空爆冲击波对不同形状破片的绕流作用仿真分析

为探讨空爆冲击波对高速破片的绕流效应及影响因素,采用Ansys/Ls-dyna软件建立了端部贴有预制破片的柱状TNT空爆仿真模型,结合模型分析了冲击波对不同形状的高速破片绕流作用特点,对比讨论了破片形状因素对绕流冲击波的波形、强度等载荷特性的影响规律。结果表明:破片形状会影响绕流冲击波前端的波形和作用在结构上的载荷形式,对绕流冲击波的比冲量影响不大。当质量和厚度相同时,冲击波对三角形破片的扰流能力强于圆形和正方形破片;对于方形破片,破片越瘦长,冲击波对其绕流能力越强;当破片尺寸较小时,破片形状对绕流冲击波影响不明显。     

空爆冲击波对高速破片绕流效应的仿真

为探讨空爆冲击波对高速破片的绕流效应及影响因素,采用Ansys/LS-DYNA软件建立了端部贴有预制破片的柱状TNT空爆仿真模型,结合实例分析冲击波对高速破片绕流作用特点,对比讨论破片间隙,破片尺寸和破片质量等因素对冲击波绕流的影响规律。结果表明:爆炸初期冲击波速度高于破片速度,在对破片加速的过程中,冲击波对高速破片存在绕流作用;破片间隙越大,单个破片尺寸越小,单个破片质量越大冲击波越容易对破片发生绕流;而在一定范围内破片之间间隙越小,破片尺寸越大,绕流过破片形成的冲击波强度越弱。所以爆炸初期在破片之前传播的冲击波为扰流过破片碰撞形成的冲击波,可为战斗部爆炸载荷传播特性和毁伤特性研究提供参考。     

近自由液面气泡与冲击波的相互作用

[目的]为了研究自由液面、气泡与冲击波三者之间的相互作用,[方法]基于间断迦辽金法,结合Level Set与Real Ghost Fluid方法,分析复杂流场中冲击波传播特性及气泡运动特性,描述流场内各种波系的生成与发展过程。[结果]结果表明:在相互作用过程中,流场生成的复杂波系中包含多个稀疏波和冲击波。自由液面减缓了气泡的溃灭速度,而入射冲击波则加快了气泡的溃灭速度,并使自由液面的上拱运动增大。[结论]所得结果可为水下爆炸对舰船结构的毁伤机理提供参考。     

近自由面水下爆炸冲击波切断效应研究

近自由面水下爆炸形成的冲击波到达自由面时会反射稀疏波,并伴随着水面的上升、破碎和飞溅等复杂物理现象。文章基于无网格SPH方法建立了近自由面水下爆炸数值模型,开发了计算程序,模拟了冲击波和自由面反射的稀疏波的相互作用过程,分析了切断现象的特性、产生机理以及对冲击波参数的影响。研究发现,爆心正上方且距自由面较近处,稀疏波作用最强;近自由面爆炸冲击波冲量可衰减为无限水域爆炸的1/3左右。文中的研究旨在探索冲击波在自由面处的传播规律,并为近自由面水下爆炸载荷的确定提供参考。     

近边界条件下水下爆炸冲击波信号特征研究

水下爆炸试验过程中,实测冲击波压力信号很容易产生畸变,对试验结果评估造成困难。通过梳理过往实测试验数据发现,不同介质声学阻抗差异是影响近边界条件下冲击波传播的关键因素。在水面附近由于空气的声学阻抗小于水介质,冲击波曲线会突然下降,产生明显的水面截断效应;钢结构表面受压力波叠加影响,压力曲线会不同程度的提高;水底附近由于底质的复杂性,其声学阻抗差异较大,实测压力场会受入射波、反射波、前驱波、波后扰动等因素的影响,波形曲线呈现更加复杂的特性。     

水幕衰减爆炸冲击波数值研究

舰船上发生爆炸时,将对舱室设备、舰上人员造成严重伤害,在舱室内喷洒细水雾形成水幕是冲击波防护的有效措施之一。为了分析水幕对爆炸冲击波的衰减作用,建立冲击波在布置有水幕的舱室中传播的模型,采用Eulerian-Lagrangian方法描述冲击波与水雾颗粒的两相流动,考虑液滴碰撞、破碎、蒸发等因素的影响。计算结果表明,水幕可有效衰减冲击波的超压峰值,并对波后气体有明显的降温效果。     

水幕衰减爆炸冲击波数值研究

舰船上发生爆炸时,将对舱室设备、舰上人员造成严重伤害,在舱室内喷洒细水雾形成水幕是冲击波防护的有效措施之一。为了分析水幕对爆炸冲击波的衰减作用,建立冲击波在布置有水幕的舱室中传播的模型,采用Eulerian-Lagrangian方法描述冲击波与水雾颗粒的两相流动,考虑液滴碰撞、破碎、蒸发等因素的影响。计算结果表明,水幕可有效衰减冲击波的超压峰值,并对波后气体有明显的降温效果。     

