胎面花纹对轮胎性能的影响

分析了胎面花纹对轮胎行驶性能、滚阻、磨耗、滑水和噪声特性的影响，介绍了通过胎面花纹设计提高轮胎性能的基本途经和方法。     

一种基于人工智能技术的胎面轮廓优化设计方法

轮胎是一种复杂、多变量的结构体，要想对其进行结构优化是非常困难的。醉庆自有轮胎专用三维有限元分析软件的基础上，结合D－最优试验设计、神经网络和遗传算法进行胎面轮廓的优化，为复杂、多变量的结构优化设计探讨一条效的途径。本文最后给出了相应的算例。结果表明该方法是有效的。     

胎面单元对轮胎薄膜湿牵引性能的影响

在潮湿的天气或雨后，轮胎胎面或路面上存在一层很薄的水膜，该水膜使车辆行驶的牵引力降低。建立了轮胎胎面单元挤压膜问题的数学模型，并进行了数值求解，分析了胎面单元的几何参数，液膜厚度和柔性对轮胎薄膜湿牵引性能的影响，为轮胎胎面花纹的合理设计提供了理论依据。     

带复杂花纹的轮胎滑水显式动力学分析

以205/55R16型半钢子午线轮胎为参考轮胎,利用组合类保角映射簇建模法构建了3种不同胎面花纹的轮胎有限元分析模型.利用该模型进行载荷一下沉量及流体压力一行驶速度分析结果表明.轮胎有限元模型和骨架材料的等效简化方法以及滑水求解策略有效.在此基础上,考察了胎面花纹形态对轮胎滑水性能的影响.结果表明.S型轮胎和V型轮胎由于横向花纹沟的存在,滑水性能优于纵沟胎.     

科学轮胎翻新,省钱又环保

轮胎翻新,是指将胎面已至磨耗极限、无损伤的旧胎体,经过科学处理,附上新胎面,使之接近新胎性能的生产过程。它不仅可以节约大量橡胶、钢丝、石油等原材料,而且可以实现废旧轮胎的减量化、再利用和资源化。因此,我国已经立法支持轮胎翻新,很多领先的轮胎制造商例如佳通轮胎等也都纷纷推出轮胎翻新服务。而对于广大用户来说,这绝对是个利好消息。轮胎翻新赋予了轮胎多次生命周期,有效提高了轮胎的终身价值,为     

考虑动压与路面粗糙度时轮胎湿牵引性能研究

根据流体动力润滑理论,将轮胎黏性滑水问题模拟为胎面单元与路面之间的动压、挤压膜问题,同时考虑了路面粗糙度的影响,建立了轮胎胎面单元黏性滑水问题的数学模型,并进行数值求解。以矩形胎面单元为例分析了胎面单元对轮胎黏性滑水性能的影响。结果表明,轮胎的薄膜湿牵引性能与滑动速度成反比;在考虑路面粗糙度的情况下,引入了膜厚比作为轮胎的薄膜湿牵引性能衡量标准,得出湿牵引性能与路面粗糙度成正比的结论。     

如何鉴别翻新轮胎与新轮胎

最简单的方法是观察轮胎的色彩和光泽，翻新轮胎的颜色和光泽都比较黯淡。还可以通过观察胎面和胎侧的搭接部位来鉴别，翻新轮胎的胎面和胎侧之间搭接处不如新胎平整、圆顺。     

轮胎胎面特性对侧偏模型预测精度影响分析

胎面花纹是影响轮胎性能的重要因素。文中以模态参数模型的稳态侧偏模型为基础,从理论推导和实际计算两方面说明胎而花纹刚度的重要性,其对侧偏模型计算结果的影响要大大高于对垂直模型的影响。因此,在确定轮胎解析模型中胎面花纹参数时应首先考虑其对侧偏模型的影响。     

爱车穿“冬靴”行车稳

与一般夏季轮胎相比,冬季轮胎为了提高在冰雪路面上的抓地力,轮胎花纹和胎面橡胶有很大的不同。为了保证轮胎花纹能够抓住雪,冬季用轮胎比夏季胎花纹沟的宽度宽,且深度深,胎面橡胶采用了较为柔软的材质,进一步提高了在冰雪路面的抓地力,胎面柔软才能让轮胎在冰天雪地中拥有更好的抓地性能和较大的摩擦系数。与夏季轮胎或四季轮胎相比,冬季轮胎有更大的接地面积,特殊的技术处     

