柴油喷雾与LPG/柴油混合喷雾的对比研究

以ZH1105W柴油机为模型,采用Jaynes等人提出的雾化液滴尺寸和速度联合数目分布函数,对柴油喷雾和LPG/柴油混合喷雾的燃料液滴尺寸和速度数目分布进行了对比研究;采用液滴蒸发和碰撞模型对液滴尺寸理论数目分布与试验结果进行了对比研究。液滴尺寸和速度联合数目分布的研究结果表明,随着液体喷射速度的增大,液滴尺寸数目分布曲线向小颗粒偏移。随着液滴尺寸的增大,较大颗粒的液滴速度数目分布曲线的峰值先明显增大,到达中等尺寸后又明显减小。由于LPG/柴油混合燃料的闪急沸腾喷雾对燃料液滴具有突爆的加速作用,L30速度分布曲线的峰值速度比柴油的明显增大。累积的液滴尺寸分布和速度数目分布研究表明,由于混合燃料的闪急沸腾喷雾,L30尺寸数目分布曲线峰值相对于柴油向小颗粒方向偏移,L30的峰值大于柴油的峰值。说明L30喷雾所产生的小颗粒液滴多于柴油,雾化质量提高,碳烟排放得以大幅度降低。L30速度分布曲线的峰值比柴油略小一些,且略微向大速度方向偏移。说明与柴油相比,L30燃料较大速度液滴的数目略有增加。液滴蒸发和碰撞模型对于石油液体燃料的研究是可行的,对于液化气体燃料与石油液体燃料的混合燃料的研究,模型还有待于进一步改进。     

柴油掺混二甲醚喷雾粒子尺寸分布特性试验研究

为确定二甲醚掺入柴油后对燃料雾化性能的改善效果,利用阴影成像与数字图像处理技术,对不同掺混比、喷射压力以及喷孔直径等条件下的二甲醚-柴油混合燃料喷雾粒子尺寸分布特性进行了对比试验研究.结果发现:由于柴油中二甲醚的闪急沸腾作用,随着二甲醚掺混比的增加,混合燃料粒子尺寸分布曲线整体向小颗粒方向偏移,较大粒子数目较柴油明显减少,有助于降低发动机炭烟排放;喷孔直径、喷射压力等喷射参数对混合燃料雾化粒子分布有较大影响,减小喷孔直径使燃油粒子更加细化,降低喷射压力则使混合燃料雾化效果有变差的趋势.     

Evaporating spray and flame distributions in the combustion chamber of a direct injection diesel engine

The characteristics of an evaporating diesel spray and the flame distribution in a combustion chamber of a D.I. diesel engine were investigated by using the laser light technique. The technique used was based on the extinctions of two wavelengths of ultraviolet and visible laser light. The transmitted laser light absorbed and scattered by the vapor, drops, soot and combustion products in the spray flame were separated into two wavelengths and captured. Further, the light radiated from the flame was imaged using the same measuring system by modifying the optical filters and the timing of the camera shutter.     

柴油—生物柴油混合燃料喷雾特性试验研究

采用高分辨率数码照相机对柴油与柴油—生物柴油混合燃料喷雾特性进行了对比研究。结果表明,随着生物柴油掺混比的增大,燃料黏度增大,喷雾锥角变小,Sauter平均直径增大。与MB24相比,柴油的相对尺寸范围和发散边界较大,因此其Sauter平均直径比MB24混合燃料的略大。由于乙醇的稀释作用,改制油MB24的Sauter平均直径最小,雾化质量明显改善。从喷雾液滴尺寸的数目分布可以看出,所有燃料的曲线峰值均位于14μm处,小颗粒液滴较多。随着生物柴油掺混比的增大,曲线峰值下降,下降趋势均匀平缓,说明燃料黏度的增大将使雾化油滴的尺寸分布渐趋均匀。从液滴尺寸的累积体积分布可以看出,随着生物柴油掺混比的增大,达到某一累积体积的油滴直径增大,说明大颗粒油滴增多。     

Comparison study on characteristics of nano-sized particle number distribution by using condensation particle counter calibrated with spray and soot type particle generation methods

