Motor control of input-split hybrid electric vehicles

A motor control strategy for an input-split hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is proposed. From a power characteristic analysis, it is found that the powertrain efficiency decreases for speed ratios at which power circulation occurs. Using dynamic models of an input-split HEV powertrain, a motor-generator control algorithm for obtaining high system efficiency is designed by inversion-based control. The performance of the control algorithm is evaluated by the simulator which is developed based on PSAT, and simulation results are compared with the test results. It is found that, even if the engine thermal efficiency is sacrificed by moving the engine operation point from the OOL for the control strategy, improved overall powertrain system efficiency can be achieved by the engine operation that gives a relatively high efficiency from the viewpoint of the overall powertrain efficiency. The control algorithm developed can be used in design of future electric vehicles.     

Design of power split transmission: Design of dual mode power split transmission

The power split type hybrid system transmits engine power by dividing it into the electrical unit and the mechanical unit. Its power transmission efficiency is highest at the mechanical point (MP), where the full power is transmitted to the mechanical unit. In this study, the equation for the MP was derived for the gear ratios of a general 4-node lever model. The MP characteristics for the transmission ratio (TR) of the input split and compound split structures were examined using the equation derived. Using the examined input split and compound split structures, a systematic design method for the dual mode power split transmission was proposed. In the dual mode power split transmission, the MP could be positioned at the desired TR, and the input split and compound split modes could be selectively used according to the clutch combination, which leads to the operation of the vehicle within a high system efficiency range.     

ISG型中度混合动力AMT汽车换挡综合控制

在对ISG型中度混合动力AMT汽车系统效率进行优化的基础上,提出整车工作模式切换控制策略.以各工作模式下系统效率最高为目标建立ISG型中度混合动力AMT系统的经济性换挡规律.针对不同工作模式的运行特点,分别采用ISG电机或电子节气门参与动力源转速/转矩调节控制以优化AMT换挡品质.采用Matlab/Simulink仿真...     

双状态无级变速车辆起步控制

通过发动机和液力变矩器台架试验，采用拟合的方法得到发动机及变矩器模型，建立了用变矩器作起步装置的双状态无级变速传动系统动力学模型，提出了串联式双状态无级变速车辆起步控制策略和液力变矩器锁止离合器闭锁解锁控制规律，并进行了计算机仿真。     

Design of an energy management strategy for parallel hybrid electric vehicles using a logic threshold and instantaneous optimization method

A novel parallel hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) configuration consisting of an extra one-way clutch and an automatic mechanical transmission (AMT) is taken as the study subject of this paper. An energy management strategy (EMS) combining a logic threshold approach and an instantaneous optimization algorithm is developed for the investigated PHEV. The objective of this EMS is to achieve acceptable vehicle performance and drivability requirements while simultaneously maximizing engine fuel economy and maintaining the battery state of charge (SOC) in its rational operation range at all times. Under the MATLAB/Simulink environment, a computer simulation model of the studied PHEV is established using the bench test results. Simulation results for the behavior of the engine, motor, and battery illustrate the potential of the proposed control strategy in terms of fuel economy and in keeping the deviations of SOC at a low level.     

A control strategy for parallel hybrid electric vehicles based on extremum seeking

An energy management control strategy for a parallel hybrid electric vehicle based on the extremum-seeking method for splitting torque between the internal combustion engine and electric motor is proposed in this paper. The control strategy has two levels of operation: the upper and lower levels. The upper level decision-making controller chooses the vehicle operation mode such as the simultaneous use of the internal combustion engine and electric motor, use of only the electric motor, use of only the internal combustion engine, or regenerative braking. In the simultaneous use of the internal combustion engine and electric motor, the optimum energy distribution between these two sources of energy is determined via the extremum-seeking algorithm that searches for maximum drivetrain efficiency. A dynamic programming solution is also obtained and used to form a benchmark for performance evaluation of the proposed method based on extremum seeking. Detailed simulations using a realistic model are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the methodology.     

