桥梁维修与加固的内容及方法综述

概述桥梁维修加固的内容,并从结构性加固、非结构性加固、U型高桥台加固、桥墩加固4个方面介绍了桥梁维修加固的方法,以保证桥梁安全运营。     

粘钢加固法在铁路框架桥加固中的应用

介绍粘钢加固的特点,并结合甬台温铁路东外环立交桥的加固设计实例对粘钢加固法的计算理论、加固材料及加固方法进行了分析阐述,并提出了粘钢加固应注意的问题,可供类似铁路桥梁加固参考。     

水利工程堤围加固工程设计及施工技术

堤围工程是一种常见水利工程,许多已建堤围的防洪标准明显偏低,对堤围进行加固可以降低堤围工程的安全隐患。堤围加固设计和使用的施工技术是保证堤围加固建设的关键,本文以某岛堤围加固工程为例,阐述了堤围加固工程的影响因素,针对其堤围加固断面选型、加固横断面设计及施工技术进行探讨,最终取得了良好的加固效果。     

冲击碾压技术在港口工程地基加固中的应用

介绍冲击碾压加固地基的原理、施工工艺特点和加固效果.通过试验经研究发现,与普夯加固地基相比,冲击碾压加固地基不仅能达到或超过普夯加固地基的效果,而且还能大大缩短工期、降低施工成本,在港口工程地基加固处理中具有广阔的应用前景.     

梁式桥体外预应力加固技术

随着桥梁建设的大规模发展,旧桥加固已成为日益重要的问题。在众多的加固方法中,体外预应力加固是一种有效的加固方法,本文主论述了梁式桥的体外预应力加固技术。     

水库除险加固工程施工设计探析

水库除险加固工程关系到国计民生,如何做好水库除险加固工程施工设计是当前水库建设关注的焦点问题.因此,研究水库除险加固工程施工设计具有十分重要的现实意义.文中以水库除险加固为切入点,结合新疆生产建设兵团第十师186团青年水库的实际情况,在概述水库除险加固的内容的基础上,重点探讨了水库除险加固施工管理的组织设计,旨在说明水利工程建设中除险加固施工管理的重要性,以期为水库除险加固工程施工设计提供参考.     

轻型井点结合塑料排水板复合加固方法研究

文章简要介绍了轻型井点结合塑料排水板复合加固法的施工工艺、使用工况。通过靖江新港作业区公用码头段案例,分析了该加固方法的加固效果。分层沉降结果表明该加固方法影响深度约为10 m且在4.0～6.0 m深度范围内的加固效果特别明显;固结计算结果表明,加固后地基承载力为256.3 kPa,8～10m深度处的粉砂夹粉土层的标贯击数由加固前的3击增长到5击,地基承载力提高明显,加固深度达到设计要求。室内土工试验结果表明加固后物理参数各项指标均有所提高。     

圬工拱圈增大截面面积加固承载能力验算方法研究

目前我国大量圬工拱桥进入加固期,大批的加固任务,使承载力计算方法的研究成为加固领域亟须解决的问题。文中以增大截面面积加固法加固圬工拱圈的受力特点为依据,提出一套承载能力验算方法。     

高桩码头梁构件碳纤维加固效果评价

针对高桩码头梁构件碳纤维加固效果的问题,结合桥梁静载试验验证的理念,对高桩码头引桥碳纤维加固前后进行静载试验,通过比较碳纤维加固前后的位移、应力值,获得碳纤维加固前后承载能力提高情况,同时了解碳纤维加固后梁结构是否满足设计要求。通过静载试验结果分析可知:高桩码头梁构件碳纤维加固效果良好,可以推广使用。     

预应力技术在箱梁加固中的应用

对既有桥梁的加固是桥梁建设可持续发展的重要举措,预应力技术由于其显著的优势,在桥梁加固工程中得到了广泛的应用。文中在简要介绍预应力加固原理与设计要点的基础上,结合申杭线大桥加固工程,重点介绍了体外预应力技术在桥梁上部结构加固中的应用。     

