一种用于车辆半主动悬架控制的磁流变阻尼器模型

文中对适用于车辆半主动悬架控制器设计的磁流变阻尼器模型进行研究.首先分析阻尼力与位移、速度以及输入电流之间的关系,并结合现有阻尼器模型的优点,提出一种精确的便于控制的双曲正切磁滞模型.接着,将磁流变阻尼器安装在硬件在环仿真平台上进行试验,利用试验得到的阻尼器动态特性数据,进行阻尼器模型的参数辨识和曲线拟合.最后,将基于拟合参数的模型仿真结果与试验数据进行比较,验证了模型的正确性.     

A novel semi-empirical tyre model for combined slips

A new tyre-force model for simultaneous braking and cornering is presented, which is based on combining existing empirical models for pure braking and cornering with brush-model tyre mechanics. The aim is to offer an easy-to-use, accurate model for vehicle-handling simulations. On a working tyre the contact patch between the tyre and the road is, in general, divided into an adhesion region where the rubber is gripping the road and a sliding region where the rubber slides on the road surface. The total force generated by the tyre is then composed of components from these two regions. The brush model describes this in a mechanical framework. The proposed model is based on a new method to extract adhesion and sliding forces from empirical pure-slip tyre models. These forces are then scaled to account for the combined-slip condition. The combined-slip self-aligning torque is also described. A particular feature of the model is the inclusion of velocity dependence, even if this is not explicitly present in the empirical pure-slip model. The approach is quite different from most previous combined-slip models, in that it is based on a rather detailed mechanical model in combination with empirical pure-slip models. The model is computationally sound and efficient and does not rely on any additional parameters that depend on combined-slip data for calibration. It can be used in combination with virtually any empirical pure-slip model and in this work the Magic Formula is used in examples. Results show good correspondence with experimental data.     

Full vehicle simulation using thermomechanically coupled hybrid neural network shock absorber model

In the case of full vehicle models, the technique of multi-body simulation (MBS) is frequently used to study their highly non-linear dynamic behaviour. Many non-linearities in vehicle models are induced by force elements like springs, shock absorbers, bushings and tires. Commonly, spline functions are used to represent the force responses of these components. If the non-linear relationships are more complicated, the spline approximations are no more accurate. An alternative approach is based on empirical neural networks which are based on the mathematical approximation of measured data. It is well known that neural networks are able to represent and predict complex component responses accurately. The aim of this paper is to perform a dynamic full vehicle simulation using a thermomechanically coupled hybrid neural network shock absorber model. In this shock absorber model, the spline approach is combined with a temperature-dependent neural network. Based on a displacement-controlled excitation on a four post test rig in the ADAMS/Car MBS software, a rugged test track is simulated. In this way, the front and rear shock absorbers are dynamically loaded with comfort-relevant frequencies in the range of 0.75–30 Hz and velocity amplitudes up to 2 m/s. By the simulation, stability of the hybrid neural network model is demonstrated. Furthermore, the damping force, the vertical acceleration of the chassis and the required simulation times are compared. The standard spline approach is used as a reference.     

Full vehicle simulation using thermomechanically coupled hybrid neural network shock absorber model

In the case of full vehicle models, the technique of multi-body simulation (MBS) is frequently used to study their highly non-linear dynamic behaviour. Many non-linearities in vehicle models are induced by force elements like springs, shock absorbers, bushings and tires. Commonly, spline functions are used to represent the force responses of these components. If the non-linear relationships are more complicated, the spline approximations are no more accurate. An alternative approach is based on empirical neural networks which are based on the mathematical approximation of measured data. It is well known that neural networks are able to represent and predict complex component responses accurately. The aim of this paper is to perform a dynamic full vehicle simulation using a thermomechanically coupled hybrid neural network shock absorber model. In this shock absorber model, the spline approach is combined with a temperature-dependent neural network. Based on a displacement-controlled excitation on a four post test rig in the ADAMS/Car MBS software, a rugged test track is simulated. In this way, the front and rear shock absorbers are dynamically loaded with comfort-relevant frequencies in the range of 0.75-30 Hz and velocity amplitudes up to 2 m/s. By the simulation, stability of the hybrid neural network model is demonstrated. Furthermore, the damping force, the vertical acceleration of the chassis and the required simulation times are compared. The standard spline approach is used as a reference.     

