Minnows And Sharks - Survival Of The Fittest

The Brazilian ship financing system has some unique features. The funds made available to finance the construction and acquisition of ships are sourced from a tax on import and cabotage freight, payable by the shippers. For Brazilian flagged ships, a portion of the tax generated can be used for the payment of loan instalments. This paper analyses the impact of the tax on the economy as a whole, and discusses the distribution of the tax burden between the shipowner and the shipper, taking into account the maritime transport demand elasticities in Brazil. The paper also analyses the effectiveness of the financing system in reducing the capital cost to shipowner, and the distortion effects produced by the utilization of the tax in loan repayments. The conclusion is that there are important distortions that may threaten the recovery of the maritime industry in Brazil.     

融资租赁船舶安全监管的探讨

通过对融资租赁船舶安全工作现状的分析,就提高船舶所有人安全意识,提升事故风险的防范水平,丰富对此类船舶的安全与防污染管理提出了建议。     

船舶企业在建船舶抵押融资模式研究

针对目前国内船舶企业尤其是地方造船企业在进行造船项目融资过程中存在的瓶颈——贷款担保难问题展开研究，提出了以在建船舶进行抵押的新型融资担保模式，并对该模式实际运作提出了相关的制度建议。     

某大型原油船脱硫改装电力系统设计

随着MARPOL公约对船舶在全球海域限制SOX排放量的生效日期日益临近,船舶加装脱硫系统已经成为很多船东的选择。文章以某大型原油船加装脱硫系统的改造项目为背景,对改造后电力系统进行分析研究。为满足船东对船舶航行的燃油经济性要求,该项目确定选用增加脱硫发电机并配脱硫系统配电盘的方案。通过对电力系统进行负荷估算、短路电流计算、选择性分析等,得出此方案不仅可行,同时也最大限度保持了原配电系统完整性。     

The pros and cons of leasing in ship financing

Ship leasing is as old as shipping itself. As a financing device it is an alternative to equity financing through ship mortgages. Ship financing methodologies are in themselves highly sophisticated, and within that domain, the principal varieties of leases, namely, the operating lease and the finance lease are both fairly complex mechanisms in terms of their respective uses. Ships are assets; as such ship leasing falls under asset financing and is subject to the fundamental rules of equipment leasing. But ship leasing also has its own distinctive characteristics not only in relation to the unique features of the shipping industry and ship financing, but also, the legal regime within which ship leasing operates. There are variations in the legal regime which in turn impact on economic considerations. Thus, there are pros and cons involved in ship leasing, and they depend on a number of variables. This article is an attempt to critically examine these pros and cons from the relative perspectives of theory-based economists on the one hand, and law and accounting practitioners on the other. To that end, a two-fold literature review of the subject area is presented. The article concludes that economists identify ship leasing with a positive tax advantage and an enhanced financial disposition of the lessee. In contrast, the views of practitioners are complex and inconsistent. It is evident that the literature focuses on the legal arrangements involved in these transactions. These legal arrangements stem from the inherent risks associated with ships and shipping operations and have led to some disadvantages with respect to ship leasing.     

De-manning the fleet: federal government reforms and Australia's shipping debate

Australia's merchant fleet underwent a delayed response to the trends responsible for the attrition of the OECD fleets over the past decades. A combination of political factors and the heritage of protectionism led to centrally-directed and government-sponsored programmes of modernization. Essentially, compliance with the federal government's shipping policy was achieved through the linkage of reform to tax incentives and to the management of change by tripartite shipowner, government and trade union committees. This paper explores the basic pattern of the reforms, their costings, assessment and policy alternatives.     

Legal and practical consequences of not complying with ISM code

It has now been confirmed that some shipping companies could not meet the deadline set for complying with the ISM code for 1998, though available statistics show that most parties concerned have been ISM certified. What the legal consequences would be for such failure is the question on the minds of many people concerned. This paper sets out to deal with this question by answering, amongst other things, the following questions: (i) Would such a failure amount to unseaworthiness in the conventional international bills of lading law? (ii) Would such a failure provide valid defences to marine insurers for rejecting a related claim or prompt the establishment of a new pre-condition for purchasing insurance? (iii) Would such failure deprive a shipowner of the right to limit his liability under the international conventions concerned? (iv) Would such failure make the ships concerned more liable to detention at ports?     

贷款融资投资船舶决策分析

从投资者所要求的权益资金收益最大化目标出发,建立了可据以决策的结合贷款融资因素的投资者权益资金投资净现值与内部收益率计算模型,并对不同贷款条件对投资船舶的投资者权益资金收益率的影响进行了定量分析,得出了有助于船舶投资者选择贷款条件的结论.     

The subsidization of seaports: an alternative approach

The introduction of the tonnage tax for shipping companies has been a response to the declining fleets in many European countries. There are strategic and commercial reasons why a maritime presence is desirable, not least of which is to maintain an important skill base. Although regimes have differed they all offer some form of preferential rates of tax for those ships on the register. In certain cases this tax subsidy has been linked to a requirement to train seafarers, notably in the UK. This article analyses the impact of the tonnage tax system and its success in achieving its objectives of fleet expansion and employment with particular reference to the UK.     

Tonnage tax: is it working?

The introduction of the tonnage tax for shipping companies has been a response to the declining fleets in many European countries. There are strategic and commercial reasons why a maritime presence is desirable, not least of which is to maintain an important skill base. Although regimes have differed they all offer some form of preferential rates of tax for those ships on the register. In certain cases this tax subsidy has been linked to a requirement to train seafarers, notably in the UK. This article analyses the impact of the tonnage tax system and its success in achieving its objectives of fleet expansion and employment with particular reference to the UK.     