三体船型PCC风荷载的实验性研究(英文)

In recent years, demands for car transportation by a ship have been increasing with favorable economic conditions in auto sector, and the need of a pure car carrier (PCC) has grown quickly. A PCC needs huge parking space but smaller displacement since a car is comparatively light for its volume. As a result, almost all PCCs have wide breadth, shallow draft and huge structure above the water surface. These features cause some technical issues of a PCC, like lack of stability, effect of strong winds on its resistance, difficulty of course keeping in rough seas, difficulty of berthing in strong winds, and so on. To overcome these technical issues, one of the authors has proposed a new concept for a PCC. This is a trimaran PCC which has very limited transverse bulkheads in the center hull by using two side hulls as fenders. In the present research, wind forces acting on a scale model of the trimaran PCC were measured in the towing tank with a wind generator at Osaka Prefecture University. Furthermore, in order to clarify the characteristics of wind pressure on the trimaran, height and width of tunnels which are between a main hull and side hulls were changed. And then, in order to imitate a real ship, we used wind reduction technology of corner-cut design for accommodation house of the ship. Moreover, the wind pressure acting on the trimaran was compared with that on a mono-hull PCC. Using these experimental and theoretical results, an estimation method of wind pressure acting on the trimaran PCC is deduced.     

Humpback Whales in Tonga: An Economic Resource for Tourism

The growth of whale-watching internationally has been spectacular. It now occurs in almost 100 countries and is estimated to be worth in excess of U.S.$1 billion each year in revenue. Thus, whales have become valuable as a resource for tourism. The Vava'u island group in the northern part of the Kingdom of Tonga in the South Pacific is an area with a growing reputation as a whale-watching destination. However, the industry is relatively new there and the impacts of whale-based tourism in these islands is, as yet, unknown. In addition, there has been a recent consideration of a return to hunting whales in Tonga. As a result, concerns regarding the value of these animals for tourism and the potential impact of a return to hunting have arisen. Consequently, a study was designed to provide a preliminary assessment of the economic impacts of these animals for the island community. This study estimates that humpback whales may be worth in excess of U.S.$700,000 annually as a tourism attraction and that there is significant potential for future growth. Furthermore, the study shows that current visitors are opposed to any resumption of whaling practices in the islands and that such a move would likely displace large numbers of tourists from Tonga. Thus, it is concluded that a resumption of whaling in Tonga would likely have a significant opportunity cost in terms of lost tourism revenues.     

Vibration-assisted decommissioning of a slip joint: Application to an offshore wind turbine

An alternative option to the traditional grouted joint for wind turbines is a direct steel-to-steel connection, also known as slip joint. In a recently published work, a proof of concept of a vibration-assisted installation and decommissioning technique of a slip joint was illustrated. Leveraging on the obtained results, the current study shows for the first time a decommissioning campaign carried out using a vibration-assisted technique applied on a prototype hydraulic wind turbine tower located in the North Sea, and connected to the monopile through a slip joint. The key aspect of the dismounting procedure is a priori knowledge of the resonance frequency clusters corresponding to the slip joint’s cross-sectional modes. Therefore, field hammer tests and experimental modal analysis were carried out inside the wind turbine tower. The identified frequencies and mode shapes were then compared with numerical ones estimated by a finite element model of the investigated structure. The comparison showed that a set of frequency clusters can be directly selected from a detailed numerical model. The preparatory work of the slip joint decommissioning was then executed by installing electric shaker devices, based on the dynamic identification results, and hydraulic jacks mounted inside the wind turbine tower. A first decommissioning trial was carried out in May 2019, while the final decommissioning was performed in August 2019. After analysing the measurements of the hydraulic pressures, displacements and excitation frequencies during the decommissioning campaigns, the results showed that it is possible to disconnect the slip joint if, in combination to a vertical static force, one of the identified cross-sectional mode shapes is excited. The vibration-assisted decommissioning proved to be a successful technique to dismount the connection in a controlled and straightforward manner.     

