大跨度钢管混凝土拱桥动力试验与分析

桥梁动力特性是评价桥梁状态的重要依据之一,本文以浙江乌溪江大桥为例,通过比较有限元理论计算和动力试验,通过桥梁冲击系数、自振频率和阻尼比等方面进行桥梁动力性能的比较分析。理论计算与实测结果吻合度较高,对桥梁进行动力试验可以有效客观反映桥梁的真实状态。     

大跨径连续箱梁桥静动力特性试验研究

简要介绍了某4跨连续箱梁的静动力试验,并对主梁应力、挠度、冲击系数、自振频率等静动力特性进行了分析,可供同类桥梁的设计借鉴。     

桥梁自振特性与承载能力分析

桥梁结构自振特性与结构承载能力有着内在联系;自振频率与桥跨刚度、结构挠度检验系数存在一定关系。通过结构响应模态振型振幅的比较,可以对结构横向联系使用状况进行损伤识别。通过实测桥梁结构阻尼比的变化,可以对结构边界条件、结构材料阻尼特性的改变进行分析判断。本文结合两座桥梁自振特性的跟踪测试,对桥梁自振特性和承载能力之间的关系进行分析。     

朔黄铁路南排河特大桥健康状态评估研究

为研究桥梁结构在水流冲刷作用下的健康状态,对朔黄铁路南排河大桥进行了动力测试。测试内容包括粱体横竖向振幅、自振频率、梁底应变、梁跨中挠度、支座横向位移以及桥墩自振频率和墩顶横向振幅。测试结果中除了墩顶横向振幅和桥墩自振频率外均能满足《铁路桥梁检定规范》规定的限值。这说明桥墩的横向刚度偏小,需采取一定的措施进行加固。试验中还比较了脉动法、余振法和冲击振动法等测量自振频率的方法之间的差异,推荐采用冲击振动法测试桥梁自振频率。     

贵州某悬索桥动载试验研究

以贵州某悬索桥为背景工程,阐述了大跨径悬索桥动载试验的方法、内容。对主跨338m地锚式悬索桥进行了动载试验,测试了结构主梁竖向弯曲振动模态的自振频率、阻尼比、振型;通过无障碍行车试验、紧急制动试验和有障碍行车试验,分析了结构的冲击系数。结果表明:该桥自振频率的实测值与理论值吻合较好;主梁竖向弯曲振动的自振频率均较低,即该桥主梁在竖向相对较柔;不同车速过桥的动载试验中,冲击系数并未出现急剧增加或数值很大的情况,并且车速对冲击系数影响较小;有障碍行车试验实测的动态增量和试验冲击系数值明显高于无障碍行车试验。     

基于实验模态的桥梁结构动力分析理论研究

桥梁结构动力试验包含自振特性测试和各种条件的行车试验。实际检测时主要是利用测试冲击系数和自振频率这2项参数对桥梁结构承载能力进行评价,对于阻尼、振型等测试结果没有评判方法,仅列在检测报告中供参考。在实测中发现,频率、振型、阻尼的测试结果与设计计算值差异性较大,因此可以推断按设计值计算的结构动力响应(地震、抗风)计算结果与实际响应也应有较大差距。以基于振型分解法的理论作为基础,提出采用试验模态的实测数据进行动力计算,进而可以较为准确地评价桥梁结构的动力响应。     

大跨度独塔斜拉桥动荷载试验与分析

基于有限元分析理论,借助有限元通用计算程序,以独塔斜拉桥为工程背景,对该桥的自振特性进行了理论分析,并通过对结构进行的动荷载试验,将现场采集的试验数据与理论计算数据进行了对比分析,发现自振频率理论值低于实测值,冲击系数实测值比理论值小,说明结构实际刚度比理论刚度大,具有较好的抗冲击性能。     

某多跨连续箱梁桥动力测试及舒适度评价

以某多跨连续箱梁桥为对象,利用试验车辆对桥梁施以动力荷载进行强迫振动试验,获得结构振动的振幅、动应变、动挠度及冲击系数;在此基础上结合脉动试验,识别桥梁结构的频率、阻尼比,基于Diekemann指标及Sperling指标评价其动力舒适度。结果表明,在测试荷载作用下,桥梁动应变很小;加载车速度为10~40km/h时,主桥试验跨冲击系数与车速相关性明显,各试验工况下结构的冲击系数为0.028~0.175,略大于设计值,桥面平顺性欠佳;结构实测频率与理论值的比值为1.11~1.25,主桥整体抗弯刚度符合理论预期。     

