大断面海底隧道在不同施工工法下的力学行为研究

厦门海底隧道是我国第一条海底隧道,其地质条件差,地下水丰富,施工过程中支护结构常发生较大的变形。为了保证施工安全,寻求一套合理的控制措施用以抑制异常变形是至关重要的。文章以厦门海底隧道工程陆域段为实例,运用现场监测和数值模拟两种手段,对在围岩条件基本相同时采用CRD、双侧壁导坑及CD法开挖引起的支护结构位移和安全性进行了对比研究。     

泥岩隧道仰拱长期稳定性分析——以新疆达坂地质区某隧道为例

以新疆达坂地质区某隧道为例，分析泥岩隧道仰拱的长期稳定性。通过基于隧道岩体结构、岩块强度和长期变形监测数据的分析，运用H-B强度准则和BP神经网络算法获取监测隧道岩体的力学和蠕变参数。借助FLAC 3D软件内置的CPOWER模型，建立典型断面的数值模拟模型，以分析泥岩流变效应下不同衬砌支护强度和仰拱曲率半径对隧道仰拱运营期稳定性的影响。结果表明：考虑泥岩流变时，隧道的主要变形是仰拱中心的隆起。初次增大支护强度或减小仰拱曲率半径对改善隧道结构的受力、控制围岩变形以及加快围岩的稳定都产生显著效果；然而，随着支护强度持续增大或仰拱曲率半径持续减小，这种控制效果逐渐减弱。当将支护强度从I16工字钢逐渐增大到双层拱架时，仰拱中心的隆起量仍然有11.14 mm；而将仰拱曲率半径从16 m减小到14 m时，仰拱中心的隆起量从33.7 mm减小到3.37 mm，最终的位移满足隧道后期运营的要求。减小仰拱曲率半径比增大支护强度更能有效地从根本上控制仰拱中心的隆起，同时使围岩和支护结构的受力更加均匀；在施工阶段适当减小仰拱曲率半径后，隧道已处于相对平衡状态，流变效应对隧道的应力状态影响不大。     

永临结合的初期支护侵限处理方法

文章结合RAS RMEL隧道工程实例,介绍了国外铁路隧道软弱围岩大变形段初期支护的侵限处理方法.该施工方法是通过加强监控量测,及时发现支护结构变形量的增大情况,并立即进行支护的加强,如复喷混凝土、施作系统锚杆及锁脚锚杆等.当发生塑性变形的区域较大时,先采取在拱部安装临时钢管横撑,并及时施作仰拱封闭的处理措施,控制支护变形；后对待处理区进行加固,并根据设计图纸的要求跳槽开挖梯形槽,施作初期支护,然后再施作防水层；最后,用模板台车施作二次衬砌.实践证明,该永临结合的处理措施较一般处理措施具有施工简单、安全、节约成本等特点,尤其适用于地质条件较差和工期较紧的工程项目.     

大伙房引水隧洞不良地质洞段围岩变形监测及支护措施分析

文章对采用TBM法施工的超长隧洞中含有断层和破碎带的不良地质洞段围岩进行的收敛变形监测数据进行了非线性回归分析,判断出了支护结构对围岩变形的影响。结果发现,支护初期围岩变形很大,仰供浇筑后围岩变形速率明显减小。因此在TBM施工过程中,对不良地质洞段除了一般的支护措施以外,应及时进行仰拱封闭施工;对不良地质洞段围岩变形进行定量分析,判断支护参数的合理性,为TBM顺利通过后面的不良洞段提供经验教训。本成果对同类工程的施工也有一定的借鉴价值。     

富水砂层中暗挖隧道施工沉降控制技术

富水砂层中暗挖隧道施工是地铁施工中的一大难点,常常因沉降过大而引发安全事故。在深圳地铁安-侨区间隧道工程中,通过洞内帷幕注浆、水平旋喷桩、地表井点降水等辅助措施做到了超前控制,在解决隧道开挖安全问题的同时有效地减少了沉降量;施工过程中严格执行了"管超前、短进尺、强支护、早封闭、勤量测"的方针,控制了时空效应,解决了富水砂层中暗挖隧道沉降过大的问题。文章重点分析了沉降原因及控制沉降的关键技术和有效措施。     

