玻璃纤维增强塑料(GFRP)筋混凝土梁抗弯性能的研究

通过GFRP筋混凝土梁和普通钢筋混凝土梁的破坏试验,对GFRP筋混凝土梁跨中荷载挠度等受力变形规律进行了试验研究.讨论了GFRP筋混凝土梁有限元建模计算的方法,参照普通钢筋混凝土梁的有限元模型,采用线弹性本构关系模型,对不同配筋率的GFRP筋混凝土抗弯性能进行了计算研究.结果表明,GFRP筋混凝土梁的跨中荷载挠度曲线在...     

铝合金/GFRP筋近表面嵌入式增强钢筋混凝土梁抗弯性能试验

为研究铝合金/玻璃纤维增强复合材料（GFRP）筋近表面嵌入式加固混凝土梁的抗弯性能,以加固方式、加固筋类型和加固量为变量,设计了5根钢筋混凝土梁试件进行单调静载试验,重点分析了混凝土加固梁的破坏模式和破坏特征。研究结果表明：采用铝合金筋或GFRP筋嵌入式加固后混凝土梁的受弯承载力均显著提高;加固量相同时,GFRP筋加固梁、铝合金/GFRP筋混合加固梁和铝合金筋加固梁的极限荷载比未加固梁分别提高了105.8%、45.7%和17.5%,但混凝土梁采用GFRP筋加固后延性降低、脆性突出,而采用铝合金/GFRP筋混合加固或铝合金加固后混凝土梁的延性则与对比梁相当;GFRP筋嵌入式加固梁和铝合金筋嵌入式加固梁分别发生了混凝土保护层剥落破坏和加固筋屈服后混凝土压溃破坏,而铝合金/GFRP筋混合加固梁则先是GFRP筋与混凝土保护层发生剥离,之后随着作用跨中位移的持续增大,受压区混凝土发生压溃,破坏过程有两重防线。在试验研究基础上,采用截面分析法给出了嵌入式加固梁抗弯强度的理论计算模型与工程实用模型,计算结果表明：加固梁极限弯矩的试验值与理论预测值之比及与实用模型计算值之比的平均值分别为1.081和1.063,方差分别为0.003和0.005,吻合较好。     

GFRP筋混凝土柱抗震性能试验

为了掌握GFRP筋混凝土柱的抗震性能,通过5根全GFRP筋混凝土柱和1根混合配筋混凝土柱的低周反复加载试验,研究了体积配箍率、轴压比对GFRP筋混凝土柱抗震性能的影响,分析了混凝土柱抗震破坏形态和过程、滞回特性、变形与耗能能力、强度退化和刚度退化等特征。分别采用延性系数和综合性能指标2种延性评价方法评价其抗震性能,并进行对比。将抗弯承载力试验值与加拿大CAN/CSA-S806-12、美国ACI 440.1R-15和中国GB 50608—2010规范计算值进行了对比。在已有研究成果基础上,结合试验得出的骨架曲线进行分析,提出了全FRP筋混凝土柱理论骨架曲线的计算方法。研究结果表明:全GFRP筋混凝土柱最终因混凝土压碎和GFRP纵筋断裂而破坏,混合配筋混凝土柱因混凝土压碎和钢筋纵筋屈服而破坏,所有试件均未发生GFRP箍筋破坏且GFRP箍筋能够在试验过程中一直对混凝土提供有效约束;全GFRP筋混凝土柱的滞回曲线捏缩效应更加明显,且耗能能力稍低于混合配筋混凝土柱;采用传统的延性系数方法评价GFRP筋混凝土柱的抗震性能存在一定的局限性,而综合性能指标可全面反映GFRP筋混凝土柱较高的承载力和变形性能,且综合性能指标随体积配箍率增大、轴压比减小而逐渐增大;3种规范的抗弯承载力计算值均小于试验值,美国ACI 440.1R-15规范计算值安全储备最高。所建立的理论骨架曲线与试验骨架曲线总体上较为吻合。     

