Experimental and numerical investigation of fatigue damage due to wave-induced vibrations in a containership in head seas

Fatigue cracks have been known to occur in welded ships for several decades. For large ocean-going ships wave-induced vibrations can, depending on trade and design, cause up to 50% of the fatigue damage. The vibrations may be due to springing and whipping effects. In this paper, we address the fatigue damage caused by wave-induced vibrations in a containership of newer design trading in the North Atlantic. The fatigue damage was obtained both experimentally and numerically. The experimental results were found from tests performed with a flexible model of the ship, while the numerical predictions were done using nonlinear hydroelastic strip theory. The measurements showed that the wave-induced vibrations contributed approximately 40% of the total fatigue damage. The numerical method predicted the wave frequency damage well, but was found to overestimate the total fatigue damage by 50%. This was mainly due to an overprediction of the wave-induced vibrations. The discrepancy is partly related to three-dimensional (3D) effects which are not included in the two-dimensional (2D) slamming calculation, and partly to an overprediction of the springing contribution. Moreover, the numerical method does not account for the steady wave due to forward speed. By using a simplified approach we show that high-frequency damage can be significantly reduced by including the steady wave for the relevant vessel, implying better agreement with the experimental results.     

Dynamic motions of planing vessels in head seas

The dynamic response of planing vessels in regular head seas is investigated numerically. Nonlinear time domain simulations were performed using a 2D + t theory (two-dimensional plus time dependent theory). A prismatic hull form was assumed. We employed a two-dimensional (2D) boundary element method to solve the initial boundary value problems in 2D cross planes, in which nonlinear free-surface conditions and exact body boundary conditions were satisfied. At each time step, the total force and moment on the hull could be obtained by using the sectional forces calculated in those 2D planes. Heave and pitch motions were then acquired by solving the equations for those motions. The calculated heave and pitch responses were compared with the experiments by Fridsma (A systematic study of the rough-water performance of planing boats. Davidson Laboratory Report R-1275, 1969) for two different Froude numbers. Three-dimensional (3D) corrections at the transom stern were applied to show the influence of the 3D effect at the stern on the numerical results. Ship motions were affected by the 3D corrections, especially near the resonance frequency, while the phase angles were slightly affected and the acceleration peaks at the bow near the resonance frequency were sensitive to the 3D corrections. Other error sources in the theoretical results are also mentioned.     

中国北方沿海冬季严重冰灾危害及应对措施浅谈

2009年冬季以来,由于持续受强冷空气和寒潮天气影响,我国北部沿海地区气温迅速下降,渤海、黄海北部及山东沿海出现大面积海水结冰现象,部分海域冰层厚度达40cm以上,渤海出现近30年同期最为严重的海冰灾害。此次海冰来势凶猛,主要具备四大特征：一是发生时间早,二是分布范围广,三是冰层厚度大,四是影响程度严重。     

舰用柴油机预混合等压燃烧的数值模拟及试验研究

运用CFD软件Star-cd对一台舰用高速大功率柴油机实现预混合近似等压燃烧进行了缸内喷雾及燃烧过程的模拟计算,主要考察了不同压缩比的燃烧室型线,以及喷油器喷孔参数对柴油机性能、缸内温度场、速度场和NO排放的分布的影响.经过多方案的计算分析,确定了高速大功率柴油机实现预混合近似等压燃烧的压缩比和喷孔参数,并能在提高柴油机性能的同时降低排放.通过对最优方案的台架试验,在直喷式柴油机上实现了预混合等压燃烧要求的放热率.     

缓坡海岸平均沿岸流实验研究与数值模拟

沿岸流研究对海岸工程具有重要的应用价值。为了更深入地研究沿岸流特征,文章对1∶100和1∶40两个较缓坡条件下的沿岸流进行了实验研究,弥补了现有实验研究主要针对较陡坡情况,不具有代表性的弊端,并通过数值模拟进一步阐述了缓坡情况下的平均沿岸流不同于陡坡情况下的物理机理。主要特色与创新有：第一、通过物理模型实验研究发现了1∶100坡度地形条件下存在不同于1∶40坡度情况下的平均沿岸流速度分布特征：前者海岸一侧平均沿岸流分布呈下凹趋势,而后者呈上凸的趋势。第二、通过平均沿岸流数值模型对1∶100和1∶40缓坡沿岸流的不同特征进行数值模拟,找出了影响平均沿岸流速度剖面特征的主要因素为破波带内波高分布和水底摩擦力表达式的选取不同,且对后者更为敏感。1∶100坡度海岸沿岸流速度剖面可由水流型水底摩擦力来计算出,而1∶40坡度海岸沿岸流速度剖面可由波浪型水底摩擦力来计算出。第三、在此基础上进一步给出了缓坡情况下二次破碎波高和波浪增减水的分布特征。     

