Analyse de la prise en compte de la sécurité routière dans les plans de déplacements urbains

At the time when Urban Travel Plans (utps) are being introduced it is important to see how they take safety into account, certu's analysis of a dozen recent docuements shows the position occupied by road safety in utps, reveals the stated aims of the utps, identifies local actions aimed at improving road safety and highlights current or foresedable problems in the implementation of utps. The analysis shows that the way safety is taken into account varies considerably from one city to another. The desire to introduce measures to improve safety is usually present, but there is uncertainty as to how to tackle the issue. The examples of methods and actions that are given in this paper may provide some ideas which merit further examination for utps in the future. It is already obvious that utps will be responsible for profound changes in urban travel and its safety, and the results obtained over the next five years will doubtless have important consequences for the cities of tomorrow.     

Réflexions sur le transfert méthodologique de l’analyse qualitative d’accidents de la circulation routière issue de l’étude détaillée des accidents (EDA) fran?aise aux procédures d’accidents colombiennes

Nearly 90% of the traffic accidents that occur worldwide happen in developing countries. Yet road safety remains a little-studied subject in these countries, and notably accidentology studies, which provide a wealth of information. One of the major problems in studying road accidents in developing countries lies in the lack of reliable accident data. Indeed, while the comprehensive accident analysis methodologies used in developed countries provide an understanding of the origin of accidents and accident processes, as well as making it possible to define suitable, effective actions, they require reliable and relatively detailed accident data. These methodologies are notably based on detailed accident studies (DASs) and their adaptation to the analysis of accident reports. Colombia has an infrastructure for gathering and storing traffic accident data that can be used to perform comprehensive accident analyses. This article defines the feasibility of a technology transfer (clinical accident analysis) to the Colombian equivalent of accident reports. These observations are part of a doctoral thesis prepared jointly by the IFSTTAR Accident Mechanisms Research Unit and the University of the Andes in Bogotá.     

Système d'aide à l'étude de la sécurité routière Vers des outils hydribes,ouverts et intelligents

The objective of this paper is to present the results of a survey of the literature on computer-based systems in road safety analysis. This study was motivated by the needs of road safety analysts and the designers of computer-based tools for use in this area. The literature gave examples where the computerization of several road safety functions is either proposed, undergoing development or actually complete. Furthermore, these functions have been associated with different types of technological orientations. However, some problems still remain to be solved in order to obtain reliable systems with accurate and complete data which integrate the expert knowledge which is needed to analyze and evaluate road safety. The proposed solutions are evolving and this survey suggests that tools in this domain should be hybrid, open and intelligent.     

Les objectifs de qualité urbaine et de sécurité routière dans la planification de la mobilit'e plan urbain de trafic (Brescia) et plan de déplacements urbains (Aix-en-Provence), deux visions différentes

Apart from the fact that it is of interest in itself to conduct the first comparison between Urban Travel Plans in France and Italy, this paper has the more general aim of examining a number of ideas which are shared by the scientific community, namely that urban policies and planning practices take ittle account of, or even completely ignore, road safety, the relationship between town planning and transport planning and consultation.     

La mobilité comme modalité de l’ancrage : enrichir l’évaluation de la durabilité des espaces périurbains

This paper proposes to deepen the relationship between mobility and tethering in peri-urban spaces, and provide new methodological avenues, capable of contributing to the build-up of key knowledge elements, that we feel are crucial in a company’s capacity to implement their own sustainability requirements. These key knowledge elements are primarily based on the results stemming from research entitled “Peri-urbanism testing models for living; peri-urban viability, in theory and in practice”. The aim of this research was to assess, at least potentially, the sustainability of periurban spaces, which have seen recent development, as they have benefited from a growing trend towards removing space and time restrictions, through the generalisation of mobility, at the centre of many societal issues today.     

Quelle place pour la sécurité routière dans les plans de déplacements urbains? Entre intégration et diffusion,le cas du plan de déplacements urbains de Lille métropole

This paper describes the position given to road safety in Urban Travel Plans by analyzing Urban Travel Plan document from eleven cities and undertakes a more in-depth investigation of road safety in the Urban Community of Lille. These plans provide an opportunity to disseminate knowledge about road safety to the other areas of urban management. They also describe the beginning of an integration of road safety in urban planning, even if intersectoral approaches at city level have yet to be developed and even if, in the case of Lille, the division of institutional competence with regard to the management of public space still requires clarification.     

Les enseignements de l’expérience corse en matière de continuité territoriale : des exigences fortes en termes de régulation et de gouvernance

The Corsican territorial continuity system is 35 years old. Overall, it has allowed a significant improvement in communications between the island and the mainland of France. It has also actively contributed to the economic development of the island. But its economic and financial balance is far from perfect. Especially, its collective cost seems excessive. The failures can be identified at two levels: at the territorial governance level and at the regulation level.     

Analyse qualitative des pratiques pédagogiques des enseignants de la conduite et de l’effet de l’expérience du métier

The first stage of the EPEC research (2007–2010) presented in this article enables to know better driving teachers’ pedagogical practises. We have thus observed 26 subjects, 13 experienced driving teachers and 13 novice driving teachers in real training situations, during their theoretical and practical lessons. The analysis of their practises enables to suggest pedagogical changes. The results concern mainly the theoretical and practical lessons as well as the choice of complex situations. These results enable us to prepare the second stage of this research: the construction of remediation exercises with driving teachers intended for learners in difficulty.     