地下连续墙在厦门海底隧道穿越富水砂层中的应用研究

文章基于厦门海底隧道现场监测数据并结合数值方法,对地下连续墙在隧道穿越富水砂层时的应用效果进行了研究。结果表明,在施作地下连续墙并对地层进行降水后,隧道结构变形显著减小,其中CRD1部拱顶下沉降低了约35%～60%,CRD3部拱顶下沉降低了约25%～50%,CRD1部洞周收敛降低了约50%左右。通过比较分析现场实测数据和数值计算结果可知,两者得出的隧道结构变形总体趋势一致,量值基本吻合。文章所采用的方法及研究结果对厦门海底隧道后续施工,以及类似的工程有一定的参考意义。     

乌鞘岭特长隧道围岩监控量测设计与应用

文章重点介绍了以监控隧道稳定性为目的的围岩监控量测在乌鞘岭隧道工程中的应用.通过监控围岩和支护状态,并对量测数据进行分析,来调整支护参数及最大预留变形量,确定仰拱、二次衬砌的合理施作时间,制定相关施工方案和措施,判定施工方法是否有效,并根据实施效果作出评价.     

乌鞘岭隧道F7断层大变形施工对策探讨

乌鞘岭隧道F7断层属于工程软岩大变形地段,其力学行为与施工工艺密切相关,施工中应当采用少扰动、强支撑、支护结构快速封闭、及时衬砌和勤量测的方法来抑制大变形,确保隧道结构的安全、质量和工期要求.     

碳质板岩地层大断面隧道变形控制施工技术

双线大断面铁路隧道通过碳质板岩地层时,极易发生大变形。在现场工程实践和试验的基础上,文章从地质条件、地下水、支护参数、施工工艺等方面着重对碳质板岩地段变形演化机理及引发大变形的各类因素进行了分析,并提出了优化支护参数、加强锚杆对结构变形的控制、注浆纳入工序化管理等控制此类大变形的措施。     

大断面黄土隧道变形规律及预留变形量研究

文章统计分析了大断面黄土隧道初期支护变形量,研究了大断面黄土隧道变形规律及预留变形量合理取值范围.大断面黄土隧道变形规律表现为:隧道拱顶、拱脚下沉差异小,隧道开挖后拱部将产生一定程度的整体下沉;隧道拱顶下沉量均大于水平收敛;初期支护封闭后,隧道周边位移基本上不再发展;当隧道埋深小于40m时,隧道变形量较大且规律不明显;当隧道埋深大于40 m时,隧道变形量分布相对集中.经过对现场量测数据的统计分析可知:在Ⅳ级围岩条件下,大断面黄土隧道预留变形量可取10～15 cm;在Ⅴ级围岩条件下,大断面黄土隧道预留变形量可取25～28 cm.     

Analysis of factors affecting the choice of route of pedestrians

Pedestrians as compared to vehicular traffic enjoy a high degree freedom of movement even in heavily congested areas. Consequently, there are more alternative links available to pedestrians between a given origin‐destination (O‐D) pair. This paper describes a study done by the University of Calgary to evaluate the factors affecting the choice of route on intra‐CBD trips or trips within the Central Business District (CBD).

An origin destination survey conducted in downtown Calgary, Alberta enabled the identification of the most significant factors influencing the choice. These factors were analyzed in relation to the physical characteristics of the location, personal characteristics of the trip maker and the type of the trip.

It appears that most people chose the shortest link and factors such as the level of congestion, safety or visual attractions were only secondary. This suggests that the length should be made a major consideration when planning and designing pedestrian links.     

输油管道中原油乳状液的流变性研究

原油乳状液的流变性是原油开采后在管道中输送的重要研究方面,为了更好地研究这一性质,采用电动搅拌机、偏光显微镜以及流变仪等仪器来测定不同含水率的原油乳状液在不同条件下的黏度,观测不同含水率的原油乳状液在偏光显微镜下的形态。并且分别对原油乳状液的黏度与含水率之间的关系以及与剪切速率之间的关系进行研究,初步确定了所测区块原油乳状液的转相点以及该区块原油乳状液的流变特性,为生产中的油气集输提供了理论依据。     