胎面对轮胎径向刚度和轮胎与路面相互作用力影响分析

轮胎的刚度和接地特性代表了轮胎承受和传递载荷的能力，它们是轮胎最重要的性能。本文建立了轮胎－车轮－路面系统三维非线性有限元分析模型，研究了胎面对轮胎径向刚度特性和轮胎与路面相互作用力的影响，为轮胎胎面的合理设计提供了依据。     

ZnOw改善橡胶和轮胎耐磨性能的研究

研究了ZnOw／NR—SBR—BR复合材料的耐磨性能，发现经偶联剂表面处理的ZnOw对提高橡胶材料的耐磨性能有良好的效果。在轮胎胎面胶中加入3份标准配方的氧化锌晶须对轮胎进行改性，结果表明，氧化锌晶须不仅可以改善橡胶和轮胎的耐磨性能，而且可以提高轮胎的高速安全性和耐久性。对复合材料受磨表面和截面的微观形貌进行了研究，分析了氧化锌晶须提高橡胶复合材料耐磨性能的机理，并提出可以用橡胶材料表面分形维数值的大小来判断磨损程度。     

轮胎制动与驱动特性的理论模型

轮胎印迹内垂直载荷的分布与形式的选择，对建立轮胎制动与驱动特性的理论模型有很大影响。根据轮胎制动和驱动时印迹内垂直载荷分布特性，以及轮胎的前后变形特性，建立了轮胎制动、驱动特性的理论模型。应用该理论模型的计算结果，与试验结果具有很好的一致性。     

如何延长汽车轮胎的使用寿命

介绍了汽车轮胎在使用中不正常磨损的几种情况：一是轮胎冠两肩超常磨损；二是轮胎胎冠中部超常磨损；三是轮胎胎侧呈侧呈锯齿状磨损；四是胎冠呈波浪状或碟片状磨损；五是转向轮胎冠内（外）侧超常磨损等。分析了轮胎不正常磨损的原因。介绍了轮胎的正确使用、定期检查与维护。     

Tyre rolling kinematics and prediction of tyre forces and moments: part II – simulation and experiment

There are two aims for the second part of this paper: verifying the theory presented in the first part through parameter variation and comparison between simulation and experiment, and to study the effect of the belt structure on the cornering properties of radial tyres. Research has been carried out with a passenger car radial tyre and two different kinds of truck or bus radial tyres using both simulation and experiment. This second part of the paper shows that belt structure plays an important role in the generation of tyre forces and moments in addition to the effects of the tread stiffness and friction coefficients. The theory and method presented in this paper opens a new robust way to predict the tyre forces and moments from the tyre design and provides a reliable model for a generation mechanism.     

中型载货汽车轮胎异常磨损的原因分析及解决措施

中型载货汽车轮胎常发生异常磨损现象，磨损形式是横向花纹轮胎呈锯齿状磨损，从胎冠上方向下看，胎肩处花纹块呈前高后低状，也有少部分呈前低后高状，形状似锯齿；纵向花纹轮胎一侧胎肩磨损明显大于另一侧。分析了此现象产生的原因，并提出了相应的解决措施。     

A study of the relationship between Magic Formula coefficients and tyre design attributes through finite element analysis

Pacejka's Magic Formula Tyre Model is widely used to represent force and moment characteristics in vehicle simulation studies meant to improve handling behaviour during steady-state cornering. The experimental technique required to determine this tyre model parameters is fairly involved and highly sophisticated. Also, total test facilities are not available in most countries. As force and moment characteristics are affected by tyre design attributes and tread patterns, manufacturing of separate tyres for each design alternative affects tyre development cycle time and economics significantly. The objective of this work is to identify the interactions among various tyre design attributes-cum-operating conditions and the Magic Formula coefficients. This objective is achieved by eliminating actual prototyping of tyres for various design alternatives as well as total experimentation on each tyre through simulation using finite element analysis. Mixed Lagrangian–Eulerian finite element technique, a specialized technique in ABAQUS, is used to simulate the steady-state cornering behaviour; it is also efficient and cost-effective. Predicted force and moment characteristics are represented as Magic Formula Tyre Model parameters through non-linear least-squares fit using MATLAB. Issues involved in the Magic Formula Tyre Model representation are also discussed. A detailed analysis is made to understand the influence of various design attributes and operating conditions on the Magic Formula parameters. Tread pattern, tread material properties, belt angle, inflation pressure, frictional behaviour at the tyre–road contact interface and their interactions are found to significantly influence vehicle-handling characteristics.     