GFRP筋纤维增韧高强轻骨料混凝土受弯构件挠度分析

为研究GFRP筋纤维增韧高强轻骨料混凝土梁变形规律,完成10根高强轻骨料混凝土梁受弯性能试验,重点分析了纤维掺量、纵筋种类、GFRP筋配筋率和GFRP筋直径对试件不同受力阶段变形的影响;明确了GFRP筋混凝土受弯构件正常使用阶段应变及应力分布;基于刚度解析法,结合文献中GFRP筋普通混凝土受弯构件挠度实测数据,给出GFRP筋应变不均匀系数计算公式,综合考虑轻骨料、钢纤维及GFRP筋配筋率的影响对其进行修正;基于该公式对各试件使用荷载下的挠度进行计算,并与美国规范（ACI 440.1R-15）、中国规范（GB 50608-2010）和加拿大规范（CSA S806-12,ISIS-M03-07）的计算结果进行对比分析。结果表明：随配筋率的增大,试件破坏模式依次表现为GFRP筋拉断破坏、平衡破坏和混凝土压碎破坏;混凝土压碎破坏试件弯矩-挠度曲线分为开裂前阶段、裂缝开展阶段和受压破坏阶段,而平衡破坏和GFRP筋拉断破坏试件仅具有前2个阶段。轻骨料混凝土掺入钢纤维能够抑制构件开裂后刚度退化,降低混凝土压碎破坏脆性;提高GFRP筋配筋率可减小试件变形,GFRP筋直径对其无显著影响。采用中国规范（GB 50608-2010）计算试件正常使用极限状态下的挠度,结果稍显不安全;美国规范（ACI 440.1R-15）计算结果略偏保守;加拿大规范（ISIS-M03-07）与（CSA S806-12）计算值均具有一定的安全储备;建议公式计算结果较为准确且离散性较低,能够用于该类构件挠度的计算。     

对GFRP筋混凝土桥面板中压缩薄膜效应的研究

为研究压缩薄膜效应对玻璃纤维增强筋(GFRP)混凝土桥面板工作性能的影响,结合GFRP筋、钢筋混凝土板的试验成果,采用有限元法对该类结构进行非线性有限元分析,并将计算结果与试验结果进行对比.结果表明:计算结果与试验结果吻合良好,所建立的模型能够准确地反映GFRP筋混凝土板的工作性能及压缩薄膜效应;压缩薄膜效应导致结构实...     

GFRP筋混凝土板疲劳损伤分析

通过5个长为1600mm、截面尺寸为450mm×100mm的GFRP筋混凝土板进行试验,其中1个板进行静力加载试验,另外4个板进行疲劳加载试验,研究了应力比对玻璃纤维增强聚合物(GFRP)筋混凝土板疲劳性能的影响,并在此基础上,基于Palmgren-Miner和Carten-Dolan两种理论,进行了GFRP筋混凝土板正截面疲劳损伤理论分析。结果表明,与Palmgren-Miner理论分析结果相比,Carten-Dolan理论对GFRP筋混凝土板疲劳寿命的预测结果更接近于试验结果并偏于保守。     

GFRP筋与混凝土黏结性能试验研究v

为研究玻璃纤维增强复合材料筋(glass fiber reinforced polymer bars, GFRP 筋)与混凝土的黏结性能及破坏模式,进行了9 组 GFRP 筋与混凝土的单向拉拔试验。试验设计中考虑了GFRP 筋锚固长度、GFRP 筋直径及混凝土强度的变化对GFRP 筋锚固性能的影响。试验结果表明: GFRP 筋与混凝土间的黏结强度随筋材锚固长度及混凝土强度的增加而显著提高;对于筋材直径为12 mm 的试件,其峰值荷载由锚固长度30 mm 对应的24. 4 kN 增加至锚固长度120 mm 对应的71. 5 kN;对于相同几何构造特征的试件 (S-4, S-8 及S-9),其峰值荷载由C30 对应的55. 4 kN 增加至C50 对应的71. 5 kN;此外,试件的破坏模式随筋材直径及锚固长度的增加由筋材受拉断裂转变为筋材拔出破坏或混凝土劈裂破坏;试验所得的试件荷载-滑移曲线表现出典型的4 阶段受力破坏特征,分别为微滑移段、滑移段、下降段和残余段。研究成果可为GFRP 筋在混凝土结构中的应用提供参考。     

GFRP筋与混凝土黏结性能试验研究

为研究玻璃纤维增强复合材料筋(glass fiber reinforced polymer bars, GFRP筋)与混凝土的黏结性能及破坏模式,进行了9组GFRP筋与混凝土的单向拉拔试验。试验设计中考虑了GFRP筋锚固长度、GFRP筋直径及混凝土强度的变化对GFRP筋锚固性能的影响。试验结果表明:GFRP筋与混凝土间的黏结强度随筋材锚固长度及混凝土强度的增加而显著提高;对于筋材直径为12mm的试件,其峰值荷载由锚固长度30 mm对应的24. 4 kN增加至锚固长度120 mm对应的71. 5 kN;对于相同几何构造特征的试件(S-4,S-8及S-9),其峰值荷载由C30对应的55. 4 kN增加至C50对应的71. 5 kN;此外,试件的破坏模式随筋材直径及锚固长度的增加由筋材受拉断裂转变为筋材拔出破坏或混凝土劈裂破坏;试验所得的试件荷载-滑移曲线表现出典型的4阶段受力破坏特征,分别为微滑移段、滑移段、下降段和残余段。研究成果可为GFRP筋在混凝土结构中的应用提供参考。     