Information routière par RDS-TMC: enjeux de l'interopérabilité

There was a range of systems and technologies for broadcasting road traffic information in different countries in the European Union and interoperability between the various systems must be achieved to enable road users to use the same on board equipment in different countries so that they can receive the same information service in their own language throughout a journey, whether local, regional, national or international. This paper mainly deals with the broadcasting of road, traffic information via RDS-TME and begins by describing some technical features of this medium. If the proceeds to examine issues of interoperability between RDS, TME based road traffic information systems.     

Coûts d’opportunité de construction des infrastructures routières et ferroviaires en Aquitaine pour la période 2007–2013 sous contrainte du Plan climat régional

The French Aquitaine region has implemented a climate plan to avoid 2,883 ktCO₂eq for 2007–2013. Although this region reduced its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 1,119 ktCO₂eq between 1990 and 2005 (from 24,061 ktCO₂eq to 22,942 ktCO₂eq), GHG emissions of transports sector has increased by 762 ktCO₂eq. During the climate plan period, the region will implement projects of road and rail infrastructures construction in order to absorb the foreseen increase of traffic. These projects will contribute to economic development, but they also will provoke additional GHG emissions. But, the existence of a climate plan requires offsetting these GHG emissions. A maximum amount of budget will be determined in order to implement some projects to offset GHG emissions from road and rail projects. This budget will be equal to opportunity costs of road and rail projects. Input-output analysis will be used to carry out these calculations. Its interest is to incorporate the complexity of interindustrial trade with a detailed sectored study.     

Différences de sexe et rôle de l’internalisation des règles sur la propension des enfants à prendre des risques à vélo

The objective of this study is to explore gender differences and effect of internalization of traffic rules on children’s propensity to take risks as cyclists. Risk perception, internalization of traffic rules, and self-reported risk-taking propensity as cyclist were measured in a questionnaire among 145 children (86 boys and 59 girls) aged 9 to 12. The results show gender differences in cycling rules internalization, risk perception, and risk-taking propensity as cyclist. Furthermore, the results show that internalizing traffic rules is a better predictor than biological sex of the propensity to take risks as cyclist.     

Enjeux de la mise en accessibilité des transports publics: le rôle de la maîtrise d’usage et de la coproduction

Since the act of February 11, 2005, the policy objective is to make urban projects accessible for all. This political context is strengthened on one hand by a greater social demand relieved by associations, and on the other hand by the need to anticipate the consequences of ageing population. A qualitative survey conducted in the metropolitan areas of Paris and Grenoble, with representatives of associations, transport operators, communities, and experts, shows that the law is not enough. The issue of a successful accessibility lies particularly in the political will at local level and in the involvement of people to overcome flaws in local projects, through consultation and coproduction initiatives. The users’ knowledge makes the project evolving and adapting according to social demand. The user has an expertise gained from his experiences that no one can match. Therefore, it has a vital role in the development, implementation and evaluation of projects’ accessibility.     

La place des modèles de trafic dans les récentes modélisations des impacts environnementaux des transports. Importance de l’explicitation des méthodes et hypothèses

The authors present a recent development in the use of classic travel demand models (TDMs) to environmental impact assessment of transport, far from its initial target. By comparing previous cases found in the literature (Chester, Seoul, Florence, Brisbane and Saint-Etienne) with their present works (Eval-PDU in Nantes), the authors notice that their predecessors tend to be evasive on their use of TDM. Hence, traffic data are little discussed in these works, while their works constitute one of the main stakes in this kind of study. Indeed, the hypotheses for traffic modeling are impacting the next steps of the modeling chain (pollutants emission/dispersion). The importance of this first modeling stage implies that relevant attention has to be brought to their assumptions and input data.     

VirMaLab — atelier virtuel de maintenance: un outil d’aide à la décision pour l’optimisation des politiques de maintenance

This article deals with a generic approach called VirMaLab (virtual maintenance laboratory) for reliabilitybased maintenance modeling for complex systems (with multi-components and multi-states). Based on the probabilistic graphical models formalism (also known as Bayesian networks), this stochastic approach takes into account both the degradation process of the considered system (an original semi-Markovian model is proposed) and maintenance strategies (from diagnosis factors to all kinds of maintenance actions). For complete decision support tools, cost parameters should also be considered (maintenance actions, unavailability of the system, running, etc.). In this article, two applications of this approach to rail maintenance are introduced. The first one focuses on the optimization of the compromise refurbishment/repairing of central part of the RER A line. The second one focuses on the comparison and evaluation of various maintenance strategies in the modernization of the command control systems of Paris metro lines.     

Estimation des impacts atmosphériques des projets de gestion de trafic : de l’application des modèles théoriques sur des cas concrets

In addition to its harmful economical and social effects, road traffic congestion is a key contributor of emissions of CO₂ and local pollutants. Many traffic management policies could be implemented to tackle it. However, the impacts of those strategies on air quality and greenhouse effect are poorly predicted by classical assessment procedures. Indeed, current assessment tools are based on aggregated traffic data, which fail to capture the dynamic effects of traffic management policies on traffic flow. This article presents an estimation tool capable of measuring all the effects of traffic management policies. It is based on a commonly used dynamic traffic flow model (AIMSUN) combined with different emission models, in order to identify modelling features leading or not to differences in results. Different models combination have been applied and compared for two traffic regulation strategies: a HOV lane dedicated only to buses and taxis created on the leftmost lane of A1 between Charles de Gaulle airport and Paris, and a reduction of speed limits on a section of motorway A86 in the northwest of Paris. Substantial differences in predictions of different emission models are highlighted. They cannot be entirely explained by differences in emission laws. Other insights with regard to traffic representation and emission models?? inputs are also investigated to explain them.