Laboratory alignment procedure for improving reproducibility of tyre wet grip measurement

Since 2012, the Korean and EU governments have been running a tyre labelling system. All tyres sold in Korea have to carry a label that displays information of two performance criteria: rolling resistance and wet grip. The rolling resistance of the tyres determines their fuel efficiency grading, and the wet grip of the tyres determines their braking safety grading. The rolling resistance and wet grip measurements must be reproducible, so the same tests on the same tyres in different laboratories must produce the same results to ensure a fair comparison between tyres from different suppliers. In addition, a good reproducibility of testing results prevents market surveillance authorities from obtaining results different from those provided by suppliers when testing the same tyres. The laboratory alignment procedure for the rolling resistance measurements was developed and published as the EU Commission Regulation No. 1235 in 2011. However, the laboratory alignment procedure for the wet grip measurements has not yet been developed. Therefore, there are many differences in the wet grip test results among test laboratories throughout the world. The new procedure that is proposed for the wet grip measurement alignment for tyre testing laboratories can improve the reproducibility of the wet grip testing results, and five laboratory alignment tests were carried out between KATECH and five other test laboratories in the world to evaluate the results of the proposed procedure.     

Optimisation of driver actions in RWD race car including tyre thermodynamics

ABSTRACT

The paper presents an innovative method for a lap time minimisation by using genetic algorithms for a multi objective optimisation of a race driver–vehicle model. The decision variables consist of 16 parameters responsible for actions of a professional driver (e.g. time traces for brake, accelerator and steering wheel) on a race track part with RH corner. Purpose-built, high fidelity, multibody vehicle model (called ‘miMa’) is described by 30 generalised coordinates and 440 parameters, crucial in motorsport. Focus is put on modelling of the tyre tread thermodynamics and its influence on race vehicle dynamics. Numerical example considers a Rear Wheel Drive BMW E36 prepared for track day events. In order to improve the section lap time (by 5%) and corner exit velocity (by 4%) a few different driving strategies are found depending on thermal conditions of semi-slick tyres. The process of the race driver adaptation to initially cold or hot tyres is explained.     

Measurement and analysis of tyre and tread block dynamics due to contact phenomena

This paper deals with the dynamic behaviour of tyres and it is aimed at describing their dynamic features in the frequency band above 1 kHz, a range difficult to manage due to measurement noise and to the unreliability of numerical models, where the main influence is that of tread and blocks. Measurements have been made possible by fixing three three-axial micro-electro-mechanical system accelerometers on the liner and exciting the tyre under test by means of a dedicated test bench, suitably designed and constructed. Different kinds of tests have been considered in this research and described in the present paper. All of them show that a strong link exists between contact phenomena and tyre response in the frequency band over 1 kHz. This field is dominated by the tread and block dynamic responses. Furthermore, it is shown that vibrations of a sliding tyre give contributions in that frequency range for the above-mentioned reasons. It is thought that the study of the tyre behaviour over 1 kHz, though affected by significant uncertainties, can provide a proper knowledge to improve breaking effectiveness.     

Longitudinal wheel slip during ABS braking

Anti-lock braking system (ABS) braking tests with two subcompact passenger cars were performed on dry and wet asphalt, as well as on snow and ice surfaces. The operating conditions of the tyres in terms of wheel slip were evaluated using histograms of the wheel slip data. The results showed different average slip levels for different road surfaces. It was also found that changes in the tyre tread stiffness affected the slip operating range through a modification of the slip value at which the maximum longitudinal force is achieved. Variation of the tyre footprint length through modifications in the inflation pressure affected the slip operating range as well. Differences in the slip distribution between vehicles with different brake controllers were also observed. The changes in slip operating range in turn modified the relative local sliding speeds between the tyre and the road. The results highlight the importance of the ABS controller's ability to adapt to changing slip–force characteristics of tyres and provide estimates of the magnitude of the effects of different tyre and road operating conditions.