交通荷载作用下压缩薄膜效应对GFRP筋混凝土桥梁面板工作性能的影响分析

为了研究采用玻璃纤维增强筋作为配筋材料的混凝土桥梁面板的工作性能,结合板内的压缩薄膜效应对该结构类型在交通衙载作用下的工作性能进行了非线性有限元分析.通过对已建的GFRP筋混凝土桥梁结构、现行GFRP筋桥梁面板设计规范和数值模拟结果的比较分析,可以发现由于压缩薄膜效应的作用,实际的桥梁面板中所需的配筋率要远低于规范的计...     

无腹筋GFRP筋混凝土梁抗剪性能试验

对一组无腹筋玻璃纤维增强塑料(Fiber Glass-reinforced Plastics,GFRP)筋混凝土梁的抗剪性能进行了试验研究,所有试验梁均为三分点加载,将6根试验梁按有效配筋率分为3组,每组包括1根钢筋混凝土梁和1根GFRP筋混凝土梁,且所有试验梁均为斜拉破坏;分析了试验梁的荷载-挠度关系、裂缝开展及抗剪承载力,并将各FRP筋设计规范或指南的抗剪承载力预测值与试验结果进行对比。结果表明:有效配筋率相同的钢筋混凝土梁和GFRP筋混凝土梁具有相近的抗剪承载力;修正的CAN/CSA-S6-06抗剪承载力预测结果与试验结果符合度最高,而ACI 440.1R-06的预测结果过于保守;建议的FRP筋混凝土梁抗剪承载力公式提高了承载力预测精度。     

Fatigue design for plug/ring type gas welded joints of sts301l including welding residual stresses

This paper presents a fatigue design method for plug and ring type gas welded joints, which incorporates welding residual stress effects. A non-linear finite element analysis (FEA) was first performed to simulate the gas welding process. The numerically predicted residual stresses of the gas welds were then compared to experimental results measured using a hole drilling method. In order to evaluate the fatigue strength of the plug and ring type gas welded joints, a stress amplitude (σ _a ) _R taling the welding residual stress of the gas weld into account was introduced and is based on a modified Goodman equation incorporating the effect of the residual stress. Using the stress amplitude (σ _a ) _R , the ΔP-N _f relations obtained from fatigue tests for plug and ring type gas welded joints having various dimensions and shapes were systematically rearranged into (σ _a ) _R -N _f relations. It was found that the proposed stress amplitude (σ _a ) _R could provide a systematic and reasonable fatigue design criterion for the plug and ring type gas welded joints.     

Non-fragile multi-objective static output feedback control of vehicle active suspension with time-delay

This paper presents an approach to design a delay-dependent non-fragile H_∞/L₂–L_∞ static output feedback (SOF) controller for active suspension with input time-delay. The control problem of quarter-car active suspension with actuator time-delay is formulated to a H_∞/L₂–L_∞ control problem. By employing a delay-dependent Lyapunov function, new existence conditions of delay-dependent non-fragile SOF H_∞ controller and L₂–L_∞ controller are derived, respectively, in terms of the feasibility of bilinear matrix inequalities (BMIs). Then, a procedure based on linear matrix inequality optimisation and a hybrid algorithm of the particle swarm optimisation and differential evolution is used to solve an optimisation problem with BMI constraints. Design and simulation results of non-fragile H_∞/L₂–L_∞ controller for active suspension show that the designed controller not only can achieve the optimal performance and stability of the closed-loop system in spite of the existence of the actuator time-delay, but also has significantly improved the non-fragility characteristics over controller perturbations.     

Assessment of a semi-Hertzian method for determination of wheel–rail contact patch