水下爆炸条件下自由场压力载荷时频特征分析

在舰船结构水下爆炸试验中,为了研究水下爆炸条件下水中自由场压力载荷的时频特征,针对某水下爆炸试验自由场压力测试试验数据,基于小波分析对信号进行时频特性分析,得到水中自由场压力信号的时频分布和能量分布状况。分析结果表明:针对水下爆炸自由场压力载荷,基于小波分析技术对其时频特征进行分析,可得到水下爆炸自由场压力载荷所包含的频率信息、强度信息以及不同频段下的载荷持续作用时间等信息;另外,可对冲击波、滞后流和二次压力波这3个不同信号阶段进行频段与能量统计分析;在不同频段上对冲南击信号的能量进行统计发现,冲击波阶段在8 k Hz以下频段集中了超过90%的能量,其中4 k Hz以下频段的能量最大,在滞后流和二次压力波阶段,需特别重视250 Hz以下的低频段对船体结构及设备的影响,该结果对舰船结构及设备的抗冲击防护具有借鉴意义。     

淤泥质海岸波生沿岸流特性研究

淤泥质海岸波生流数值模拟缺乏有效验证数据和手段。为此,提出一种模型相互比对的验证方法,基于两种模型平台,引入三维波生流理论,经验证后开展地形坡度及波浪要素对于波生沿岸流的影响研究。研究结果表明:所建议的模型相互比对验证方法,可以有效弥补淤泥质海岸波生流实测资料匮乏的不足;淤泥质海岸波生沿岸流流速相对较小,但仍可达到潮流量级。随着岸滩坡度趋缓,波生流范围逐渐扩展,沿岸流流速相应变小;随着入射波高的增加,波生沿岸流的强度和影响范围逐渐增大;当波浪入射角度为45°时,波生沿岸流流速最大。     

WENO格式精度对舱室内爆炸载荷影响规律研究

舰船舱室内爆炸载荷主要包含瞬态多峰值冲击波和持续时间较长的准静态超压,为了研究WENO格式精度对舱室内爆炸载荷影响规律,基于Fortran平台,采用3阶、5阶、7阶WENO有限差分格式,开发了高精度舱室内爆炸载荷三维数值计算程序。采用Sod激波管、双爆轰波碰撞、激波与熵波相互作用等经典算例初步考察了各数值格式的计算性能。开展了封闭舱室、泄压舱室内爆炸载荷数值计算,探讨了WENO格式精度对舱室内爆炸载荷影响规律。研究表明:WENO格式精度对舱室内爆炸冲击波载荷影响较大,对舱室内爆炸准静态超压载荷影响较小。     

Prediction of capsizing probability for a ship with trapped water on deck

The authors have already examined a method for evaluating the capsizing probability of a ship in the dead ship condition based on a piecewise linear approximation of the restoring arm. Here, this method is extended to ships with trapped water on deck. This is because the stability of ships having a relatively high bulwark, such as fishing vessels, could substantially deteriorate due to trapped water on deck. First, the mean amount of water trapped on deck was estimated as a function of the significant wave height and the mean wave period using a model experiment in irregular beam seas. Second, the restoring arm curve with trapped water on deck was calculated hydrostatically and then approximated with a piecewise linear curve. Third, the roll angle was estimated using a nonlinear and uncoupled equation of absolute roll angle under stochastic wave and wind exciting moments. The short-term and long-term capsizing probabilities were calculated for a fishing vessel operating off Kyushu. Numerical results quantitatively demonstrated that the effect on capsizing probability of trapped water on deck cannot be ignored when accurately evaluating the stability of fishing vessels.     

长甲板室端部应力集中分析及优选设计研究

针对长甲板室纵向围壁端部与主船体露天甲板交界处的应力集中问题,采用结构有限元数值分析方法,探讨在空间布置受到限制的条件下,应力集中交界处圆弧型肘板臂长、圆弧半径等参数变化对应力分布和大小的影响,并得到降低应力集中系数的圆弧型肘板参数的最佳值。文中根据研究结果,对某艘实船的长甲板室纵向围壁端部与主船体露天甲板交界处圆弧型肘板进行优选设计,有效地降低了该处的应力集中水平。     

三体船型PCC风荷载的实验性研究(英文)

In recent years, demands for car transportation by a ship have been increasing with favorable economic conditions in auto sector, and the need of a pure car carrier (PCC) has grown quickly. A PCC needs huge parking space but smaller displacement since a car is comparatively light for its volume. As a result, almost all PCCs have wide breadth, shallow draft and huge structure above the water surface. These features cause some technical issues of a PCC, like lack of stability, effect of strong winds on its resistance, difficulty of course keeping in rough seas, difficulty of berthing in strong winds, and so on. To overcome these technical issues, one of the authors has proposed a new concept for a PCC. This is a trimaran PCC which has very limited transverse bulkheads in the center hull by using two side hulls as fenders. In the present research, wind forces acting on a scale model of the trimaran PCC were measured in the towing tank with a wind generator at Osaka Prefecture University. Furthermore, in order to clarify the characteristics of wind pressure on the trimaran, height and width of tunnels which are between a main hull and side hulls were changed. And then, in order to imitate a real ship, we used wind reduction technology of corner-cut design for accommodation house of the ship. Moreover, the wind pressure acting on the trimaran was compared with that on a mono-hull PCC. Using these experimental and theoretical results, an estimation method of wind pressure acting on the trimaran PCC is deduced.     