具有迟滞模拟记忆功能的奥迪盘式制动器可变线性模型

本文以奥迪１００盘式制动器为研究对象，建立了一种可模拟制动压力－力矩响应迟清点特性的可变线性模型，首先，介绍在ＪＦ－１３２型汽车制动器试验台上进行防抱制动器模拟试验的方法，其次，在获得大量试验数据的基础上，运用曲线拟合和优化技术，建立制动压力－力矩关系的线性模型，心滞模型为线笥模型，最后，在相同制动压力输入的前提下，把模型的理论计算民试验结果进行对比分析了模型的有效性和精确性。     

磁流变减振器极限高低温特性及变温正逆模型

磁流变减振器阻尼力和电流的精确控制是实现半主动悬架的算法、达到整车系统控制目标的必要条件,但由于磁流变液的温度敏感性使得磁流变减振器阻尼力强烈依赖温度变化,带来模型失配和控制效果弱化的问题。基于此进行磁流变减振器在不同电流和速度下的高低温(-40℃～80℃)示功试验研究,揭示磁流变减振器在低温下丧失阻尼特性而表现出刚度特性,在高温下黏滞阻尼退化的特性规律。为了描述磁流变减振器随温度变化的复杂非线性特性,提出一种新的磁流变减振器变温参数化双曲滞回模型,该模型引入温度作为自变量,对磁流变减振器黏滞阻尼、刚度及滞回特性进行准确描述。为了面向实际减振器控制,在此双曲滞回模型的基础上,进一步线性化求逆得到磁流变减振器温度修正的逆模型。该逆模型输入预期阻尼力和减振器压缩速度作为自变量,可以直接给出满足减振器力值约束的控制电流。研究结果表明：相较于未进行温度补偿的逆模型,该逆模型能够平均提升12.79%的电流控制精度以及12.53%的控制力跟踪精度;进行温度修正的模型能够在仿真中还原更真实的磁流变减振器力学特性,逆模型能够给出更精确的控制电流,为充分发挥磁流变减振器的能力、实现车辆的半主动悬架精确控...     

A contact-area model for rail-pads connections in 2-D simulations: sensitivity analysis of train-induced vibrations

A numerical model to predict train-induced vibrations is presented. The dynamic computation considers mutual interactions in vehicle/track coupled systems by means of a finite and discrete elements method. The rail defects and the case of out-of-round wheels are considered. The dynamic interaction between the wheel-sets and the rail is accomplished by using the non-linear Hertzian model with hysteresis damping. A sensitivity analysis is done to evaluate the variables affecting more the maintenance costs. The rail–sleeper contact is assumed extended to an area-defined contact zone, rather than a single-point assumption which fits better real case studies. Experimental validations show how prediction fits well experimental data.     

梯形多室箱梁横向内力计算方法研究

箱梁横向内力的计算目前还缺乏精确有效的简化方法。在此利用虚拟框架法,获得箱梁截面的位移变形及横向内力,通过反算得到箱梁对虚拟框架的弹性支承刚度,建立梯形多室箱梁的弹性支承框架分析模型。计算示例的分析结果表明:该模型具有较高的精度,误差能够控制在10%以内,荷载作用下的弯矩值计算精度更高,可为箱梁横向内力分析方法的研究提供了新的思路。     

广西柳州凤凰岭大桥抗震设计

以广西柳州凤凰岭大桥建设工程为例,采用两水平的抗震设计方法,对含有桥上建筑的大跨度连续梁桥在E1、E2地震作用下采用反应谱和非线性时程方法,进行地震反应分析与验算,最终给出结构的抗震性能安全性评价,对该类桥梁的抗震设计提供了有益的参考。     

考虑气液混合流体时变特性的阀片式液压互联悬架建模

针对液压互联悬架中气液混合流体对悬架系统特性的影响,推导了气液混合流体物理性质的时变特性模型,提出一种非线性形变修正函数,用以修正所建立的阻尼阀阀片变形等效模型,从而建立了一种考虑气液混合流体时变特性的阀片式单缸液压互联悬架非线性动力学模型,并通过台架试验加以验证.仿真结果表明:气液混合流体时变特性会导致液压互联悬架系...     