Preliminary results of an analysis of areas of influence in Shanghai

The main deficiency of most current modeling approaches to transportation can be identified as neglect of the integration of existing geographical knowledge in regard to the ex ante transport/land use modeling approaches, with its focus on territorial dynamics and theory development. This paper addresses this aspect of the problem by introducing a theoretical and methodological framework for the analysis of the interrelationship between land uses. The analysis attempts to determine to what extent the functional land use in a city can be considered an ordered pattern. The order sought does not rely on purely spatial configurations, but on the correlation of transportation and land use. The first section of this paper focuses on theoretical considerations. It stresses the fact that conventional approaches do not apply in the present context. It then suggests an alternative based on areas of influence and measured in terms of level of attractance of land uses. The second describes a procedure based on this alternative following the remarkable contribution of Hanjoul, Beguin and Thill. An application of this procedure to the analysis of Shanghai is then examined. Finally, an evaluation of the strategies for optimizing the interrelationship between land uses is presented. The paper concludes with a possible research agenda.     

埋地管道防腐保温层失效评价

明确埋地管道防腐保温层的技术评价标准,对埋地钢质管道的安全运行,延长管道使用寿命具有重要意义。为了对埋地管道防腐保温层做出有效评价,从间接检测与开挖检测2个方面,结合现场检测数据,提出了基于防腐保温层的电流衰减率、绝缘电阻率、质量状况与厚度的分级评价标准及基于4种评价指标的综合评判方法。工程实践表明,该评价标准对防腐保温层是否存在失效能做出有效判断。     

城市轨道交通杂散电流监测系统概述

介绍了城市轨道交通工程中杂散电流不同的监测系统的构成,分析了集中式、分散式和智能型等监测系统的配置和功能,以及智能型实时在线监测系统的重要意义,为轨道交通工程杂散电流监测系统的选择与应用提供参考。     

实现多组态计量软件集中监控的可行性分析

天然气自动计量系统有多种组态软件,由于软件的不相通性,造成了计量系统数据采集的通用性差、数据传输与入库的时效性差、数据利用的可靠性低.结合各组态软件的实际情况,从设计上充分利用Oracle大数据处理能力以及Partition(分区表)的特性,实现历史数据的存储,应用WebService与COM+数据访问组件提供多层数据访问架构,采用OPC与DDE工业数据交换协议,实现了各站场计量数据的实时上传,为连续数据采集和实时监控提供了可能,节约了改造成本.     

注汽管道承压能力评估和实物试验验证

基于失效评估图技术对某注汽管道进行了承压能力评价,给出了管线在不同腐蚀壁厚情况下的极限承压能力和极限裂纹尺寸。并利用实物爆破试验验证了评价方法的安全性和有效性,通过对爆破断口进行宏观和微观分析,发现管段的开裂属于脆性开裂。     

Non-parametric analyses of efficiency of airports

This paper estimates the efficiencies and productivity changes of 12 international airports in the Asia-Pacific region based on data from 1998 to 2006. We apply stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) to compute efficiency estimates and use the Malmquist productivity index (MPI) to analyze productivity changes. We use the SFA model with a translog-type production function after testing the statistical hypotheses. According to the results of the SFA hypothesis tests, airports have experienced a technological regression; the deviations from the efficiency frontier are caused more by technical inefficiency than random noise. However, the inefficiency was found to decrease. The MPI reveals a declining trend resulting more from technological change than from efficiency change, with a decrease in inefficiency. Taken together, both the hypothesis tests and the MPI not only provide consistent conclusions, but also suggest that airports should concentrate on technological progress.     

波纹管应力分析研究进展

评述了波纹管应力理论研究方法的进展情况，围绕解析法、工程近似法和数值法，对波纹管理论研究中的一些主要成果作了较详细的回顾和总结，对各种研究方法作出了评价，展望了亟待解决的一些问题。     

Direct analysis of the perceived importance of attributes of reliability of travel modes in urban travel

Reliability of travel modes was found to be the most important characteristic of transportation systems in several attitudinal investigations of individual travel behavior. This paper represents the first part of a research effort aimed at gaining a better understanding of the characteristics of reliability of transportation modes in urban travel. In this research, reliability characteristics are identified; their importance relative to each other is assessed, and an insight into possible structure of an objective reliability index is discussed. The research is based on perceived values of reliability, which were identified through a large attitudinal survey conducted in the Chicago metropolitan area.