPSIS法结合对2016年至2018年舟山绿色交通的发展状况进行分析,结果表明,舟山2017年绿色交通发展状况最优,其次是2018年。     

我国综合交通系统的社会贡献评价研究——以2000-2017年数据为例

本文首先介绍了研究背景,提出研究目的。通过梳理国内外相关文献,提出现有研究尚未涉及综合交通系统社会贡献方面。在解析综合交通社会贡献机理基础上,根据我国2000—2017年社会系统和综合交通数据确定我国社会系统发展指数S和交通系统发展指数T的组成指标,在每种交通方式内采用因子分析法确定各指标权重,结合各指标数值得到S和T数值。应用格兰杰检验法证明T是S的原因,由S关于T的回归函数可得我国综合交通社会贡献评价函数,处理后得到最佳状态数值,发现实际数值与之相比仍有较大提升空间。最后,提出相关政策建议。     

Forward power-train energy management modeling for assessing benefits of integrating predictive traffic data into plug-in-hybrid electric vehicles

In this paper, a forward power-train plug-in hybrid electric vehicle model with an energy management system and a cycle optimization algorithm is evaluated for energy efficiency. Using wirelessly communicated predictive traffic data for vehicles in a roadway network, as envisioned in intelligent transportation systems, traffic prediction cycles are optimized using a cycle optimization strategy. This resulted in a 56-86% fuel efficiency improvements for conventional vehicles. When combined with the plug-in hybrid electric vehicle power management system, about 115% energy efficiency improvements were achieved. Further improvements in the overall energy efficiency of the network were achieved with increased penetration rates of the intelligent transportation assisted enabled plug-in hybrid electric vehicles.     

Transportation in suburbia: Trends in attitudes,behaviors and policy preferences in Orange County,California

This paper analyzes transportation attitudes, behaviors and policy preferences in a suburban region. The focus of the study is Orange County, which has experienced rapid growth and industrialization in recent decades. The results from the 1989 Orange County Annual Survey indicate that most residents perceive traffic to be the most serious problem facing the area, and most residents are dissatisfied with the current freeways. Over time, the trend is increased perceptions of traffic problems, However, there is little evidence that residents have changed their driving habits in recent years and there is considerable opposition to new transportation taxes and policies aimed at reducing traffic congestion. These trends are related to opposition to change by affluent suburban residents and to distrust of local government. Traffic attitudes and conservativism appear to play a minor role in predicting current driving habits and policy preferences. The results have important implications for future efforts to improve suburban traffic.     

城市绿色交通建设与发展策略综述

绿色交通系统对改善城市交通拥堵,减少交通能耗、环境污染,提高城市的宜居性等方面有着积极的推动作用。文章从城市规划和土地利用开发、交通需求管理、交通基础设施建设等方面阐述了城市绿色交通的建设与发展策略,为发展、建设城市绿色交通提供思路。     

衡水市冬季公交免费乘坐政策实施效果评估

优先发展公共交通,倡导绿色出行方式,可以缓解交通拥堵,减少交通污染。河北省衡水市在国内率先实施了冬季公交免费乘坐政策,政策出台的初衷是为了改善衡水市空气质量,经综合评估后,该政策在提高公交乘客满意度、增强公共交通吸引力和缓解交通拥堵等方面取得了明显成效,为国内三、四线城市的公共交通优先发展提供了有益的经验借鉴。     

Promoting Public Transport Using Marketing Techniques in Mobility Management and Verifying their Quantitative Effects

Mobility management (MM) is a transportation management policy that uses “soft” measures to attempt to reduce car use and promote sustainable transportation modes such as public transport, bicycles, and walking. Using communication and other means, MM induces voluntarily change towards more sustainable transportation modes. We implemented MM marketing to promote an experimental community bus service. This project had two components: a questionnaire conducted in the service area and a monthly newsletter. The questionnaire was more than a survey; it also communicated information about the bus and helped promote bus use. One month after the survey, we implemented a follow-up survey targeting the initial survey respondents. Results suggest that the MM program produced a general increase in bus use, as well as mouth-to-mouth advertising, that helped promote bus use.     

长输成品油管道顺序输送混油量的控制

长输成品油管道顺序输送过程中会产生大量混油，目前常用的处理混油的方法都无法避免经济损失。以减少成品油管道在每个计算周期内混油量最终减少成品油管道系统总体混油量为目的，通过分析混油产生过程中各种因素的影响，结合实际顺序输送管道的运行经验，主要研究了从成品油输油计划编制和管道运行管理两方面对混油量的控制方法，提出了一些用于控制长输成品油管道混油量的有效措施。