Locomotion by mechanical pectoral fins

The objectives of this study were the development of a new device for maneuvering an underwater vehicle using the mechanism of a fish swimming, an experimental and theoretical analysis of the hydrodynamic characteristics of the device, and its application to maneuvering a fish robot. Observations and experimental analysis of the pectoral fins of a black bass (Micropterus salmoides) revealed that the locomotion of the fish, such as swimming forward at low speed, swimming backward, and turning in a horizontal plane is generated by using a combination of a feathering motion and a lead-lag motion of the pectoral fins. A mechanical pectoral fin making a feathering motion and a lead-lag motion generates a thrust force in a range of phase differences between both motions. The unsteady vortex lattice method, including the effect of viscosity, can express fairly well the unsteady forces acting on the mechanical pectoral fin in the range of phase differences where it exerts the thrust force. The fish robot, consisting of a model fish body and a pair of mechanical pectoral fins, can not only swim forward and turn in almost the same position, but can also swim in a lateral direction without changing the yaw angle. Translation of an article that appeared in the Journal of The Society of Naval Architects of Japan, vol. 182 (1997): The original article won the SNAJ prize, which is awarded annually to the best papers selected from the SNAJ Journal, JMST, or other quality journals in the field of naval architecture and ocean engineering.     

Numerical analysis on free surface waves and stern viscous flow of a ship model

This paper deals with numerical techniques for computing the viscous flow past a ship hull with and without a free surface using a Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes solver with global conservation. In the first technique, a coarse grid is used to find an approximate solution to the free surface problem. Interpolation of a fine grid is subsequently carried out, and a more exact solution, particularly in the boundary layer and wake, is obtained. In the second technique, a modified Baldwin-Lomax model is introduced to compute the viscous flow with and without a free surface. These numerical techniques are applied to simulations of the flow around a Series 60 and an SR196C ship model. The results are compared with measurement data, and the usefulness of the numerical techniques is demonstrated.     

Impact of scale increase of container ships on the generalised chain cost

In recent years, an increase in the size of the container ships could be observed. The question is how these larger ships will influence the total generalised costs from a port of loading to a destination in the European hinterland. The second question is whether a scale increase of the container ships on other loops, such as a loop from the United States to Europe, has the same impact on the generalised chain costs as on the loop from Asia to Europe. A derived question is which element of the total chain has the highest importance, and whether this balance varies as the ship size changes. In this article, a model is developed that allows answering the above research questions. The model is designed to simulate the cost of a complete loop of a container ship and of a chain that uses that same loop. For the chain cost simulation, the maritime part is determined by the loop. From the ports of loading and unloading, the port container handling and the hinterland transportation costs are also integrated. The model also allows calculating the total chain cost from a point of origin (either a hinterland region or a port) to a destination point (also a port or a hinterland region). An actual container loop of a container shipping company can be introduced in the model. An application is made to two existing container loops, namely from Asia respectively the United States to Europe. It turns out that changing ship does indeed lead to economies of scale, but also that the impact is larger on the Asia–Europe connection than on the US–Europe connection. Furthermore, the maritime component has the biggest share in the total chain cost, but as ship size increases, the shares start getting closer to each other. This research contributes to the existing literature in two ways. First of all, it quantifies the impact of the scale increase of container ships throughout the total chain. Second, this is done from a bottom-up engineering modelling approach.     

船体结构表面裂缝在应力腐蚀耦合作用下的扩展机理数值研究

用数值方法研究了船体表面微裂缝在海水腐蚀以及外荷载耦合作用下扩展的机理.实验表明,在给定材料和腐蚀环境的条件下,外荷载越小,微裂缝扩展并最终导致材料断裂破坏过程越长;但当荷载小于某个值(门槛值或称疲劳极限)时,这种延迟的腐蚀断裂破坏现象可以避免.为研究方便,文中假设了在腐蚀环境中工作的材料为各向同性材料.根据数值计算结果,共发现了三种可能的裂缝扩展形式,并证实了导致腐蚀疲劳断裂临界条件的存在性.最后通过计算,针对不同材料以及不同环境条件,勾勒出导致腐蚀疲劳断裂相应的临界条件曲线.     

