插电式混合动力汽车碰撞安全性能设计开发

在对插电式混合动力汽车的发动机、燃油箱和动力电池、电机、高压电路等关键零部件进行相关的碰撞安全性能开发时,不仅需要考虑传统燃油车的碰撞安全标准要求,同时还要考虑电动汽车动力电池安全相关的碰撞标准要求和电安全设计防护.文章首先分析了相应的碰撞试验法规,结合上汽某插电式混合动力汽车整车布置方案,针对其特殊结构重点研究其追尾...     

Brazil’s new vehicle front impact safety standards — ABNT NBR 15300-1 & ABNT NBR 15300-2 or ABNT NBR 15300-3: Is the manufacturerer choice the safest for the passenger?

To increase car passenger safety, the Brazilian National Traffic Council (CONTRAN) released Resolution 221, which defines the maximum passenger and driver biomechanical criteria in the event of a vehicle frontal impact. The vehicle maximum allowed biomechanical injury criteria will be enforced from January 2012 for new vehicles and in January 2014 for vehicles in production before January 2014. To standardize the test method to measure the driver and front passenger injury values in a frontal crash, Resolution 221 states that the tests must be performed according to the ABNT NBR 15300-1 standard, followed by the ABNT NBR 15300-2 standard or the ABNT NBR 15300-3 standard. The use of ABNT NBR 15300-2 or ABNT NBR 15300-3 standards is a free choice for the manufacturer of the vehicle. The ABNT NBR 15300-1 + 15300-2 test is similar to the FMVSS 208 standard in the United States in terms of its vehicle frontal impact test perpendicular to a rigid barrier with the use of seat belts by male model dummies. The test according to ABNT NBR 15300-1 + 15300-3 follows the European ECE R94 and 96/79/EC standards. However, ABNT NBR 15300-2 focuses on occupant protection during vehicle deceleration rather than occupant protection during vehicle deformation in a crash test. ABNT NBR 15300-3 tests occupant protection during vehicle deformation more than it tests occupant protection during vehicle deceleration. Therefore, this paper aims to show the types of test results produced by the ABNT NBR 15300-2 and ABNT NBR 15300-3 standards and their differences concerning occupant protection verification and discuss the manufacturer??s freedom of choice.     

Development and validation of side-impact crash and sled testing finite-element models

Side-impact collisions are the second leading cause of death and injury in the traffic accidents after frontal crashes. Side-impact airbags, side door bars and other protection techniques have been developed to provide occupant protection. To confirm the effectiveness of protection equipment installed in vehicles, studying the degree of impact is fundamental to understand the effect of automobile collisions on the human body. Therefore, the dynamic response of the human body to traffic accidents should be analyzed to reduce the level of occupant injuries. Generally, the experimental method is complex and expensive. Recently, numerical crash simulations have provided a valuable tool for automotive engineers. This work presents full-scale and sled side-impact test finite-element (FE) models - based on the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 214 - that simulate a side-impact accident. The crash simulations utilized the LS-DYNA finite-element code. The human body's dynamic response to crashes is discussed herein. Additionally, occupant injuries were measured. To verify the accuracy of the proposed crash test and sled test FE models, simulation results are compared with those obtained from experimental tests. The comparison results indicate that the proposed crash test and sled test FE models have considerable potential for assessing a vehicle's crash safety performance and assisting future development of safety technologies.     

汽车正面碰撞试验中后排乘员伤害特性的研究

提出了正面碰撞中后排乘员假人伤害的试验方法和评价指标。通过分析10个车型正面碰撞试验结果,得出了正面碰撞中后排乘员头部、胸部和大腿等部位的伤害特性。     

汽车碰撞模拟计算中假人下肢模型的研究改进

汽车碰撞模拟计算技术已在汽车行业中广泛应用ＭＡＤＹＭＯ软件的假人数据为中混合Ⅲ型标准假人模型已被工程技术人员广泛用地碰撞模拟中，以评估乘员保护系统的有效性。对该种假人头部，颈部，躯干，骨盆的大量验证工作已见诸文献，而假人下肢，特别是脚踝部的模型验证工作则开展很少，在实际汽车碰撞事故中，下肢保护已成为突出的问题，所以本文根据碰撞试验数据，对混合Ⅲ型假人肢数学模型进行了改进，对评估乘员保护系统，可提供     