In the year 2011, the Particle Measurement Program (PMP) in Europe started the regulation of the diesel vehicle’s nano-sized particle number density (PN) due to its high degree of harm to the human body. Concretely, the standard level of PN emission was introduced in the Euro 5+ and 6 emissions regulation with a limit (<6.0 × 10¹¹#/km) for diesel light-duty vehicle. Therefore, the determination of suitable and sophisticated instruments for reliable particle sampling and analysis was essential in taking exact experimental data. Now, among the PN emission measuring devices suggested by the PMP, condensation particle counter (CPC) is a key equipment for measuring the particle number density in real time and it has been used extensively. However, CPC can cause different results depending on operating conditions of the saturator and condensation that induce different rates of particle growth. This study was conducted to analyze the effect of CPC calibrated by a two-particle generator with spray and soot type methods applied on the nano-sized particle distribution’s parameters such as number concentration and linearity. Also, in order to ensure the reliability for particle sensor system named as PPS, which had emerged as a useful diagnostic to making spatially and temporally resolved quantitative measurements of diesel PN concentration, it was compared with calibrated CPC system. As a result, nano-sized particle measuring system with CPC calibrated by spray type particle generator had a much higher counting efficiency, indicating a larger nano size available than soot type particle generator. And, comparative experimental results on the correlation between the particle number of CPC to a reflectance PPS system showed that above 5,000 #/cm ³ in number concentrations measured by CPC as well as PPS were found to be similar with good linear relationship.     

Analysis of the transient atomization characteristics of diesel spray using time-resolved PDPA data

The transient atomization characteristics of a single-hole diesel spray were investigated to clarify the time-dependent droplet formation process of the spray through time-resolved analysis of the droplet size data acquired by using a 2-D PDPA (phase Doppler particle analyzer). Comparisons among the three single-hole diesel nozzles on the atomization characteristics were made to confirm the effects of the hole-diameter. The hole diameter of the single-hole diesel nozzles varied with d_n=0.22, 0.32 and 0.42 mm. The time-resolved diameter, SMD (Sauter mean diameter) and AMD (arithmetic mean diameter) of droplets in diesel spray injected into still ambient air were measured. The SMD and AMD decreased with decreasing nozzle hole diameter. The SMD distribution along the spray centerline steeply decreased with increasing axial distance before reaching a constant value. In the time-dependent analysis of the SMD of the whole flow field, the SMD gradually increased with time after the initiation of injection, reached a maximum value, and then decreased.     

Development of an LIF image processing technique for measuring drop sizes in a pre-swirl spray

Depth of field effects in laser sheet imaging were considered for droplet sizing of a pre-swirl spray. A pre-swirl spray is formed before the hollow-cone type main-swirl spray from a D.I. gasoline injector, and shows transient characteristics with high axial velocity. A microscopic imaging technique was applied to obtain high spatial resolution LIF tomograms of the pre-swirl spray. A 1 mm thick Nd:YAG laser sheet was used as a light source to make the LIF tomograms that were imaged using a high-resolution CCD camera. The droplet sizing of the pre-swirl spray was carried out using an image processing technique. In the image processing procedure, the laser sheet-straddling large-sized droplets were carefully taken into account to remove the errors caused by the depth of field effects from the limited thickness and the energy distribution of the laser sheet. The mean intensity of the individual droplets and the line profile of the LIF signal around the droplet edge were inspected to screen the laser sheet-straddling large-sized droplets. In order to consider the effects of the size-dependent LIF signal intensity, the size-classified or ensemble-averaged mean intensity of the individual droplets was introduced. The mean droplet sizes such as AMD and SMD were calculated using only screened droplets, and they slightly increase before considering the depth of field effects.     

柴油-甲缩醛混合燃料喷雾的粒子动态分析研究

为研究代用燃料甲缩醛的喷雾机理,采用基于相位多普勒原理的粒子动态分析仪(PDA),研究了不同百分比的柴油-甲缩醛混合燃料喷雾的粒度场、速度场。试验结果表明,柴油添加甲缩醛后,雾化得到改善,喷雾轴线上的粒子轴向速度提高,但三者径向速度相差不大。     

Schlieren,Shadowgraph, Mie-scattering visualization of diesel and gasoline sprays in high pressure/high temperature chamber under GDCI engine low load condition