Wheel–rail contact calculations are essential for simulating railway vehicle dynamic behavior. Currently, these simulations usually use the Hertz contact theory to calculate normal forces and Kalker's ‘FASTSIM’ program to evaluate tangential stresses. Since 1996, new methods called semi-Hertzian have appeared: 5 Kik, W. and Piotrowski, J. A fast approximate method to calculate normal load at contact between wheel and rail and creep forces during rolling. Paper presented at the 2nd Mini-conference on Contact Mechanics and Wear of Rail/Wheel Systems. July29–31, Budapest.  [Google Scholar] 7 Ayasse, J. B., Chollet, H. and Maupu, J. L. 2000. Paramètres caractéristiques du contact roue-rail. Rapport de Recherche INRETS n225, ISSN 0768–9756 (in French) [Google Scholar] (STRIPES). These methods attempt to estimate the non-elliptical contact patches with a discrete extension of the Hertz theory. As a continuation of 2 Ayasse, J. B and Chollet, H. 2005. Determination of the wheel–rail contact patch in semi-Hertzian conditions. Vehicle System Dynamics, 43(3) [Google Scholar], a validation of the STRIPES method for normal problem computing on three test cases is proposed in this article. The test cases do not fulfill the hypothesis required for the Hertz theory. Then, the Kalker's FASTSIM algorithm is adapted to STRIPES patch calculus to perform tangential forces computation. This adaptation is assessed using Kalker's CONTACT algorithm.     

Measurement of soot oxidation with No<Subscript>2</Subscript>-O<Subscript>2</Subscript>-H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O in a flow reactor simulating diesel engine DPF

Understanding the mechanism of carbon oxidation is important for the successful modeling of diesel particulate filter regeneration. Characteristics of soot oxidation were investigated with carbon black (Printex-U). A flow reactor system that could simulate the condition of a diesel particulate filter and diesel exhaust gas was designed. Kinetic constants were derived and the reaction mechanisms were proposed using the experimental results and a simple reaction scheme, which approximated the overall oxidation process in TPO as well as CTO. From the experiments, the apparent activation energy for carbon oxidation with NO₂-O₂-H₂O was determined to be 40±2 kJ/mol, with the first order of carbon in the range of 10∼90% oxidation and a temperature range of 250∼500°C. This value was exceedingly lower than the activation energy of NO₂-O₂ oxidation, which was 60±3 kJ/mol. When NO₂ exists with O₂ and H₂O, the reaction rate increases in proportion to NO₂. It increases nonlinearly with O₂ or H₂O concentration when the other two oxidants are fixed.     

Incorporating insights from signal optimization into reservation-based intersection controls

Reservation-based intersection control for autonomous vehicles has the potential to make greater use of intersection capacity. Indeed, previous studies on the first-come-first-served (FCFS) policy (which prioritizes vehicles by order of their reservation request) have shown improvements over optimized signals. However, in certain situations, such as asymmetric intersections, FCFS easily performs worse than signals. To address this issue, we propose two new reservation policies, WEIGHTED and PHASED. WEIGHTED weights vehicle delay by signal timings, and PHASED simulates a signal but allows red phase turning movements that will not cause a collision. We test these policies on a city network and an arterial bottleneck intersection subnetwork and show that PHASED performs better than WEIGHTED in some scenarios, and vice versa. Furthermore, we show that using a combination of PHASED and WEIGHTED can perform better than using either one alone for the entire network. Results show that these policies provide effective and easily implemented alternatives to FCFS for reservations.     

Evaluation of a vehicle directional control with a fractional order PD<Superscript>μ</Superscript> controller

In this paper, a novel controller, the fractional order PD^μ controller, is designed to improve the performance of the driver-vehicle system. First, fractional calculus and fractional order PI^λD^μ controller are introduced. A control algorithm for vehicle directional control using the fractional order PD^μ controller is then presented. Based on preview-follower theory, the on-line tuning method of the fractional order PD^μ controller is designed. By comparing simulated and experimental results, the validity and robustness of the proposed fractional order PD^μ controller in the closed loop system are verified. Finally, comprehensive evaluations are performed between the systems with the fractional order PD^μ controller and with an integer PD controller. The results demonstrate that the use of the fractional order controller leads to an improvement of the performance of the driver-vehicle system.     

Solving the K-shortest paths problem in timetable-based public transportation systems

Finding the K-shortest paths in timetable-based public transportation systems is an important problem in practice. It has three typical variants: the K-earliest arrival problem (K-EAP), the K-shortest travel time problem (K-STTP), and the K-minimum number of transfers problem (K-MNTP). In this article we show that these problems can be solved efficiently by first modeling the timetable information with the time-expanded approach, then applying the Martins and Santos (MS) algorithm. Then we model the timetable information with the time-dependent approach and propose a modified version of the MS algorithm for solving the K-EAP. Experimental results on real-world data show that for K smaller than 100, which is enough for most applications, the execution times of the MS algorithm for the problems in the time-expanded model are less than 100 ms on a server with a 1.86-GHz central processing unit (CPU) and 4 GB of memory. For solving the K-EAP the modified MS algorithm in the time-dependent model is even more efficient (about three times faster for K ≤ 100) than the original algorithm in the time-expanded model. Our results imply the great potential of the MS algorithms in practical transportation service systems.