考虑发动机起停优化的PHEV能量管理策略

针对某新型双电机行星耦合插电式混合动力汽车(PHEV)中发动机在起停及怠速运行状态下会导致油耗增加的问题,基于等效燃油消耗最小能量管理策略,加入发动机起停优化控制模块,以进一步改善整车燃油经济性。建立了整车动力学和传动模型并加入发动机起停优化控制模块,对ECMS能量管理策略输出的发动机及电机最优目标转矩进行重新优化分配后,再输出给发动机及电机控制器以控制其工作状态。针对起停优化控制中影响起停频次的关键时间参数,采用粒子群优化算法对其进行优化。仿真结果表明,相比优化前,所提出的能量管理优化策略能够实现对发动机起停或怠速状态的有效控制,减少发动机的起停频次,减少恶化油耗,验证了本文所提出的能量管理优化策略能够进一步优化整车燃油经济性。     

基于新型动力耦合构型的HEV模式切换协调控制策略研究

受到不同动力源响应差异及离合器非连续工作特点的影响,混合动力汽车(Hybrid Electric Vehicle,HEV)在模式切换过程中存在动力传递不连续及整车纵向冲击.针对一种采用新型动力耦合构型的混合动力汽车,研究了车辆由纯电动状态切换至发动机单独驱动的多动力源协调控制策略.此方案将模式切换过程分为5个阶段,确定...     

Handling performance control for hybrid 8-wheel-drive vehicle and simulation verification

In order to improve handling performance of a hybrid 8-Wheel-Drive vehicle, the handling performance control strategy was proposed. For armoured vehicle, besides handling stability in high speed, the minimum steer radius in low speed is also a key tactical and technical index. Based on that, the proposed handling performance control strategy includes ‘Handling Stability’ and ‘Radius Minimization’ control modes. In ‘Handling Stability’ control mode, ‘Neutralsteer Radio’ is defined to adjust the steering characteristics to satisfy different demand in different speed range. In ‘Radius Minimization’ control mode, the independent motors are controlled to provide an additional yaw moment to decrease the minimum steer radius. In order to verify the strategy, a simulation platform was built including engine and continuously variable transmission systems, generator and battery systems, independent motors and controllers systems, vehicle dynamic and tyre mechanical systems. The simulation results show that the handling performance of the vehicle can be enhanced significantly, and the minimum steer radius can be decreased by 20% which is significant improvement compared to the common level of main battle armoured vehicle around the world.     

基于遗传算法系统效率优化的PHEV电量保持模式控制策略

为了提高插电式混合动力汽车（PHEV）在电量保持下的燃油经济性,并解决插电式混合动力汽车在运行过程中动力元件效率对系统能量利用率影响的问题,制定了系统效率最优的控制策略。以PHEV关键动力部件的测试数据为基础,建立发动机、驱动电机、无级变速器（CVT）以及动力电池等关键部件的效率数值模型,并考虑了温度及荷电状态（SOC）对动力电池充放电功率的影响。设计以混合动力系统效率最优为适应度评价函数,将CVT速比、发动机转矩作为优化变量,以车速、加速度和SOC为状态变量,在动力性指标的约束下,运用遗传算法进行迭代寻优,PHEV的系统效率在第20代左右收敛于全局最优值。同时发动机转矩和CVT速比通过多代遗传进化,较快收敛于最佳值。将相关优化结果与车速、加速度拟合成相应的三维控制数表,综合数值建模和试验测试数据建模的方法,基于MATLAB/Simulink搭建插电式混合动力汽车整车控制策略仿真模型,采用新欧洲行驶循环工况进行仿真验证。结果表明：插电式混合动力汽车在电量保持模式下,利用遗传算法优化的系统效率最优控制策略相比优化前,动力电池SOC运行更为平稳,CVT效率有所提升,驱动电机及发动机转矩分配更为合理;百公里燃油消耗量从优化前的5.2 L降至4.5 L,燃油经济性提升了13.5%。     

单电机强混合动力电动车辆的动态协调控制

为减小或消除单电机式强混合动力电动车辆在纯电动模式与发动机驱动模式间切换时产生的动力系统冲击,提出了发动机起动过程的转矩协调控制策略和发动机退出过程的转矩补偿控制策略.转矩协调控制策略包括起动模式下的发动机起动阻力转矩补偿控制和调节模式下的发动机过冲转矩平衡控制,转矩补偿控制策略利用电机补偿发动机退出过程中动力系统转矩的变化.台架和实车试验结果表明了该动态协调控制策略可确保发动机的快速平稳起动和发动机退出时不产生动力系统冲击.     