在役钢筋砼肋拱桥荷载试验研究

对一座在役钢筋砼肋拱桥,通过静、动载试验,实测其静力参数(横向分布系数、控制截面校验系数、相对残余变形和刚度)和动力参数(冲击系数、自振频率和阻尼比),从静、动力性能方面评估该桥承载能力。     

关于混凝土梁桥冲击系数的探讨

针对匀速运动车辆荷载通过简支梁桥的受迫振动的微分方程求解,获得桥跨结构动力响应的动力放大系数和结构自振频率,从而得到与自振频率、桥梁跨径和车辆速度等因素有关的冲击系数表达式。计算结果表明,《公路桥涵标准图》中的预应力混凝土T梁桥自振频率在2—5Hz范围,冲击系数较现行公路桥涵规范的设计冲击系数大,说明规范给出的冲击系数偏于不安全。提供的计算公式的计算结果与瑞士69座混凝土桥梁的试验值吻合良好。     

Fatigue design for plug/ring type gas welded joints of sts301l including welding residual stresses

This paper presents a fatigue design method for plug and ring type gas welded joints, which incorporates welding residual stress effects. A non-linear finite element analysis (FEA) was first performed to simulate the gas welding process. The numerically predicted residual stresses of the gas welds were then compared to experimental results measured using a hole drilling method. In order to evaluate the fatigue strength of the plug and ring type gas welded joints, a stress amplitude (σ _a ) _R taling the welding residual stress of the gas weld into account was introduced and is based on a modified Goodman equation incorporating the effect of the residual stress. Using the stress amplitude (σ _a ) _R , the ΔP-N _f relations obtained from fatigue tests for plug and ring type gas welded joints having various dimensions and shapes were systematically rearranged into (σ _a ) _R -N _f relations. It was found that the proposed stress amplitude (σ _a ) _R could provide a systematic and reasonable fatigue design criterion for the plug and ring type gas welded joints.     

Non-fragile multi-objective static output feedback control of vehicle active suspension with time-delay

This paper presents an approach to design a delay-dependent non-fragile H_∞/L₂–L_∞ static output feedback (SOF) controller for active suspension with input time-delay. The control problem of quarter-car active suspension with actuator time-delay is formulated to a H_∞/L₂–L_∞ control problem. By employing a delay-dependent Lyapunov function, new existence conditions of delay-dependent non-fragile SOF H_∞ controller and L₂–L_∞ controller are derived, respectively, in terms of the feasibility of bilinear matrix inequalities (BMIs). Then, a procedure based on linear matrix inequality optimisation and a hybrid algorithm of the particle swarm optimisation and differential evolution is used to solve an optimisation problem with BMI constraints. Design and simulation results of non-fragile H_∞/L₂–L_∞ controller for active suspension show that the designed controller not only can achieve the optimal performance and stability of the closed-loop system in spite of the existence of the actuator time-delay, but also has significantly improved the non-fragility characteristics over controller perturbations.     

Assessment of a semi-Hertzian method for determination of wheel–rail contact patch

Wheel–rail contact calculations are essential for simulating railway vehicle dynamic behavior. Currently, these simulations usually use the Hertz contact theory to calculate normal forces and Kalker's ‘FASTSIM’ program to evaluate tangential stresses. Since 1996, new methods called semi-Hertzian have appeared: 5 Kik, W. and Piotrowski, J. A fast approximate method to calculate normal load at contact between wheel and rail and creep forces during rolling. Paper presented at the 2nd Mini-conference on Contact Mechanics and Wear of Rail/Wheel Systems. July29–31, Budapest.  [Google Scholar] 7 Ayasse, J. B., Chollet, H. and Maupu, J. L. 2000. Paramètres caractéristiques du contact roue-rail. Rapport de Recherche INRETS n225, ISSN 0768–9756 (in French) [Google Scholar] (STRIPES). These methods attempt to estimate the non-elliptical contact patches with a discrete extension of the Hertz theory. As a continuation of 2 Ayasse, J. B and Chollet, H. 2005. Determination of the wheel–rail contact patch in semi-Hertzian conditions. Vehicle System Dynamics, 43(3) [Google Scholar], a validation of the STRIPES method for normal problem computing on three test cases is proposed in this article. The test cases do not fulfill the hypothesis required for the Hertz theory. Then, the Kalker's FASTSIM algorithm is adapted to STRIPES patch calculus to perform tangential forces computation. This adaptation is assessed using Kalker's CONTACT algorithm.     

