艇用氧烛着火时灭火方式的选择

作为潜艇中的供氧设备,氧烛一经启动,无法自动停止放氧。选择适合氧烛着火时使用的灭火介质和灭火器材,是安全、正确使用氧烛必须解决的问题。本文通过分析艇上常用的各种灭火器的灭火原理,确定了清水是艇用氧烛的安全灭火介质,清水灭火器是其安全的灭火器材。通过氧烛验证试验证明,压力为0.4～0.5MPa的高压清水和合适容量的清水灭火器能安全地终止氧烛放氧。     

钴的氧化物对氧烛药块分解的催化机理研究

氧烛是一种使用方便、贮存容易、安全可靠的氧源。本文选用化学试剂Co2O3、Co3O4与自制催化剂CoOx作为氧烛药块分解的催化剂。通过性能试验得出,只有自制催化剂CoOx能使氧烛药块完全分解。并通过比表面积(BET)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)和X光电子能谱(XPS)等手段对各催化剂的组成、物相和形貌及颗粒度的表征,分析了自制催化剂能有效降低氧烛药块分解温度的原因。     

氧烛供氧在全海深载人潜水器的试验验证

全海深载人潜水器使用氧烛作为其载人舱内的供氧手段之一.为了验证氧烛的供氧性能,在氧烛的设计和验收过程中设置了多种试验,封闭空间内的载人密闭试验是这些试验中较为重要的一种.论文对氧烛在模拟载人密闭舱中进行的多次性能试验以及在全海深载人潜水器载人舱内进行的性能试验情况进行了介绍,对试验过程中载人舱室内的氧浓度数据进行分析和...     

钴的氧化物对氧烛药块分解的催化作用

氧烛是一种使用方便、贮存容易、安全可靠的氧源.本文选用化学试剂Co2O3,Co3O4与自制催化剂CoOx作为氧烛药块分解的催化剂.通过性能试验得出,只有自制催化剂CoOx能使氧烛药块完全分解.通过比表面积(BET)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)和X光电子能谱(XPS)等手段对各催化剂的组成、物相和形貌及颗粒度的表征,分析了自制催化剂能有效降低氧烛药块分解温度的原因.     

氧烛的研究现状与发展

介绍了一种新型的氧源———氯酸盐氧烛,从氧烛的工作原理、原料、启动方式、成型工艺和气体净化等方面重点论述了氯酸盐氧烛制氧技术及国内外氧烛研制和使用情况,展望了今后的研究方向和应用前景。     

氧烛隔热结构的设计

氧烛在放氧过程中,外壁表面温度会超过300 ℃.为保证氧烛的使用安全,需设计合理的隔热结构.试验证明,将氧烛外壳设计成夹套式结构,在夹套内填充一定量的Al2(SO4)3·18H2O,或将氧烛放在夹套式结构的防护筒内使用,在夹套内填充二氧化硅气凝胶,都能将氧烛的外壁温度控制在安全温度以内.     

氧烛的研究现状与发展

本文介绍了一种新型的氧源—氯酸盐氧烛,从氧烛的工作原理、原料、启动方式、成型工艺和气体净化等方面重点论述了氯酸盐氧烛制氧技术,及国内外氧烛研制和使用情况,展望了今后的研究方向和应用前景。     

用于氧烛的抑氯剂及氯气过滤材料

氧烛在放氧过程中,会产生一定量的氯气。应用在药块内部加抑氯剂和药块外添加氯气过滤材料的方法消除氧烛所放出的氧气中的氯气。到目前为止,对于以铁粉为燃料的氧烛,Li2O2是最佳的抑氯剂,负载LiOH的霍加拉特剂是效果最佳的氯气过滤材料。     

组合式氧烛的去烟研究

本文从基本反应机理和基本组成入手,系统地分析了氧烛冒烟的原因,并且根据其原因研究得出了有效的解决方法。     

氧烛在全海深载人潜水器中应用的适用性分析

在全海深载人潜水器中考虑使用氧烛作为应急状态下的供氧手段。从安全性、使用性和舒适性等角度出发,对在全海深载人潜水器密闭舱室内使用氧烛供氧的可行性进行分析,并与民航客机、潜艇等用氧烛的应用场合进行比较,证实氧烛作为潜水器的应急氧源是可行的。根据分析结果,提出了适用于全海深载人潜水器应急供氧的氧烛的技术指标。     

船舶舱室空气再生技术现状与研究展望

为寻求真正理想的现代船舶舱室空气调节再生技术,对特种氧化物法、氧烛法、高压氧瓶法、电解水法等现有技术的原理及应用情况进行了简要介绍,在此基础上进一步综合分析了这些技术均无法满足空气清新度的要求,而且还存在其它各自固有的一些问题。为此,创造性地提出了基于特定海洋生物的船舶舱室空气再生的新思想,已取得的初步研究成果表明它既能保证舱室内O2和CO2的合适浓度,又能保证整个舱室环境空气的清新度,还可望带来其它一些明显优势,体现了潜在的重大现实意义。     

潜艇舱室供氧技术研究进展

潜艇在现代海洋战争中有着重要的地位,潜艇舱室中氧气供给直接影响着艇员的战斗力。本文综合介绍目前潜艇舱室中成熟的供氧技术,通过对比不同的供氧技术原理,分析各种供氧技术的优缺点;并对正在研究的新技术进行展望,针对发展新型供氧技术提出新观点。     