弹性基础上的三维编织复合材料板的非线性振动分析

基于宏-细观力学分析,考虑编织纱线连续性对材料性能的影响,建立了三维编织复合材料板的单胞模型.采用Reddy高阶剪切板理论,给出四边简支编织材料矩形板在不同几何参数、纤维体积含量和弹性地基参数情况下的vonKármán-Donnell型振动方程的解,并讨论了弹性基础刚度、面内载荷、边厚比和编织角等对编织复合材料板的振动频率的影响.理论分析结果与文献结果吻合较好.     

桩土作用下缺陷大管桩单桩极限承载力理论计算

码头大管桩出现的不同类型缺陷,如混凝土脱落和钢筋锈蚀,会造成码头承载能力下降。基于完整桩-土体系的荷载传递理论,推导获得缺陷桩剩余极限承载力的计算公式。依托工程实践,考察混凝土剥落和钢筋锈蚀这两种缺陷类型对单桩极限承载力的影响,并得出相应结论：混凝土剥落位置对单桩竖向极限承载力和单桩抗拔极限承载力有影响,混凝土剥落位置位于土层内部会减小单桩竖向极限承载力和单桩抗拔极限承载力,单桩竖向极限承载力减小0.07%,单桩抗拔极限承载力减小1.72%;但对桩身竖向承载力却不同,混凝土缺损对桩身轴心受压承载力减小25.65%,钢筋损失对桩身竖向承载力减小20.95%。混凝土缺损比钢筋缺损对桩身各项承载力的影响要大得多。     

危险货物管理体系及思考

文中分析整理了国内危险货物管理体系,理清了危险货物物流链上各环节的监管情况,并从海事管理者的角度总揽危险货物监管全局,指出了现阶段存在的主要问题,给出了切实可行的解决方案。文章最后本着建设服务型政府的理念和促进综合运输体系发展的思路,对危险货物领域的法规重构提出了建议。     

吃水受限内河船舶航行性能综合优化的分层并行混沌算法

船舶航行性能综合优化设计分析是一项非常重要的工作。基于分层思想、并行算法和混沌算法,建立了吃水受限内河船舶性能综合优化的数学模型,设计了一种求解此类问题的基于敏感变量分段的分层并行混沌复合算法。编制了界面友好的VC＋＋软件。对于吃水受限内河船舶快速性和操纵性综合优化问题,进行了遗传算法、混沌算法、并行混沌算法和分层并行混沌算法的大量优化计算,结果表明：该复合算法计算可靠、效率高;为吃水受限内河大型船舶综合优良船型设计奠定了良好基础。     

Biological control of harmful algal blooms: A modelling study

A multispecies dynamic simulation model (ERSEM) was used to examine the influence of allelopathic and trophic interactions causing feeding avoidance by predators, on the formation of harmful algal blooms, under environmental scenarios typical of a Mediterranean harbour (Barcelona). The biological state variables of the model included four functional groups of phytoplankton (diatoms, toxic and non-toxic flagellates and picophytoplankton), heterotrophic flagellates, micro- and mesozooplankton and bacteria. The physical–chemical forcing (irradiance, temperature and major nutrient concentrations) was based on an actual series of measurements taken along a year cycle in the Barcelona harbour. In order to evaluate potential effects of advection, some runs were repeated after introducing a biomass loss term. Numerical simulations showed that allelopathic effects of a toxic alga on a non-toxic but otherwise similar competitor did not have appreciable influence on the dynamics of the system. However, induction of avoidance of the toxic alga by predators, which resulted on increased predation pressure on other algal groups had a significant effect on the development of algal and predator populations. The presence of advection overrided the effect of these interactions and only allowed organisms with sufficiently high potential growth rates to thrive.     

浅水域中船舶的操纵运动仿真研究

研究船舶在浅水中的操纵与控制是船舶航行安全的一项重要课题。根据势流理论,以某型船舶为仿真实体,进行仿真建模,通过对船体进行网格划分,基于不同船体网格模型进行浅水域的操纵性计算。研究结果反映出该型船舶在浅水域的操纵特性,为该型船舶在浅水域的操纵提供科学依据,同时对其它船型的操纵性研究具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Some insights into competition between low-cost airlines

The phenomenon of the wide world growth in low-cost airlines has resulted in a focus on their pricing strategies, on issues of cost recovery and on their impact on the traffic and market shares of legacy carriers or other low-cost carriers when they are in competition, either directly or at adjacent airports.This paper provides a brief overview of the characteristics of these low-cost carriers as well as their history and geography. It goes on to outline ways in which these carriers compete and manage demand, ranging from price competition to advertising; some of these methods directly reflect their special characteristics. Some empirical evidence is presented which indicates a correlation in fare setting behaviour between competitors and insights are offered on cost recovery.The impact of the start-up of low-cost carriers is also analysed, focusing on their impacts on other low-cost carriers. The case of Ryanair competing with easyJet on London-Venice is examined along with Southwest and Frontier on Denver-Las Vegas.