Active front wheel steering model and controller for integrated dynamics control systems

We report a model and controller for an active front-wheel steering (AFS) system. Two integrated dynamics control (IDC) systems are designed to investigate the performance of the AFS system when integrated with braking and steering systems. An 8-degrees-of-freedom vehicle model was employed to test the controllers. The controllers were inspected and compared under different driving and road conditions, with and without braking input, and with and without steering input. The results show that the AFS system performs kinematic steering assistance function and kinematic stabilisation function very well. Three controllers allowed the yaw rate to accurately follow a reference yaw rate, improving the lateral stability. The two IDC systems improved the lateral stability and vehicle control and were effective in reducing the sideslip angle.     

分布式驱动电动汽车转向工况转矩分配控制研究

针对分布式驱动车辆转向工况在低速下期望提高转向机动性能,高速下期望保证行驶稳定性的需求,充分考虑转向行驶内外侧车轮的转向关系以及车辆动力学,制定了适应车速变化的四轮转矩分配策略,建立了四轮轮毂电机驱动模型以及二自由度参考模型。为了改善分布式驱动转向机动性能,建立自抗扰控制器调整内外侧车轮转矩,形成合理的转速差,减小转向半径,以提高转向机动性;对于高速转向行驶稳定性的需求,通过二次规划方法优化分配各车轮驱动力矩,分析轮胎纵横向附着裕度建立目标函数,并加入附加横摆力矩和路面附着力的限制,进行车轮驱动转矩的在线优化分配,提高车辆转向行驶的稳定性;另外为避免2种控制模式转换时驱动转矩突变,根据车速和稳定性参数制定模糊规则决策2种模式的协调系数,保证2种控制模式的平滑过渡。基于CarSim和MATLAB/Simulink进行联合仿真,并搭建硬件在环平台进行试验,对所提出的方法进行验证。结果表明：在低速转向工况下,提出的分配策略能够调节内外侧车轮产生差速效果,与转矩平均分配的策略相比,转向半径有所减小,提高车辆机动性;高速转向工况下,分配策略能够保证车辆稳定转向,与未考虑稳定性控制的分配策略相比,能更好地跟踪目标轨迹,且横摆角速度控制在参考横摆角速度附近,证明了所提控制策略的有效性。     

独立轮电驱动车辆主动操纵稳定控制研究

提出了采用变增益参考模型的滑模跟踪控制策略,以横摆角速度和侧滑速度为控制对象,独立控制左右轮驱动力产生直接横摆力矩,提高了车辆在极限工况下的操纵稳定性,并改善了车辆固有的转向特性。改进的滑模控制算法减小了系统抖振并具有较强的鲁棒性。     

Lateral handling improvement with dynamic curvature control for an independent rear wheel drive EV

The integrated longitudinal and lateral dynamic motion control is important for four wheel independent drive (4WID) electric vehicles. Under critical driving conditions, direct yaw moment control (DYC) has been proved as effective for vehicle handling stability and maneuverability by implementing optimized torque distribution of each wheel, especially with independent wheel drive electric vehicles. The intended vehicle path upon driver steering input is heavily depending on the instantaneous vehicle speed, body side slip and yaw rate of a vehicle, which can directly affect the steering effort of driver. In this paper, we propose a dynamic curvature controller (DCC) by applying a the dynamic curvature of the path, derived from vehicle dynamic state variables; yaw rate, side slip angle, and speed of a vehicle. The proposed controller, combined with DYC and wheel longitudinal slip control, is to utilize the dynamic curvature as a target control parameter for a feedback, avoiding estimating the vehicle side-slip angle. The effectiveness of the proposed controller, in view of stability and improved handling, has been validated with numerical simulations and a series of experiments during cornering engaging a disturbance torque driven by two rear independent in-wheel motors of a 4WD micro electric vehicle.     