6艘成品油船轴系故障分析与对策

介绍了某船东６艘９５００／８５００ＤＷＴ级成品油船轴系故障情况及对此进行的故障分析，以及为根除故障提出的解决措施。同时也介绍了作者提供的分析怀改进设计报告在船东与船舶建造厂及有关外国船级社关于船舶轴系故障的谈判中所起到的关键作用。     

船东风险评估及实证研究

船东风险是造船企业面临的主要风险之一.船东风险持续时间长、发生的后果对造船企业造成的损失大,并且由于受航运市场波动的影响,具有很大的不确定性,因此船东风险评估成为造船企业风险决策的重要依据.在建立船东主要风险体系的基础上,应用模糊层次分析法建立船东风险评估模型,通过调研我国某家厂的国外船东A,应用建立的船东风险评估模型对其进行风险评估,并对该船东的风险进行了分析.基于模糊层次分析的船东风险评估模型,将对船东风险的模糊判断转化成风险数值,以直观的形式将船东风险及影响船东风险内外部特征的评估值呈现出来,为船厂对船东风险分析与接单决策提供技术支持,具有普遍意义.     

The implications of piracy on marine insurance: some considerations for the shipowner

A prominent feature of modern day piracy is the ransom that is demanded for the safe release of the ship, cargo and crew. The recent upsurge of this type of piracy, in areas of the world that are of strategic importance to the shipping industry, has created many challenges for shipowners, underwriters and the law relating to marine insurance. The aim of this paper is to examine how the marine insurance market is being affected by the threat of modern day piracy, and seeks to identify the options that are available for the recovery of a ransom payment by the shipowner. Moreover, this study aims to identify the legal issues that might prevent a shipowner from recovering a ransom payment under an insurance policy or from the other interests in a common adventure. The study establishes that a reasonably made ransom payment by the shipowner will amount to an extraordinary expense that is taken to minimise or avert a loss. Such an act can generally be recovered under the insurance policy as a sue and labour expense or from other interests in the common adventure as a general average expense. However, illegality, unseaworthiness and exemption clauses in a marine policy are identified as being legal issues that may prevent a shipowner from recovering the ransom payment. Some of these problems may be overcome if clauses are carefully drafted to specifically cater for modern day piracy in a marine insurance policy. Several inconsistencies may also be resolved by transferring the piracy peril to war risks cover. The shipowner’s duty is to respond to the changing circumstances, by ensuring that his vessel is sufficiently equipped and the crew is properly trained to resist a hijacking.     

2 750 TEU集装箱船中央空调系统设计

以舟山扬帆集团2 750 TEU集装箱船的详细设计为背景,在介绍中央空调系统的基础上,阐述了为满足船东要求在应急情况下对空调系统内部封闭循环运行的设计,并估算了内部封闭循环的容许时间.     

Configuration estimation method for preliminary cost of ships based on engineering bills of materials

Ships are complex engineering structures that are designed and built on the basis of technical experience. A shipowner will often be required to estimate the price of a new ship on the basis of the value of comparable ships identified in trade journals. Similarly, shipbuilders are often interested in estimating approximate costs during the tendering phase in order to determine whether a ship is likely to be competitive for a particular order. Thus, when designing a ship prior to having obtained a contract, one of the most important processes is the estimation of approximate costs, including materials, associated labor, and overhead. During this preliminary design phase, the design is temporary and subject to change based on variations in the shipowner’s requirements. Hence, quick and flexible responses are key during this period and an integral aspect of the competitive powers of the shipbuilder. Given this environment, we propose a “configuration estimation method.” Our method is based on the configuration design method that is widely used in three-dimensional (3D) computer aided design (CAD) systems. We assume that a product lifecycle management system is furnished and that the cost is then estimated via the configuration of the ship, using an engineering bill of materials (E-BOM). In referring to the E-BOM, we utilize technical parametric costs derived from similar ships built previously. Using the proposed method, it is possible to obtain an accurate list of materials from the quotation, as well as a detailed work assessment for labor costs and overhead rates, so that reliable cost estimates can be generated quickly and flexibly. To demonstrate the practical applicability and effectiveness of the proposed method, we implement the prototype of a shipbuilding configuration estimation system by using a Microsoft Structured Query Language database and an E-BOM from AVEVA Marine version 12.01, which is a representative CAD system for shipbuilding.     

中国籍非国际航行船舶安全检查选船机制

长期以来,中国籍非国际航行船舶的安全检查没有系统的选船机制。为了填补这一项空白,提高上海港以及我国的船舶监督管理水平,文中研究了我国非国际航行船舶安全检查的选船因素,并建立评价指标体系,同时引入模糊综合评价的方法。建立我国非国际航行船舶安全检查的选船机制。最后,还将选船的数学模型转化为简单易用的选船软件,为日常的安检工作提供了有力支持。     

关于外商独资企业在建船舶抵押登记问题的探讨

目前我国船舶登记管理工作中碰到一些难点热点问题,其中如何解决在我国依法设立的外商独资企业(船厂)为其在建船舶融资贷款申请办理抵押权登记的现实问题较为突出。随着我国加入WTO,市场经济形势的不断发展,建立外商独资企业在建船舶抵押权登记管理制度迫在眉睫。笔者就此问题结合船舶登记工作实际提出可行性建议及探讨,为解决现实登记问题,促进我国船舶登记制度不断完善和改进有着现实的意义。     

改善水面舰艇舱室空气品质的技术思考

简要分析了国内水面舰艇舱内主要污染物类型，介绍了国内外空气净化技术的主要优缺点及其在水面舰艇上的应用现状与前景，并提出了改善我国水面舰艇舱室空气品质的相关可行性技术方案。