Measurement of soot oxidation with No<Subscript>2</Subscript>-O<Subscript>2</Subscript>-H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O in a flow reactor simulating diesel engine DPF

Understanding the mechanism of carbon oxidation is important for the successful modeling of diesel particulate filter regeneration. Characteristics of soot oxidation were investigated with carbon black (Printex-U). A flow reactor system that could simulate the condition of a diesel particulate filter and diesel exhaust gas was designed. Kinetic constants were derived and the reaction mechanisms were proposed using the experimental results and a simple reaction scheme, which approximated the overall oxidation process in TPO as well as CTO. From the experiments, the apparent activation energy for carbon oxidation with NO₂-O₂-H₂O was determined to be 40±2 kJ/mol, with the first order of carbon in the range of 10∼90% oxidation and a temperature range of 250∼500°C. This value was exceedingly lower than the activation energy of NO₂-O₂ oxidation, which was 60±3 kJ/mol. When NO₂ exists with O₂ and H₂O, the reaction rate increases in proportion to NO₂. It increases nonlinearly with O₂ or H₂O concentration when the other two oxidants are fixed.     

Incorporating insights from signal optimization into reservation-based intersection controls

Reservation-based intersection control for autonomous vehicles has the potential to make greater use of intersection capacity. Indeed, previous studies on the first-come-first-served (FCFS) policy (which prioritizes vehicles by order of their reservation request) have shown improvements over optimized signals. However, in certain situations, such as asymmetric intersections, FCFS easily performs worse than signals. To address this issue, we propose two new reservation policies, WEIGHTED and PHASED. WEIGHTED weights vehicle delay by signal timings, and PHASED simulates a signal but allows red phase turning movements that will not cause a collision. We test these policies on a city network and an arterial bottleneck intersection subnetwork and show that PHASED performs better than WEIGHTED in some scenarios, and vice versa. Furthermore, we show that using a combination of PHASED and WEIGHTED can perform better than using either one alone for the entire network. Results show that these policies provide effective and easily implemented alternatives to FCFS for reservations.     

Evaluation of a vehicle directional control with a fractional order PD<Superscript>μ</Superscript> controller

In this paper, a novel controller, the fractional order PD^μ controller, is designed to improve the performance of the driver-vehicle system. First, fractional calculus and fractional order PI^λD^μ controller are introduced. A control algorithm for vehicle directional control using the fractional order PD^μ controller is then presented. Based on preview-follower theory, the on-line tuning method of the fractional order PD^μ controller is designed. By comparing simulated and experimental results, the validity and robustness of the proposed fractional order PD^μ controller in the closed loop system are verified. Finally, comprehensive evaluations are performed between the systems with the fractional order PD^μ controller and with an integer PD controller. The results demonstrate that the use of the fractional order controller leads to an improvement of the performance of the driver-vehicle system.     

Solving the K-shortest paths problem in timetable-based public transportation systems

Finding the K-shortest paths in timetable-based public transportation systems is an important problem in practice. It has three typical variants: the K-earliest arrival problem (K-EAP), the K-shortest travel time problem (K-STTP), and the K-minimum number of transfers problem (K-MNTP). In this article we show that these problems can be solved efficiently by first modeling the timetable information with the time-expanded approach, then applying the Martins and Santos (MS) algorithm. Then we model the timetable information with the time-dependent approach and propose a modified version of the MS algorithm for solving the K-EAP. Experimental results on real-world data show that for K smaller than 100, which is enough for most applications, the execution times of the MS algorithm for the problems in the time-expanded model are less than 100 ms on a server with a 1.86-GHz central processing unit (CPU) and 4 GB of memory. For solving the K-EAP the modified MS algorithm in the time-dependent model is even more efficient (about three times faster for K ≤ 100) than the original algorithm in the time-expanded model. Our results imply the great potential of the MS algorithms in practical transportation service systems.