大型客车横向稳定性仿真分析

为了给营运客车横向稳定状态监测提供理论依据,针对极限工况下状态参数的临界值仿真结果,进行了营运客车稳定区域边界条件的研究。基于非线性三自由度车辆模型建立了基于扩展卡尔曼滤波（EKF）的状态参数估计器,对营运客车的质心侧偏角和横摆角速度进行实时估计,并利用Trucksim验证估计值具有较好的一致性和状态跟随能力。基于MATLAB/Simulink建立非线性七自由度车辆模型,分析不同行驶状态参数对质心侧偏角-质心侧偏角速度（β-β）相平面稳定区域边界的影响,基于仿真数据确定了以车速、前轮转角和路面附着系数为变量的稳定区域边界条件,结合状态估计模型获得以β-β决定的控制变量。在Trucksim中进行连续正弦方向盘转角输入标准稳定性试验,通过分析营运客车行驶过程中控制变量的曲线变化趋势是否超出稳定区域边界确定车辆的运行状态。结果表明：营运客车以60 km·h^-1车速、小方向盘转角行驶在低附着系数（μ=0.3）路面和高附着系数（μ=0.85）路面时,横摆角速度对驾驶人的意图（方形盘转角曲线趋势）有很好的跟随能力,具有较小的延迟响应,车辆处于稳定状态,此时控制变量曲线一直处于稳定区域内;当相同工况下以大方向盘转角输入时,横摆角速度已经不能很好地跟随驾驶人意图,且低附着系数路面下,在3.5 s左右时方向盘转角已经回正,但横摆角速度仍位于最大值,具有较大的延迟,营运客车发生急转侧滑;高附着系数路面下第2.5 s和第6.2 s左右车辆发生严重偏移,车辆处于失稳状态,而对应时刻的控制变量曲线部分超出稳定边界,验证了营运客车横向稳定状态判据的准确性。     

Fuzzy-logic applied to yaw moment control for vehicle stability

In this paper, we propose a new yaw moment control based on fuzzy logic to improve vehicle handling and stability. The advantages of fuzzy methods are their simplicity and their good performance in controlling non-linear systems. The developed controller generates the suitable yaw moment which is obtained from the difference of the brake forces between the front wheels so that the vehicle follows the target values of the yaw rate and the sideslip angle. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed control method when the vehicle is subjected to different cornering steering manoeuvres such as change line and J-turn under different driving conditions (dry road and snow-covered).     

转向加速工况下汽车驱动防滑控制系统滑转率算法研究

汽车低速转弯加速时,用后轮轮速作为参考车速计算驱动轮滑转率会造成计算偏差,引起驱动防滑控制系统误干预,为此提出了驱动轮滑转率计算的修正算法.该修正算法不需要增加前轮转角传感器,而是采用两非驱动轮轮速估计车身横摆角速度和汽车前轮转角,进而计算出前轮参考轮速,并将前轮参考轮速代替车速对转弯工况的驱动轮滑转率计算进行修正.试验结果表明,该修正算法消除了滑转率计算误差,可防止汽车在高附着路面上转弯加速时驱动防滑控制系统的误干预.     

Fuzzy-logic applied to yaw moment control for vehicle stability

In this paper, we propose a new yaw moment control based on fuzzy logic to improve vehicle handling and stability. The advantages of fuzzy methods are their simplicity and their good performance in controlling non-linear systems. The developed controller generates the suitable yaw moment which is obtained from the difference of the brake forces between the front wheels so that the vehicle follows the target values of the yaw rate and the sideslip angle. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed control method when the vehicle is subjected to different cornering steering manoeuvres such as change line and J-turn under different driving conditions (dry road and snow-covered).     

Development of an active front steering (AFS) system with QFT control

This paper investigates an active front steering control strategy based on quantitative feedback theory (QFT). By incorporating feedback from a yaw rate sensor into the active steering system, the control system improves the dynamic response of the vehicle. The steering response of a vehicle generally depends upon uncertain quantities like mass, velocity, and road conditions. Thus, QFT is used to design a controller with robust performance. A multi-degree-of-freedom nonlinear model is co-simulated here by MATLAB Simulink and ADAMS/CAR. The performance of the control system is evaluated under various emergency maneuvers and road conditions. The result shows that the designed robust control system has good control performance and can efficiently improve handing qualities and stability characteristics.     