Three visualization methods, Schlieren, Shadowgraph, and Mie-scattering, were applied to compare diesel and gasoline spray structures in a constant volume chamber. Fuels were injected into a high pressure/high temperature chamber under the same in-cylinder pressure and temperature conditions of low load in a GDCI (gasoline direct injection compression ignition) engine. Two injection pressures (40 MPa and 80 MPa), two ambient pressures (4.2 MPa and 1.7 MPa), and two ambient temperatures (908 K and 677 K) were use. The images from the different methods were overlapped to show liquid and vapor phases more clearly. Vapor developments of the two fuels were similar; however, different liquid developments were seen. At the same injection pressure and ambient temperature, gasoline liquid propagated more quickly and disappeared more rapidly than diesel liquid phase. At the low ambient temperature and pressure condition, gasoline and diesel sprays with higher injection pressures showed longer liquid lengths due to higher spray momentum. At the higher ambient temperature condition, the gasoline liquid length was shorter for the higher injection pressure. Higher volatility of gasoline is the main reason for this shorter liquid length under higher injection pressure and higher ambient temperature conditions. For a design of GDCI engine, it is necessary to understand the higher volatility of gasoline.     

生物柴油—柴油混合燃料喷雾液滴尺寸数目分布的理论预测

运用最大熵原理和质量守恒定律导出的喷雾液滴尺寸分布函数,建立了生物柴油—柴油混合燃料的喷雾液滴尺寸分布模型,对柴油、生物柴油—柴油混合燃料进行了模拟计算,并与试验结果进行了对比分析。结果表明,随着生物柴油掺混比的增大,燃料黏度增大,喷雾锥角变小,索特平均直径增大,计算数据与试验数据吻合很好。     

柴油机高压及微孔径下燃油雾化特性的数值研究(Ⅰ)——模型参数的选取

为了更精确模拟燃油雾化过程,探求适合超高压及微孔径下的燃油雾化模型,向计算流体力学平台KI-VA-3V中加入了大涡模拟程序及相应的雾化模型,数值研究了在超高压和微孔径条件下不同雾化参数对燃油雾化蒸发过程的影响.结果显示,破碎时间常数B1值对液相和蒸气相浓度有着重要影响,且对不同的湍流模型影响程度不同;随着B1的增加,喷...     

高压共轨柴油机燃烧与排放模型的研究

利用高速闪光摄影技术,对高压喷射喷雾体空间发展规律进行了试验分析,提出了一个计算高压喷射喷雾体发展的数学公式;在正确描述高压燃油喷雾的基础上,建立了一个能预测高压共轨柴油机性能和排放的准维燃烧模型,此模型改进了燃油喷射模型及碳烟的生成与氧化模型,考虑到燃烧区的区间传热和缸内工质的对流辐射传热,对一台高压共轨柴油机进行了仿真计算。计算与试验结果对比分析表明,改进后的燃烧与排放模型能较好地反映缸内各区的燃烧与排放情况。     

Effects of diesel fuel characteristics on spray and combustion in a diesel engine

Fuel properties play a dominant role in the spray, mixture formation and combustion process, and are a key to emission control and efficiency optimization. This paper deals with the influence of the fuel properties on the spray and combustion characteristics in a high-pressure and temperature chamber. Light diesel fuel spray and combustion images were taken by using a high-speed video camera and analyzed by their penetration and evaporation characteristics in comparison with current diesel fuel. Then, a single-cylinder DI engine was used to investigate combustion and exhaust characteristics. The mixture formation of the light diesel fuel is faster than that of the current fuel depending on physical properties like boiling point, density, viscosity and surface tension. Engine test results show that smoke is reduced without an increase in other emissions.     

Numerical modeling of hollow-cone fuel atomization,vaporization and wall impingement processes under high ambient temperatures

In the following paper, a numerical study of the atomization, vaporization and wall impingement processes of hollow-cone fuel spray from high-pressure swirl injectors under various ambient temperature conditions was carried out. Also, the availability of applied models and the effect of ambient temperature on spray characteristics is discussed. The Linearized Instability Sheet Atomization (LISA) model combined with the Aerodynamically Progressed Taylor Analogy Breakup (APTAB) model, the improved Abramzon model and the Gosman model are used to calculate the atomization, vaporization and wall impingement processes of hollow-cone fuel spray, respectively. Spray models are implemented with the modified KIVA code. The calculation results of the spray characteristics under two ambient temperatures, including spray tip penetration, spray structure and radial distance after spray-wall impingement are compared to the experimental results obtained by the Laser Induced Exciplex Fluorescence (LIEF) technique. The droplet size distribution, ambient gas velocity field, vapor phase distribution and fuel film mass generated by spray-wall impingement, measurements which are generally difficult to obtain by experimental methods, are also calculated and discussed. Quantitative discussions on the effect of the ambient temperature on the spray development process are conducted. It is shown that the applied models are applicable even in the high ambient temperature condition.     