Hybrid-Ⅲ型Dummy刚性有限元模型的研究改进

Ｈｙｂｒｉｄ－Ⅲ型Ｄｕｍｍｙ刚性有限元模型因具有独特的优点已被广泛地用于评定汽车乘员安全系统有效性的模拟研究中。在汽车安全带的模拟中发现现有模型存在较大的缺陷。本文提供了一个改进模型，利用实验结果验证，改进模型是合理有效的。该模型可为乘员安全保护系统的评估提供更为精确的模拟结果。     

Lumped mass-spring model construction for crash analysis using full frontal impact test data

Lumped Mass-Spring (LMS) model is simple but very effective for the design study of vehicle crashworthiness and occupant safety. To construct the LMS model, the SISAME software and the NHTSA test data were used. Using the SISAME, the weights of mass elements and the load-paths of spring elements were optimally and directly extracted from the test data. Among the various types of spring, the segmented inelastic type of spring was effective for the vehicle crash analysis. In this study, to obtain the occupant injuries such as HIC15 and 3 ms Chest g’s, the LMS model containing the occupant model consisted of the head, chest and pelvis was developed and validated. The modeling for the chest deflection and neck injuries was not considered in this study because of the modeling difficulties and the limitation of the SISAME software. The simulation results of occupants showed good agreements with the test results. The modeling idea for the occupant was simple but very effective.     

面向C-NCAP的轿车乘员约束系统性能改进研究

以C-NCAP评价为目标,利用MADYMO仿真技术对某乘用车乘员约束系统进行改进,并通过实车碰撞试验验证改进方案的效果.仿真与试验的结果表明,改进方案显著提高约束系统的性能,增强了其在碰撞过程中对乘员的保护效果.     

Seatbelt and seatback control for occupant protection in frontal automotive collisions

This paper investigates the potential benefits of an imminent collision prediction system for improving occupant protection in a frontal automotive crash. Knowledge of an impending unavoidable crash is assumed to be known 100 ms before the crash occurs. A three dof human occupant model is developed using a Lagrangian approach to represent occupant translation with respect to seat, torso rotation and neck rotation. The performance of traditional elastic seat belts is compared with that of an analytically calculated seat belt law in which the force values are calculated in real-time so as to just prevent collision with car interior. Simulations verify that the analytical seat belt force calculation results in less force on occupant for the same level of safety. Furthermore, results show that knowledge of a future collision can be used to pre-tension seat belts but can provide no additional benefits, if seat belts are the only means for active occupant protection. However, if seat tilt-back can be deployed using an on–off mechanism, such predictive knowledge of a future collision can provide significantly improved occupant protection in terms of preventing occupant collision with car interior.     

基于有限元分析的乘用车前纵梁安全设计

为提升车辆撞击事故乘员的安全性,从诱导孔个数、前纵梁材料和梁壁厚三个方面对汽车前纵梁进行了优化设计。将上述三个方面作为影响因素进行了正交试验设计,按照正交表在LS-DYNA当中进行了整车碰撞及台车试验,以头部损伤HIC值作为乘员损伤评价标准,通过极差分析确定了最优汽车前纵梁参数,提高了汽车碰撞中乘员的安全。     

Crash analysis and dynamical behaviour of light road and rail vehicles

The main goal of crashworthiness is to ensure that vehicles are safer for occupants, cargo and other road or rail users. The crash analysis of vehicles involves structural impact and occupant biomechanics. The traditional approaches to crashworthiness not only do not take into account the full vehicle dynamics, but also uncouple the structural impact and the occupant biomechanics in the crash study. The most common strategy is to obtain an acceleration pulse from a vehicle structural impact analysis or experimental test, very often without taking into account the effect of suspensions in its dynamics, and afterwards feed this pulse into a rigid occupant compartment that contains models of passengers. Multibody dynamics is the most common methodology to build and analyse vehicle models for occupant biomechanics, vehicle dynamics and, with ever increasing popularity, structural crash analysis. In this work, the aspects of multibody modelling relevant to road and rail vehicles and to occupant biomechanical modelling are revised. Afterwards, it is shown how multibody models of vehicles and occupants are used in crash analysis. The more traditional aspects of vehicle dynamics are then introduced in the vehicle models in order to appraise their importance in the treatment of certain types of impact scenarios for which the crash outcome is sensitive to the relative orientation and alignment between vehicles. Through applications to the crashworthiness of road and of rail vehicles, selected problems are discussed and the need for coupled models of vehicle structures, suspension subsystems and occupants is emphasized.     