Adaptive Yaw Rate Feedback 4WS with Tire/Road Friction Coefficient Estimator

This paper proposes an adaptive yaw rate feedback control system for a four-wheel-steering (4WS) vehicle which involves a tire/road friction coefficient estimator. The adaptive 4WS system has been developed so that the vehicle possesses desirable lateral characteristics even on slippery roads and in critical driving situations. The friction coefficient is estimated on real time from the yaw rate response of the controlled vehicle with the least squares. The control system adopts a two degree of freedom structure which consists of a feedforward compensator and a feedback control subsystem. The feedforward compensator is determined with the estimated friction coefficient to minimize the steady-state and transient vehicle slip angle in spite of changes in tire/road conditions. The feedback subsystem adopts the Internal Model Control (IMC) structure in order to compensate for nonlinearities and to realize robustness against modelling and estimation errors.     

基于车辆状态识别的AFS与ESP协调控制研究

给出了基于滑模变结构的AFS控制策略和直接横摆力矩加变滑移率联合控制的ESP控制策略。在分析两者控制性能的基础上提出了协调控制的一般原则。阐述了车辆状态识别算法并给出了具体的协调控制策略,最后通过3个典型工况的仿真计算验证了该协调控制策略的有效性。     

Full-slip kinematics based estimation of vehicle yaw rate from differential wheel speeds

Vehicle yaw rate is a key parameter required for various active stability control systems. Accurate yaw rate information may be obtained from the fusion of some on-vehicle sensors and GPS data. In this study, the closed-form expression of the yaw rate–written as a function of front wheel rolling speeds and steering angle–was derived via kinematic analysis of a planar four-wheel vehicle on the assumption of no longitudinal slip at the both front tires. The obtained analytical solution was primarily verified by computational simulation. In terms of implementation, the 1:10th scaled rear-wheel-drive vehicle was modified so that the front wheel rolling speeds and the steering angle could be measured. An inertial measurement unit was also installed to provide the directly measured yaw rate used for validation. Preliminary experiment was done on some extremely random sideslip maneuvers beneath the global positioning using four recording cameras. Comparing with the vision-based and the gyro-based references, the vehicle yaw rate could be well approximated at any slip condition without requiring integration or vehicle and tire models. The proposed cost-effective estimation strategy using only on-vehicle sensors could be used as an alternative way to enhance performance of the GPS-based yaw rate estimation system while the GPS signal is unavailable.     

Integrated Control of Active Rear Wheel Steering and Direct Yaw Moment Control

An integrated control system of active rear wheel steering (4WS) and direct yaw moment control (DYC) is presented in this paper. Because of the tire nonlinearity that is mainly due to the saturation of cornering forces, vehicle handling performance is improved but limited to a certain extent only by steering control. Direct yaw moment control using braking and/or driving forces is effective not only in linear but also nonlinear ranges of tire friction circle. The proposed control system is a model matching controller which makes the vehicle follow the desired dynamic model by the state feedback of both yaw rate and side slip angle. Various computer simulations are carried out and show that vehicle handling performance is much improved by the integrated control system.     

对开路面弯道制动ABS控制策略研究

在对开路面弯道制动工况下分析了轮胎受力情况,提出一种基于转角预测前馈、路径偏移量反馈的车辆最佳滑移率动态调节方法,在SIMPACK中建立汽车多体模型,在MATLAB/Simulink中搭建控制系统,并进行了虚拟在环试验。试验结果显示,与传统ABS相比,所提出的控制方法可以显著改善车辆的侧偏位移、横摆角速度以及制动时方向的稳定性,保证了制动效能,使车辆侧向稳定性得到显著提高。     