316L氧分离器腐蚀浅析

材质为316L不锈钢的氧分离器在碱性环境中出现腐蚀裂纹。通过着色试验、金相检查、扫描电子显微镜、化学分析仪等检测方法,对316L不锈钢氧分离器内壁裂纹的宏观形貌、显微组织、腐蚀产物进行分析,结果表明,氧分离器封头焊接热影响区开裂是典型的应力腐蚀破坏,碱液中的溶解氧加重了腐蚀的危害程度。本文对腐蚀原因进行了分析,并针对氧分离器特殊的工作环境,提出了应对措施。     

Changes in apparent oxygen removal in the Baltic proper deep water

By developing a steady state diagnostic model for a stratified deep-water mass, one is able to quantify both the mass flows and apparent oxygen removal in the Baltic proper deep water. The model is based on continuity of the assumed conservative observable volume, salinity and temperature. Second degree polynomials are fitted to observed vertical profiles of temperature as well as oxygen concentration to give a functional correspondence with the used spatial variable salinity. These relations are used in the model that calculate the water flows, oxygen flows and oxygen removal during four periods between 1959 and 1997. The model forms a boundary value problem, which is solved with a finite difference scheme. The model seems to give reasonable estimates of the flows. The oxygen removal is mainly balanced by inflow of oxygen with incoming water. The oxygen consumption is 4–8 μl O₂ l⁻¹ day⁻¹, which corresponds to a degradation of organic matter in the range 30–60 g C m⁻² year⁻¹.     

Distribution of total dissolved and C18 extractable copper and nickel in relation to dissolved organic matter sources, in the Thermaikos Gulf (eastern Mediterranean)

Organically complexed and total dissolved copper and nickel were measured in the Thermaikos Gulf waters during winter 1998. Total concentrations ranged from 1.13 nmol/L to 7.02 nmol/L for copper and from 3.04 nmol/L to 9.50 nmol/L for nickel. The C18 Sep-Pak solid phase extraction technique was used in order to determine the amount of copper and nickel complexed with the hydrophobic component of the dissolved organic matter (DOM). Up to 32.4% of total copper and 4.57% of total nickel were complexed with the DOM extracted by C18. By applying HPLC analysis it was shown that the majority of the organic compounds retained by C18 had intermediate to low polarity. Using the absorbance ratio a₂₅₄/a₄₃₆ it was possible to unravel that humic substances of both terrestrial and marine origin were present in the Thermaikos Gulf and their distribution followed the dilution of riverine waters. Moreover our results indicated that organic binding of both Cu and Ni was stronger with the hydrophobic compounds of terrestrial origin than with those of marine origin.     

Introduction to Special Issue on Tropical Coastal Management

In 1992, scientists at National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR) sites proposed establishing a national coordinated monitoring program that would attempt to identify and track short-term variability and long-term changes in representative estuarine ecosystems and coastal watersheds. Known as the NERR System-Wide Monitoring Program (SWMP), it currently consists of monitoring water quality and atmospheric variables over a range of spatial and temporal scales. Additional monitoring of ecological resources and land-water use will follow in subsequent components of the program. Water quality monitoring at NERR sites includes measurements of pH, conductivity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, and water level. The NERR sites use data loggers that record at 30-minute intervals and relay measurements to internal memory. Standardized protocols assure that sampling, processing, and data management techniques are comparable among sites. Statistical techniques are being used to identify periodicity in water quality variables. Periodic regression analysis indicated that diel periodicity in dissolved oxygen is a larger source of variation than tidal periodicity at sites with less tidal amplitude. Tidal periodicity, however, is more important at sites with a tidal amplitude greater than 1 m. This finding suggests that natural processes controlling dissolved oxygen levels differ among sites depending upon tidal amplitude. Water quality data from the NERR SWMP have also been used to investigate occurrence of hypoxia. Results from analysis of water quality at several reserves indicate that hypoxia occurs but that the percentage of time that dissolved oxygen was less than 28% saturation varied substantially among sites and between years. Most of the hypoxic events occurred in summer but were also observed in winter and fall when low dissolved oxygen is usually not considered a problem. Without continuous monitoring by the NERR SWMP, many low dissolved oxygen events would have been missed, thus underestimating the duration and potential impact of this type of water quality variability. The NERR SWMP provides a unique opportunity to increase our understanding of how various environmental factors influence estuarine processes. Only by understanding how estuaries function and change naturally over time will we be able to predict how these systems respond to changes in climate and human-induced perturbations.     

Modeling Potential Impacts of Beach Replenishment on Horseshoe Crab Nesting Habitat Suitability

Beach replenishment has been proposed to increase nesting habitat for horseshoe crabs, but its environmental consequences may compromise the egg development and viability of this declining species. Horseshoe crab habitat requirements were used to build a habitat suitability model in STELLA to predict the potential impacts of beach replenishment on horseshoe crab eggs. A habitat suitability index (H.S.I.) comprised of six variables (dissolved oxygen, sediment grain size, sand temperature, sand moisture, wave energy, and salinity) was developed and compared between replenished and natural beaches. Sediment grain size and dissolved oxygen were higher in the natural beach, whereas sand temperature and moisture were higher in the replenished beach, resulting in significantly higher suitability of the natural beach (p = 5.39 × 10^?15, df = 30). The model was most sensitive to air temperature, rainfall, tide, and sediment grain size. This model is useful for understanding the processes affecting horseshoe crabs and predicting impacts of coastal management activities on habitat suitability. Based on the results of this model, beach replenishment is not recommended for increasing or improving horseshoe crab habitat, unless care is taken to match fill sediment to natural grain size and color.