正面碰撞波形对乘员伤害值的影响

基于能量守恒原理,将复杂的实车碰撞波形简化成参数化的两阶等效波形。通过改变两阶等效波形中的特征参数,研究不同碰撞波形对乘员胸部加速度的影响。计算结果表明,通过合理控制碰撞波形和侵入量,可以有效降低乘员胸部加速度。     

特种条件下运载工具乘员保护装置管式安全气囊与护颈器仿真计算研究

围绕特种条件下运载工具碰撞中的乘员保护装置开展仿真计算研究。所涉及的特种条件包括地面和水面运载工具的高速复杂碰撞以及航天运载工具着陆时的复杂碰撞条件,同时也包括对乘员保护装置的质量限制、防爆性能要求和环保性能要求等。根据工程实际的需要,对所发明的复合式高性能安全气囊和复合结构护颈器这两项特殊的乘员保护装置进行了仿真建模、仿真分析和参数优化。仿真研究表明所提出的技术方案能在给定的特种碰撞条件下对乘员提供有效的保护。     

正面碰撞安全带约束系统开发与试验验证

详细介绍MADYMO安全带及正面碰撞模型的建模流程;并利用此模型,从乘员运动姿态、头胸部伤害响应值和非约束系统效率等方面,对比不同安全带预紧器、限力器模型对乘员的保护效果。计算结果表明,利用预紧器消除安全带的初始松弛量,可显著提高乘员的非约束系统效率,并有效降低人体损伤值;在预紧量相同的情况下,锁扣预紧器的非约束系统效率优于卷收器预紧器;利用限力器可减轻胸部载荷。     

汽车乘员安全约束系统的优化

本文利用ＭＡＤＹＭＯ软件建立了包括台车、安全带约束的乘员前碰仿真模型并通过试验验证了模型的正确性。利用该模型对乘员安全约束系统的优化问题进行了研究。对几种优化方法应用于乘员约束系统的效果进行了评价，提出了改进约束系统的建议。     

汽车碰撞过程人体响应的研究

本文在多刚体动力学Kane方法的基础上,推导了二维多刚体系统矩阵形式的动力学方程。用于一个具体的汽车乘员/座椅系统模型,计算了汽车正碰过程中人体的运动姿态、加速度、速度和位移响应,以及安全带的受力等特性。与试验结果比较,证明了理论计算的正确性。本文在实例计算的基础上,分析研究了系统参数变化对人体响应的影响以及安全带在汽车碰撞过程中对人体的保护作用。     

车辆与弯道混凝土护栏碰撞的动态数值模拟及试验

对车辆与弯道混凝土护栏碰撞动态数值模拟结果和实车足尺碰撞试验结果进行对比分析，从车辆行驶轨迹、乘员冲击加速度以及车辆损伤形态3个方面，验证了动态数值模拟的准确性，并分析了弯道混凝土护栏曲线半径对乘员碰撞过程中所承受冲击加速度的影响；得到乘员风险的最不利护栏半径。结果表明：有限元仿真是进行汽车护栏碰撞研究的有效方法；弯道处护栏的形式对碰撞时乘员的安全有很大影响。     

MPDB工况下碰撞兼容性的基本问题与车体设计原则

2021版中国新车评价规程(C-NCAP)首次引入了正面50％重叠可渐近变形移动壁障碰撞工况(MPDB)用于评价车辆的碰撞兼容性.为了提高试验车在MPDB工况中的碰撞兼容性表现,得到影响碰撞兼容性的关键车体结构和基本的结构设计原则,应用对碰理论分析MPDB工况的2个基本物理问题——壁障与车体的吸能关系和运动变形关系.基...     

微型轿车安全带系统优化与验证

通过实车试验数据分析,讨论了微型轿车无气囊条件下的乘员伤害.使用Madymo分析方法对安全带参数进行了优化,提出使用限力安全带降低伤害值的方法.台车验证表明,对于刚性很强的尺寸紧凑型微型轿车,使用限力式安全带,可以有效降低正面碰撞头部加速度,使车辆正面碰撞乘员保护达到中国法规要求.     

从道路交通事故研究看我国汽车正面碰撞法规试验形式

基于我国道路交通深度事故调查中所得数据,从碰撞位置与重叠率、碰撞速度和人员伤亡等方面,分析100%重叠率刚性固定壁障碰撞试验和40%重叠率偏置可变形壁障碰撞试验与我国交通事故形态和人员伤害与特征的关联度.讨论现有正面碰撞法规的试验形式的局限性,并论证了将偏置正面碰撞推荐性标准纳入我国正面碰撞强制性标准体系的必要性和紧迫性.