Integrated optimisation design of a dynamic umbilical based on an approximate model

An optimised design of a dynamic umbilical requires an extreme cross-sectional stress to be maintained within an allowable limit and a fatigue life to be guaranteed to be sufficient. It should be noted that a dynamic umbilical is a typical geometric bi-scale structural system. It consists of a local cross-sectional scale and a global configuration scale, which are significantly different in terms of geometric sizes. In this study, we established an approximate model to achieve an optimised design of the dynamic umbilical by considering the parameters of local cross-sections and global configurations simultaneously. The design variables of a dynamic umbilical are independently identified and defined at both local sectional and global configuration scales in the approximate model. Furthermore, we selected the maximum tension strain and the maximum bending moment, for covering local and global properties, as the objectives to be minimised. The approximate model was observed to be effective in integrating the local and global responses into one loop so that the computational efficiency could be significantly increased. We implemented the optimisation framework on a dynamic umbilical with a lazy-wave configuration, which is considered to be a basis for a case study. Furthermore, we verified the feasibility and effectiveness of the integrated optimisation strategy by numerical simulations. Moreover, we compared the optimised dynamic umbilical properties with those without optimisation. It was observed that the fatigue life of the optimised dynamic umbilical was improved significantly, thereby indicating that the integrated optimisation methodology provides a new model and algorithm for an efficient design of the dynamic umbilical.     

Application of analytical model in the prediction of dynamic responses and fatigue damage of flexible risers: Part II – Dynamic analysis of flexible risers in large-scale domain using a direct moment correction method

In recent years, the dynamic responses of flexible risers have been the focus of many researchers. Most flexible risers undergo a substantial level of irregular motion from environmental loadings, which involves a continuous slip of helical wires. The slip of helical wires especially leads to a hysteretic effect by reducing the bending stiffness, making it hard to predict the dynamic responses of flexible risers. The current study, as an extension to Part I, presents a new large-scale dynamic analysis method for flexible risers. The suggested method creates a large-scale model for the dynamic analysis that considers a geometric and bending nonlinearity of flexible risers. The kinematics of each beam element is formulated based on a Green-Lagrangian strain and the interaction with the seabed, providing a realistic analysis of flexible risers. In particular, the current study introduces a direct moment correction method that modifies the internal force vector using an improved analytical model. The improved analytical model is assigned at each node of the large-scale model and estimates an accurate bending hysteresis curve considering the effect of shear deformation and varying tension. The suggested method corrects the bending moment and shear force of all beam elements based on the bending hysteresis curves obtained from the improved analytical model, by which a complex bending behavior of flexible risers is reflected in a large-scale domain. As a result, this study achieves a more accurate prediction of the dynamic responses and fatigue damage of flexible risers. A new dynamic analysis program, called OPFLEX, is developed herein based on the suggested analysis method. Using the developed program, the current study conducts several numerical investigations to identify the effect of the shear deformation and varying tension. Consequently, it is confirmed that the shear deformation of internal layers reduces the fatigue damage of helical wires by delaying the increase of internal stress. It is also identified that the effect of varying tension deteriorates the fatigue life of flexible risers through a continuous change of contact pressure during bending.     

长甲板室端部应力集中分析及优选设计研究

针对长甲板室纵向围壁端部与主船体露天甲板交界处的应力集中问题,采用结构有限元数值分析方法,探讨在空间布置受到限制的条件下,应力集中交界处圆弧型肘板臂长、圆弧半径等参数变化对应力分布和大小的影响,并得到降低应力集中系数的圆弧型肘板参数的最佳值。文中根据研究结果,对某艘实船的长甲板室纵向围壁端部与主船体露天甲板交界处圆弧型肘板进行优选设计,有效地降低了该处的应力集中水平。