Starting sliding mode variable structure that coordinates the control and real-time optimization of dry dual clutch transmissions

This paper researches the coordination of control between an engine and clutch at the system level to adequately reflect a driver’s intention and improve the starting performance of a vehicle equipped with a dry dual clutch transmission (DCT). Four-degree-of-freedom (DOF) starting dynamic equations are established for a dry DCT with a single intermediate shaft, and a two-DOF model of the sliding friction process and a single-DOF in-gear model of stable operation are obtained after simplifying these equations. Taking advantage of predictive control and a genetic algorithm, target tracing curves of the engine’s speed and the vehicle’s velocity are optimally specified online, and the starting sliding mode variable structure (SMVS) coordinating control strategy is designed to track these curves. The starting performance of a prototype car equipped with a dry DCT is simulated under different starting cases on the MATLAB/Simulink software platform. The simulation results show that the designed SMVS coordinating controller not only embodies driver intention and effectively improves the dry DCT car’s starting performance but is also highly robust when subjected to variations in the vehicle parameters.     

降低柴油/LPG双燃料发动机碳烟排放的试验研究

针对城市公交柴油客车一直难以解决的碳烟排放问题进行了大量的试验研究,开发出一种柴油／LPG 双燃料发动机用的燃料供给和控制系统。经柴油机改装和装备该系统的柴油／LPG双燃料发动机在运行过程中能 够在柴油运行模式和柴油／LPG双燃料运行模式之间平稳切换,在双燃料运行模式下能够保证发动机的动力性和 经济性,碳烟排放大幅度降低,最大可降低至柴油工况的80％。     

线控双电机转向系统滑模同步控制及其硬件在环仿真

为了满足高等级自动驾驶转向执行机构的高安全性需求，研究一种采用冗余双电机转向执行机构的线控转向系统，针对双电机在转角伺服控制过程中存在的不同步问题，提出一种基于滑模控制的同步控制策略。首先，对采用冗余双电机转向执行机构的线控转向系统进行结构原理的分析，建立线控系统转向执行机构模型和车辆二自由度模型；然后，为实现转向执行机构的转角伺服控制，在位置、速度、电流的三闭环控制策略的基础上设计速度同步控制器。为解决2个转向执行电机运行过程中存在的速度不同步问题，采用滑模控制方法，将2个电机的转速差值作为控制器的输入量，得到双电机电流的补偿量，并将其叠加至双电机的目标电流中。同时，将上述控制策略与传统PID控制进行对比仿真试验，验证了基于滑模同步控制的线控双电机执行器能够更好地协调双电机的转速，实现双电机同步运行。最后，搭建线控转向硬件在环试验台，对所设计的控制策略的有效性进行验证。结果表明：所设计的双电机线控转向系统滑模同步控制策略能够在实现转角伺服控制的同时，减少双电机的速度不同步现象，保证线控转向系统转角伺服的同步性能。     

轿车发动机机械损失的降低

机械损失对现代车用发动机燃料经济性的影响很大，轿车发动机因为其经常在很小的负荷率下运行，故障低机构损失的对改善其油耗和排放将更大的效果，分析了轿车发动机基本参数，零部件设计等对摩擦损失的影响，提出了降低其机械损失的若干措施。     

基于增益功率燃油系数的HEV能量管理策略

为了优化等效燃油最小能量管理策略的节油效果，以适用于工程批量应用为导向，制定基于增益功率燃油系数的混合动力汽车(HEV)能量管理策略。基于瞬时优化原理，提出基于增益功率燃油系数的工作模式决策机制，根据电机发电或电动引起的发动机功率与燃油消耗率的变化关系，分别给出电机充电和放电模式下增益功率燃油系数的计算方法。考虑发动机扭矩瞬态快速变化对油耗的影响和电机及电池包充放电效率特性，提出发动机高效区域扭矩滞回控制方法，建立基于增益功率燃油系数的能量管理策略算法架构。基于MATLAB/Simulink搭建控制策略软件模型，通过转鼓试验台进行实车试验验证。研究结果表明：相对于等效燃油最小能量管理策略，基于增益功率燃油系数的能量管理策略提升了节油率和舒适性，在全球轻型汽车测试循环(WLTC)工况下的百公里油耗降低了约4.8%，发动机的启停次数降低了约53%；相对于有效燃油消耗率(BSFC)最优工作点控制方法，发动机高效区域滞回控制方法降低百公里油耗约1.8%；与采用基于动态规划的全局优化能量管理策略的仿真结果对比，在不能提前预知工况的条件下，制定的能量管理策略在WLTC工况与新标欧洲测试循环(NEDC)工况下的油耗与理论最优值差距均较小。     

