中英现行桥梁规范汽车载荷对比研究

为适应海外工程建设的需要和为桥梁设计规范的修订提供参考,对比研究英国桥梁设计规范(BS5400-2-2006)与中国现行桥梁设计规范关于汽车荷载的模式和相关规定。基于可靠度理论,深入探究了中英两国规范关于汽车荷载模式的制定依据及其理论背景。在此基础上,总结了两国规范关于汽车设计荷载模式及其效应的异同,并通过算例比较两国规范关于汽车荷载的应用差异。     

FRP加筋混凝土受弯构件的设计方法分析

用耐腐蚀性纤维聚合物材料FRP筋替代钢筋为遭受钢筋锈蚀问题严重的桥梁等基础设施提供了解决问题的根本途径。对照钢筋和FRP筋的性能差异,在分析了已有的FRP加筋混凝土受弯构件的变形性设计指标基础上,依据FRP加筋混凝土受弯构件裂缝宽度的限制要求,提出了适合FRP加筋混凝土梁的设计指标,为FRP加筋混凝土梁桥的设计提供参考。     

新旧规范预应力混凝土简支梁桥计算比较

通过对交通部颁新、旧桥涵设计规范的对比,总结出新、旧规范关于预应力混凝土梁设计的不同之处,且通过算例计算,比较了根据新旧规范设计的预应力混凝土简支梁桥的异同,为预应力混凝土简支梁桥设计提供参考。     

中欧混凝土桥梁抗弯承载能力对比与快速设计

该文对比中欧混凝土桥梁设计规范的可靠度指标、设计使用年限、极限状态划分、材料特性等。为实现快速设计,编制欧洲规范承载力计算程序,并辅以算例对比中欧规范正截面抗弯承载力的异同。结果表明:中国规范可靠度指标较欧洲规范更高,中欧规范混凝土抗压强度、应力应变关系差异较小,但欧洲规范钢筋最大强度比中国规范更大。中欧规范正截面抗弯承载力计算假定基本一致,但欧洲规范正截面抗弯承载力比中国规范略大。欧洲规范承载力计算软件有较好的精度,能够达到快速对比设计的目的。     

大跨中承式钢管混凝土拱桥结构受力分析

钢管混凝土是能够大幅度提升拱桥跨度的组合结构，充分利用钢材与混凝土的材料力学性能，在我国大跨度拱桥建设中有着广泛的应用前景。以某高速公路跨度为508 m中承式钢管混凝土拱桥为工程背景，通过有限元计算软件整体模型与局部实体模型，结合相关规范要求，对该桥成桥阶段各构件应力、荷载效应以及承载力进行了模拟计算分析。结果表明：该桥各项设计指标均满足相应规范要求，可为类似桥梁结构的设计与计算提供参考。     

混凝土桥梁火灾后损伤检测与技术状况评估

以遭受火灾的某混凝土桥梁为例，介绍该桥火灾后踏勘及结构特殊检测结果。采用表观推定不同构件的过火温度，并结合实测混凝土截面损失，对混凝土及钢筋材料性能折减，计算灾后主梁截面承载能力，进而依据规范对桥梁结构进行技术状况评估，可为同类桥梁火灾后的损伤检测评估工作提供参考。     

HRB500高强钢筋在曲港高速桥梁工程中的设计与施工应用

随着我国工程建设的发展,越来越多的大跨径桥梁投入到实际运营之中。如果继续使用普通强度钢筋,将明显增大钢筋用量,从而对混凝土振捣施工产生严重影响造成安全隐患。所以研究发展HRB500等高强钢筋在实际工程应用已成为非常紧急的课题。并且高强钢筋的推广应用,能够改善混凝土桥梁的受力性能,同时在交通建设行业产生巨大的经济效益。本文采用有限元软件,并结合JTG D62-2004规范,将HRB500钢筋应用到了实际桥梁的设计之中。为高强钢筋在实际桥梁工程中的应用提供了参考。     

在役混凝土桥梁安全性评估目标可靠指标研究

通过规范环比法分析比较了建国以来我国颁布实施的6部公路桥梁设计规范的安全度,结果表明,早期规范公路桥梁设计规范中钢筋受拉破坏控制构件的安全系数高于85规范和04规范,但混凝土受压破坏控制构件安全系数基本一致。进而对单一安全系数极限状态表达式进行了可靠度分析,并回归得出了单一安全系数与可靠指标的关系。以此为基础,确定了历版规范对应的承载能力极限状态目标可靠指标。最后根据国内相关规范及研究成果,确定了在役混凝土桥梁安全性评估目标可靠指标,为合理评估在役混凝土桥梁安全性能提供了依据。     