基于小波控制的电动汽车稳定性研究（双语出版）

针对前轮独立驱动电动汽车,研究一种基于小波控制器的驱动稳定性控制系统。为提高车辆对开路面的行驶稳定性,根据驱动轮等转矩分配控制策略,提出基于神经网络PID的驱动轮滑移率相近为目标控制策略。针对矢量控制中的电流控制,提出基于离散小波变换的电流控制器。通过CarSim/Simulink建立前轮独立驱动电动汽车联合仿真平台,进行不同工况整车性能仿真与分析,并基于A&D5435快速原型开发平台进行实车试验。仿真与试验结果表明：基于小波控制器的驱动控制系统不仅提高了车辆对开路面行驶的稳定性,而且具有更平滑、更快速的转矩响应;对开路面工况下,提出的控制策略左侧、右侧驱动轮速度仿真结果与试验结果最大偏差分别为3.43%和3.56%;等转矩分配控制策略下,左侧、右侧驱动轮速度仿真结果与试验结果最大偏差分别为3.86%和3.25%,表明了试验与仿真的一致性;对开路面仿真工况下,相比于驱动轮等转矩分配控制策略,基于神经网络PID的驱动轮滑移率相近为目标控制策略的车辆峰值质心侧偏角降低了79.57%,侧向跑偏距离降低了73.39%。     

Integrated Control of Active Rear Wheel Steering and Direct Yaw Moment Control

SUMMARY

An integrated control system of active rear wheel steering (4WS) and direct yaw moment control (DYC) is presented in this paper. Because of the tire nonlinearity that is mainly due to the saturation of cornering forces, vehicle handling performance is improved but limited to a certain extent only by steering control. Direct yaw moment control using braking and/or driving forces is effective not only in linear but also nonlinear ranges of tire friction circle. The proposed control system is a model matching controller which makes the vehicle follow the desired dynamic model by the state feedback of both yaw rate and side slip angle. Various computer simulations are carried out and show that vehicle handling performance is much improved by the integrated control system.     

Dynamics analysis of an omni-directional vehicle

In a modern society, traffic congestion is a major problem in every metropolis. To solve the problem of traffic congestion an innovative omni-directional vehicle is proposed. This research has mainly focussed on developing the comprehensive vehicle dynamics model for an omni-directional road vehicle. Then the stability of the vehicle in the yaw plane was analysed under different scenarios based on the response of the side slip angle. Finally an active steering PID controller was suggested and which, according to the results of the simulation, improved the yaw plane stability.     

Novel stability control strategy for distributed drive electric vehicle based on driver operation intention

In this paper, a novel direct yaw control method based on driver operation intention for stability control of a distributed drive electric vehicle is proposed. It was discovered that the vehicle loses its stability easily under an emergency steering alignment (EA) problem. An emergent control algorithm is proposed to improve vehicle stability under such a condition. A driver operation intention recognition module is developed to identify the driving conditions. When the vehicle enters into an EA condition, the module can quickly identify it and transfer the control method from normal direct yaw control to emergency control. Two control algorithms are designed. The emergency control algorithm is applied to an EA condition while the adaptive control algorithm is applied to other conditions except the EA condition. Both simulation results and real vehicle results show that: The driver module can accurately identify driving conditions based on driver operation intention. When the vehicle enters into EA condition, the emergent control algorithm can intervene quickly, and it has proven to outperform normal direct yaw control for better stabilization of vehicles.     

Vehicle Handling Improvement by Active Steering

Summary This paper first analyses some stability aspects of vehicle lateral motion, then a coprime factors and linear fractional transformations (LFT) based feedforward and feedback H 8 control for vehicle handling improvement is presented. The control synthesis procedure uses a linear vehicle model which includes the yaw motion and disturbance input with speed and road adhesion variations. The synthesis procedure allows the separate processing of the driver reference signal and robust stabilization problem or disturbance rejection. The control action is applied as an additional steering angle, by combination of the driver input and feedback of the yaw rate. The synthesized controller is tested for different speeds and road conditions on a nonlinear model in both disturbance rejection and driver imposed yaw reference tracking maneuvers.     

电子差速系统轮胎附着特性模拟仿真研究

电子差速系统相对于传统的机械式差速器可以实现转矩的精准分配,根据轮胎的纵向运动特性以及侧向运动特性,结合轮胎滑移率让内外侧车轮在过弯时拥有足够的附着力,减小整车的横摆角速度,提高过弯稳定性。采用后轮双电机的驱动方案,驱动电机采用直接转矩控制的方法,由整车控制器将指定的计算转矩信号发送给电机控制器完成动力分配,所需转矩根据驾驶员的加速踏板及方向盘转角,运用阿克曼转向模型计算得到。