斜交板沿横坡的下滑与平面内转动的成因分析

通过建立斜交板在缓慢外爬过程中的几个典型受力模型,并根据前一阶段受力模型的变位及受力结果,给定后一阶段受力模型的边界条件,尝试找到斜交板在间歇性荷载及自重沿横桥向分力的作用下不断外爬,并在平面内转动的成因,发现利用盖梁形成的横坡造成斜板面内的下滑,由下滑导致斜交板沿桥轴向两边约束产生差异,进而诱发斜交板的面内转动。最终模型的变位结果与塘河大桥实桥出现的问题相一致,表明通过建立典型受力模型逐次迭代锁定最终受力状态的方法对于确定斜交板爬移成因是有效的。     

Improvement of loading cam performance in a toroidal CVT

This paper describes a new loading cam that always applies the optimum loading force to the variator used in a toroidal continuously variable transmission (CVT). The hysteresis of the loading force is shown to be caused by the spinning loss of the cylindrical cam roller of the conventional loading cam. This hysteresis is greatly reduced in the new loading cam by using a tapered cam roller that is free of spinning loss. Reducing the hysteresis lowers the average loading force, enabling the new loading cam to improve the torque capacity of a CYT.     

悬索桥锚跨索股分析研究

由于锚固的需要,悬索桥锚跨索股是离散的空间索股,而索股张拉力是索股架设时的一个重要参数,为此,提出了成桥状态锚跨索股索力合理分布模式的概念,计算成桥状态各索股精确的空间走向、索力和无应力长度,然后通过对索股架设过程的分析,计算各索股架设时的张拉力,最后通过算例分析索股架设时锚跨各索股张拉力的变化情况,计算表明,索股的最大张拉力与最小张拉力之比可超过1 5。     

车辆碰撞中乘员骨盆力学响应特性的研究

本文旨在研究车辆碰撞中乘员骨盆损伤机理和年龄对碰撞响应的影响。首先开发并验证了老年人骨盆的有限元模型。其次,对比研究了3个具有不同年龄特征的骨盆模型(老年骨盆模型、中年骨盆模型GHBMC和儿童骨盆模型CHARM-10)在材料特性、生理特征、力学响应和损伤方面的差异。结果表明:具有相似生理几何尺寸的老年骨盆模型和中年骨盆模型与儿童骨盆模型相比有较大的差异。侧面碰撞实验的结果表明,3种年龄骨盆模型中,老年骨盆模型的碰撞峰值力和受力最大时位移量都最大,而碰撞中最大位移却最小。对碰撞响应数据进行拟合的结果表明,3种年龄骨盆模型的碰撞峰值力皆随冲击能量呈指数增长,而碰撞中最大位移量则随冲击能量呈线性增长。应力云图分析结果表明,骨盆在侧向冲击下最易受伤或骨折的部位是耻骨支、骶髂关节和髋臼。     

Modelling,simulation and applications of longitudinal train dynamics

ABSTRACT

Significant developments in longitudinal train simulation and an overview of the approaches to train models and modelling vehicle force inputs are firstly presented. The most important modelling task, that of the wagon connection, consisting of energy absorption devices such as draft gears and buffers, draw gear stiffness, coupler slack and structural stiffness is then presented. Detailed attention is given to the modelling approaches for friction wedge damped and polymer draft gears. A significant issue in longitudinal train dynamics is the modelling and calculation of the input forces – the co-dimensional problem. The need to push traction performances higher has led to research and improvement in the accuracy of traction modelling which is discussed. A co-simulation method that combines longitudinal train simulation, locomotive traction control and locomotive vehicle dynamics is presented. The modelling of other forces, braking propulsion resistance, curve drag and grade forces are also discussed. As extensions to conventional longitudinal train dynamics, lateral forces and coupler impacts are examined in regards to interaction with wagon lateral and vertical dynamics. Various applications of longitudinal train dynamics are then presented. As an alternative to the tradition single wagon mass approach to longitudinal train dynamics, an example incorporating fully detailed wagon dynamics is presented for a crash analysis problem. Further applications of starting traction, air braking, distributed power, energy analysis and tippler operation are also presented.     