钢筋混凝土桥梁的腐蚀研究与防护

介绍了钢筋混凝土桥梁的腐蚀机理和影响因素;基于锈蚀钢筋的拉伸试验和劣化混凝土的轴心抗压试验,分析了钢筋混凝土构件的腐蚀对桥梁力学性能和结构性能(包括钢筋与混凝土的粘结、承载力、破坏形式等)的影响;在此研究基础上提出了桥梁结构的防腐与防护措施,对钢筋混凝土桥梁的状态评估与维护管理具有重要意义。     

基于欧洲规范的装配式T梁结构计算分析

为促进我国桥梁建设企业熟悉欧洲规范,对在国外推广应用装配式T梁桥(常采用欧洲规范设计)提供指导,阐述欧洲规范桥梁结构设计中的材料强度指标、作用效应组合,结合某装配式T梁桥的上部结构设计实例,介绍基于欧洲规范进行承载能力和正常使用极限状态设计验算内容。分析表明:采用欧洲规范计算分析装配式T梁时,需根据规范确定各项材料的强度指标、车辆荷载模型以及作用效应组合各分项系数;欧洲规范中结构整体和局部分析采用的荷载一般包含双轴集中力系统和均布荷载,荷载取值中已计入冲击效应;在承载能力验算中,主要进行抗弯和抗剪强度验算;在正常使用极限状态设计验算中,除需进行挠度和裂缝验算外,还应对混凝土及钢筋应力进行验算。     

Fatigue design for plug/ring type gas welded joints of sts301l including welding residual stresses

This paper presents a fatigue design method for plug and ring type gas welded joints, which incorporates welding residual stress effects. A non-linear finite element analysis (FEA) was first performed to simulate the gas welding process. The numerically predicted residual stresses of the gas welds were then compared to experimental results measured using a hole drilling method. In order to evaluate the fatigue strength of the plug and ring type gas welded joints, a stress amplitude (σ _a ) _R taling the welding residual stress of the gas weld into account was introduced and is based on a modified Goodman equation incorporating the effect of the residual stress. Using the stress amplitude (σ _a ) _R , the ΔP-N _f relations obtained from fatigue tests for plug and ring type gas welded joints having various dimensions and shapes were systematically rearranged into (σ _a ) _R -N _f relations. It was found that the proposed stress amplitude (σ _a ) _R could provide a systematic and reasonable fatigue design criterion for the plug and ring type gas welded joints.     

Non-fragile multi-objective static output feedback control of vehicle active suspension with time-delay

This paper presents an approach to design a delay-dependent non-fragile H_∞/L₂–L_∞ static output feedback (SOF) controller for active suspension with input time-delay. The control problem of quarter-car active suspension with actuator time-delay is formulated to a H_∞/L₂–L_∞ control problem. By employing a delay-dependent Lyapunov function, new existence conditions of delay-dependent non-fragile SOF H_∞ controller and L₂–L_∞ controller are derived, respectively, in terms of the feasibility of bilinear matrix inequalities (BMIs). Then, a procedure based on linear matrix inequality optimisation and a hybrid algorithm of the particle swarm optimisation and differential evolution is used to solve an optimisation problem with BMI constraints. Design and simulation results of non-fragile H_∞/L₂–L_∞ controller for active suspension show that the designed controller not only can achieve the optimal performance and stability of the closed-loop system in spite of the existence of the actuator time-delay, but also has significantly improved the non-fragility characteristics over controller perturbations.     

Measurement of soot oxidation with No<Subscript>2</Subscript>-O<Subscript>2</Subscript>-H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O in a flow reactor simulating diesel engine DPF

Understanding the mechanism of carbon oxidation is important for the successful modeling of diesel particulate filter regeneration. Characteristics of soot oxidation were investigated with carbon black (Printex-U). A flow reactor system that could simulate the condition of a diesel particulate filter and diesel exhaust gas was designed. Kinetic constants were derived and the reaction mechanisms were proposed using the experimental results and a simple reaction scheme, which approximated the overall oxidation process in TPO as well as CTO. From the experiments, the apparent activation energy for carbon oxidation with NO₂-O₂-H₂O was determined to be 40±2 kJ/mol, with the first order of carbon in the range of 10∼90% oxidation and a temperature range of 250∼500°C. This value was exceedingly lower than the activation energy of NO₂-O₂ oxidation, which was 60±3 kJ/mol. When NO₂ exists with O₂ and H₂O, the reaction rate increases in proportion to NO₂. It increases nonlinearly with O₂ or H₂O concentration when the other two oxidants are fixed.     