Influence of nozzle hole diameter and orifice diameter on dme spray to get the similar heat value with diesel spray using the constant volume chamber

Low heating value (LHV) of di-methyl ether (DME) is lower than that of diesel. To get the similar heat value with diesel from the diesel engine operation, single injection quantity of DME should be increased. This investigation was tried to increase the injection quantity of DME by the modified diesel injector and investigated the penetration length and spray angle of DME spray. DME was injected by using three-type modified diesel injectors those nozzle-hole diameters (Injector 1: 1.66 mm, Injector 2 and 3: 0.25 mm) and orifice diameters were different (Injector 1 and 2: 0.6 mm, Injector 3: 1 mm). Spray characteristics of DME was investigated with a various ambient pressures (2.5, 5.0 MPa) in the constant volume chamber and a fuel was injected by varied injection pressure from 35 to 70 MPa by interval of 5 MPa using a DME common rail fuel injection system. The result shows that DME injection quantity by Injector 3 was 1.69 ~ 2.02 times larger than that of diesel injection quantity by Injector 1. In this case, DME spray got the similar heat value compared with diesel spray. The penetration speed of DME spray by Injector 3 was the fastest, thus when the spray development was end, the penetration length of DME spray by Injector 3 was the longest compared with the other cases. In case of the spray angle, Injector 2 and 3 had the similar spray angle and these were larger than that of diesel and DME sprays by Injector 1. As the result, Injector 3 was the solution for how to solve the low heating value of DME.     

二甲醚／柴油混合燃料在压燃式发动机上的应用

为探索二甲醚/柴油混合燃料作为柴油机替代燃料的应用性能,对D20二甲醚/柴油混合燃料的喷雾特性进行了试验研究;同时,开展了直喷式柴油机燃用二甲醚/柴油混合燃料动力性能、经济性能及排放性能研究。结果表明:在同样的环境背压下,D20混合燃料的油束与柴油相比较,贯穿度有所缩短,喷雾锥角有所增大;柴油机燃用二甲醚/柴油混合燃料时,通过适当调整循环油量,发动机的动力性可以超过原柴油机,最低当量比油耗下降4.5%,烟度指标下降70%以上,NOx排放降低30%~50%;二甲醚/柴油混合燃料是一种能实现高比功率、低排放的石油替代燃料。     

车用柴油机加速工况时喷油与燃烧特性的研究

通过柴油机工作过程测量分析系统对一台直喷式车用柴油机加速时的喷油和燃烧过程进行了试验研究和计算,并计算了其加速过程中的总声压级;利用油滴蒸发准维燃烧模型对柴油机加速过程NOx 排放进行了模拟计算。研究结果表明,柴油机喷油和燃烧特性参数的综合效果对NOx排放值产生影响;柴油机加速时的燃烧噪声大于标定工况,加速工况时的NOx 排放浓度值变化较大,有时大于标定工况。     

基于马尔文法测量柴油雾化规律的实验研究

使用马尔文法测定在同一喷嘴孔径下不同启喷压力和同一启喷压力不同喷嘴孔径的柴油雾化特性,分析每个工况点的平均直径、特征直径、发散度、液滴尺寸数目分布,得到其变化趋势。结果表明:喷嘴孔径固定,增大启喷压力雾化效果变好;启喷压力固定,减小喷嘴孔径,雾化效果变好。     

天然气/柴油双燃料发动机燃烧排放规律

在天然气／柴油双燃料复合燃烧特性和规律的研究基础上，本文通过试验及其分析，具体阐述负荷、转速、替代率、柴油供油特性、引燃油量、进气混合气浓度和供油提前角等因素对双燃料燃烧ＣＯ、ＨＣ和ＮＯｘ排放的影响规律。特别指出天然气／柴油双燃料发动机燃烧排放的主要特征、存在的主要问题和解决的途径。     

小型直喷柴油机喷射系统与燃烧室匹配的研究

介绍了影响小型直喷式柴油机喷射系统与燃烧室匹配的几个重要因素,并阐述了它们对柴油机的经济性和排放性的影响及作用。还提出了通过比较油束在燃烧室壁面上的落点高度大小来分析喷油嘴空间角度参数对匹配性能影响的方法。