P2结构混合动力系统协同控制

为了提高混合动力各系统的控制效率和响应性,针对P2结构混合动力系统控制对象的特点和整车的功能需求,提出了P2结构混合动力控制系统的构架和所有有效的工作模式,并从整车运行工况和模式转换效率的角度总结了所有有效的工作模式转换真值矩阵。为了满足各节点单元的协同控制要求,提出了P2混合动力控制系统的协同控制构架,约束了各控制单元的主要功能和接口定义,并对多个控制单元之间的复合控制过程进行描述。分析了2种不同动力源在液压控制的混合动力离合器的耦合过程以及混合动力离合器与换挡离合器控制过程重叠时所带来的动力迟滞,对离合器的压力控制和发动机的启动过程时序进行了优化。在不同的控制阶段定义了关键的控制目标,建立发动机扭矩、电机扭矩、混合动力离合器控制压力三者之间的关联。结果表明：发动机、电机、变速器之间通过HCU的协同控制方法能够高效地完成混动工作模式之间的转换。整车试验验证了各系统的系统控制效果,整个模式转换过程的时间为1.5 s,换挡品质和动力响应性满足驾驶需求。     

混合动力汽车转矩分配策略优化研究

以搭载改型后的Atkinson循环发动机并带有双离合器的单轴并联式混合动力三厢轿车为研究对象,采用逻辑门限值控制方法对发动机和电机的转矩进行合理分配,使混合动力系统在各种行驶工况模式下能够实时切换到高效工作区;引入各个驾驶工况模式控制策略的瞬时优化算法,进一步提高混合动力总成系统的整体效率。仿真和试验对比分析表明,提出的控制策略能够有效地降低NEDC循环工况百公里油耗,提高了搭载Atkinson循环发动机混合动力汽车的燃油经济性。     

CVT混合动力汽车再生制动控制策略与仿真分析

分析了混合动力汽车制动过程中发动机反拖制动和CVT速比控制对车辆再生制动性能的影响,提出了低制动强度下仅由电机再生制动、高制动强度下电机与制动器共同制动和紧急制动时发动机参与制动的再生制动策略。对典型工况进行了再生制动仿真,仿真结果表明,CVT速比控制可使电机运行在高效区,从而获得了比传统手动变速混合动力汽车更好的制动能量回收效果。     

Economic value and utility of a powertrain system for a plug-in parallel diesel hybrid electric bus

This research is the first to develop a design for a powertain system of a plug-in parallel diesel hybrid electric bus equipped with a continuously variable transmission (CVT) and presents a new design paradigm of the plug-in hybrid electric bus (HEB). The criteria and method for selecting and sizing powertrain components equipped in the plug-in HEB are presented. The plug-in HEB is designed to overcome the vulnerable limitations of driving range and performance of a purely electric vehicle (EV) and to improve fuel economy and exhaust emissions of conventional bus and conventional HEBs. The control strategy of the complicated connected propulsion system in the plug-in parallel HEB is one of the most significant factors in achieving higher fuel economy and lower exhaust emissions of the HEV. In this research, a new optimal control strategy concept is proposed against existing rule-based control strategies. The optimal powertrain control strategy is obtained through two steps of optimizations: tradeoff optimization for emission control and energy flow optimization based on the instantaneous optimization technique. The proposed powertrain control strategy has the flexibility to adapt to battery SOC, exhaust emission amount, classified driving pattern, driving condition, and engine temperature. The objective of the optimal control strategy is to optimize the fuel consumption, electricity use, and exhaust emissions proper to the performance targets. The proposed control strategy was simulated to prove its validity by using analysis simulation tool ADVISOR (advanced vehicle simulator).