Assessment of a semi-Hertzian method for determination of wheel–rail contact patch

Wheel–rail contact calculations are essential for simulating railway vehicle dynamic behavior. Currently, these simulations usually use the Hertz contact theory to calculate normal forces and Kalker's ‘FASTSIM’ program to evaluate tangential stresses. Since 1996, new methods called semi-Hertzian have appeared: 5 Kik, W. and Piotrowski, J. A fast approximate method to calculate normal load at contact between wheel and rail and creep forces during rolling. Paper presented at the 2nd Mini-conference on Contact Mechanics and Wear of Rail/Wheel Systems. July29–31, Budapest.  [Google Scholar] 7 Ayasse, J. B., Chollet, H. and Maupu, J. L. 2000. Paramètres caractéristiques du contact roue-rail. Rapport de Recherche INRETS n225, ISSN 0768–9756 (in French) [Google Scholar] (STRIPES). These methods attempt to estimate the non-elliptical contact patches with a discrete extension of the Hertz theory. As a continuation of 2 Ayasse, J. B and Chollet, H. 2005. Determination of the wheel–rail contact patch in semi-Hertzian conditions. Vehicle System Dynamics, 43(3) [Google Scholar], a validation of the STRIPES method for normal problem computing on three test cases is proposed in this article. The test cases do not fulfill the hypothesis required for the Hertz theory. Then, the Kalker's FASTSIM algorithm is adapted to STRIPES patch calculus to perform tangential forces computation. This adaptation is assessed using Kalker's CONTACT algorithm.     

Incorporating insights from signal optimization into reservation-based intersection controls

Reservation-based intersection control for autonomous vehicles has the potential to make greater use of intersection capacity. Indeed, previous studies on the first-come-first-served (FCFS) policy (which prioritizes vehicles by order of their reservation request) have shown improvements over optimized signals. However, in certain situations, such as asymmetric intersections, FCFS easily performs worse than signals. To address this issue, we propose two new reservation policies, WEIGHTED and PHASED. WEIGHTED weights vehicle delay by signal timings, and PHASED simulates a signal but allows red phase turning movements that will not cause a collision. We test these policies on a city network and an arterial bottleneck intersection subnetwork and show that PHASED performs better than WEIGHTED in some scenarios, and vice versa. Furthermore, we show that using a combination of PHASED and WEIGHTED can perform better than using either one alone for the entire network. Results show that these policies provide effective and easily implemented alternatives to FCFS for reservations.     

Evaluation of a vehicle directional control with a fractional order PD<Superscript>μ</Superscript> controller

In this paper, a novel controller, the fractional order PD^μ controller, is designed to improve the performance of the driver-vehicle system. First, fractional calculus and fractional order PI^λD^μ controller are introduced. A control algorithm for vehicle directional control using the fractional order PD^μ controller is then presented. Based on preview-follower theory, the on-line tuning method of the fractional order PD^μ controller is designed. By comparing simulated and experimental results, the validity and robustness of the proposed fractional order PD^μ controller in the closed loop system are verified. Finally, comprehensive evaluations are performed between the systems with the fractional order PD^μ controller and with an integer PD controller. The results demonstrate that the use of the fractional order controller leads to an improvement of the performance of the driver-vehicle system.     

Solving the K-shortest paths problem in timetable-based public transportation systems

Finding the K-shortest paths in timetable-based public transportation systems is an important problem in practice. It has three typical variants: the K-earliest arrival problem (K-EAP), the K-shortest travel time problem (K-STTP), and the K-minimum number of transfers problem (K-MNTP). In this article we show that these problems can be solved efficiently by first modeling the timetable information with the time-expanded approach, then applying the Martins and Santos (MS) algorithm. Then we model the timetable information with the time-dependent approach and propose a modified version of the MS algorithm for solving the K-EAP. Experimental results on real-world data show that for K smaller than 100, which is enough for most applications, the execution times of the MS algorithm for the problems in the time-expanded model are less than 100 ms on a server with a 1.86-GHz central processing unit (CPU) and 4 GB of memory. For solving the K-EAP the modified MS algorithm in the time-dependent model is even more efficient (about three times faster for K ≤ 100) than the original algorithm in the time-expanded model. Our results imply the great potential of the MS algorithms in practical transportation service systems.