汽车迟滞非线性动力系统仿真研究

通过轿车副车架橡胶支承的动态特性试验,实现了橡胶支承迟滞非线性特性的数学建模和参数识别。用动态子结构方法将整车模型划分为多个子结构,采用含连接子结构的自由界面模态综合法建立了整车非线性流固耦合模型。用MontoCarlo法模拟路面激励谱和发动机随机激励力谱,利用整车结构-声学耦合系统的运动微分方程,在时域内对路面激励和发动机激励产生的振动和车内噪声特性进行仿真模拟,并通过道路试验和台架试验对计算结果进行了验证。     

大跨径宽箱梁连续刚构桥剪力滞效应分析

通过对大跨径宽箱梁连续刚构桥的研究,采用有限差分法计算自重作用下控制截面的剪力滞系数,并对箱梁的剪力滞效应进行分析,为此类桥梁设计提供依据。     

基于位移测量的非线性涡激力模型参数识别方法

利用半经验数学模型来近似表示涡激力是目前研究涡激共振所采用的主要方法，但关于非线性涡激力模型参数的试验识别研究还较少，现有识别方法也有待改进。为了更方便可靠地识别非线性涡激力模型中的参数，根据能量等效原理推导出一种基于节段模型位移响应的气动参数识别新方法。通过节段模型风洞试验测得中央开槽箱梁断面的扭转涡激共振位移响应，应用新方法识别简化非线性涡激扭矩模型中的气动参数，并对参数识别精度做出评价。将新方法与Ehsan等所建议的位移法以及基于实测力时程的三步最小二乘拟合法进行了对比。结果表明：利用新方法识别得到的气动参数可以较好地预测系统的扭转涡激共振位移响应；基于一致的系统线性机械参数，新方法识别得到的气动参数与Ehsan等所建议位移法的识别结果基本相同，而新方法能进一步考虑对识别结果影响较为显著的机械参数非线性特性；当新方法考虑非线性机械参数时，其识别结果和基于实测力时程的三步最小二乘拟合法相比也十分吻合，并且新方法更为简便。     

Brushless PM machine drive in electric and hybrid electric vehicles based on the space vector current control

This paper presents a space vector current controller for a brushless permanent magnet motor in electric and hybrid electric vehicles. The proposed current controller selects space vectors based on the sector selection under a three-level hysteresis comparator to decrease the current ripple. The proposed approach can improve the performance of a brushless PM drive such as the average switching frequency and the total harmonic distortion (THD) compared with the conventional hysteresis current control. The experiment is performed first to verify the proposed control. Then, the method is implemented in a hybrid electric vehicle simulation model with standard driving cycles based on the control strategy to evaluate the drive performance in the vehicle system. The experimental and simulation results indicate that the presented control can improve the performance of the brushless PM machine drive.     

Railway ground vibrations induced by wheel and rail singular defects

Railway local irregularities are a growing source of ground-borne vibration and can cause negative environmental impacts, particularly in urban areas. Therefore, this paper analyses the effect of railway track singular defects (discontinuities) on ground vibration generation and propagation. A vehicle/track/soil numerical railway model is presented, capable of accurately predicting vibration levels. The prediction model is composed of a multibody vehicle model, a flexible track model and a finite/infinite element soil model. Firstly, analysis is undertaken to assess the ability of wheel/rail contact models to accurately simulate the force generation at the wheel/rail contact, in the presence of a singular defect. It is found that, although linear contact models are sufficient for modelling ground vibration on smooth tracks, when singular defects are present higher accuracy wheel/rail models are required. Furthermore, it is found that the variation in wheel/rail force during the singular defect contact depends on the track flexibility, and thus requires a fully coupled vehicle/track/foundation model. Next, a parametric study of ground vibrations generated by singular rail and wheel defects is undertaken. Six shapes of discontinuity are modelled, representing various defect types such as transition zones, switches, crossings, rail joints and wheel flats. The vehicle is modelled as an AM96 train set and it is found that ground vibration levels are highly sensitive to defect height, length and shape.