多蛋形交接耐压壳屈曲特性试验与数值研究

文章研究了多蛋形交接耐压壳屈曲行为。基于壳体开孔处的变形量与完整壳体一致的设计理念,优选多蛋壳结构参数,制作多蛋壳比例模型,并对其制作误差进行了检测。此外,还进行了静水压力试验,验证真实多蛋壳破坏形式,检验环肋参数的合理性,比较了考虑真实形状和厚度的非线性有限元分析结果。结果表明:基于变形协调理念设计的多蛋壳,最终破坏远离环肋交接处,蛋形壳单元破坏形式及载荷与完整单蛋壳基本相同,试验验证了多蛋壳继承了完整蛋形壳较好的耐压特性;基于弧长法的数值计算与试验结果具有良好一致性,考虑真实形状和厚度的非线性有限元分析可用于分析预测真实壳体的屈曲特性。     

Parametrical studies of a new numerical model for controlled ship motions in extreme astern seas

Parametrical studies based on numerical simulations were carried out for very steep regular waves to assess possible improvements in the state-of-the art numerical modelling of the control and capsizing behaviour of ships in following and quartering seas. A nonlinear 6-DOF numerical model has been developed with the inclusion of frequency-dependent terms, the so called memory effects, and a flexible axis system that allows straightforward combination of seakeeping and manoeuvring models while accounting for extreme motions. The previously undertaken validation analyses using extensive model test data provided qualitatively good agreement, whereas the comparison with numerical models without coupling of the vertical motions and frequency-dependent hydrodynamic terms embodied in radiation forces identified improvements in the accuracy. However, to broaden the assessment of the numerical model, further parametrical numerical analyses were carried out using two ships, which had previously been tested in the validation analyses, for various operational and environmental conditions. These parameters were changed in accordance with the recommendations from international organisations and experience from model tests to realise and avoid dangerous conditions that often result in capsizing, such as broaching associated with surf riding and low-cycle resonance. As a result of the parametric analysis, we discuss the sensitivity of the improvements in the numerical model for various critical operational and design parameters and its possible use to provide a link between the ship's behavior and these parameters.     

中水头船闸输水系统优化试验研究

以某船闸改建工程为背景,通过建立1:30船闸输水系统整体物理模型,研究中水头闸底长廊道侧支孔船闸输水系统优化布置方案。模型试验表明,设计方案下的船闸输水系统存在输水效率低、闸室横向水流分布不均及进水口出现串状吸气旋涡三方面影响船闸输水系统安全、高效运行的问题。综合研究船闸整体及输水系统布置形式,并结合试验各项水力特性指标,提出通过增大输水廊道尺度、沟通闸室两侧主廊道及消除上游引航道与进水口之间的高程突变的优化措施,有效提高了船闸的输水效率、改善了船闸进水口及闸室内水流条件。经过优化后的船闸输水系统可以满足规范、设计要求,各输水水力特性指标均达到预期的设计目标和要求。     

ONR内倾船波浪中复原力臂非线性现象试验和数值研究

船舶波浪稳性中参数横摇和纯稳性丧失是与波浪复原力臂变化有关的失效模式,波浪中复原力臂的变化是影响这些失效模式预报精度的关键因素.本文以ONR内倾船型为研究对象,通过试验和数值方法研究了横摇复原力臂的变化.首先采用半拘束模型(垂荡、纵摇自由,固定横倾角)试验测量波浪中船模复原力的变化;其次采用三维时域混合源法建立波浪中复原力臂的数值计算方法,在常规Froude-Krylov力假设的基础上,进一步考虑辐射力和绕射力对横摇复原力的影响,并在速度势的计算中引入精确物面条件,沿瞬时湿表面积分计算动态辐射力和绕射力的成分;最后通过试验结果和数值计算结果的比较,以及复原力臂组成成分的分析、近似物面非线性条件和精确物面条件计算结果的对比等,详细分析了ONR内倾船型波浪中复原力臂的非线性现象.研究表明:顶浪中常规Froude-Krylov力假设不够完善,随着航速、波陡、横倾角度的增加,波浪中复原力臂的非线性现象十分明显,辐射力和绕射力对复原力臂的贡献是非线性现象的主要原因;基于精确物面条件计算动态辐射力和绕射力引起的复原力臂变化可以更好地反应复原力臂的非线性现象.     

船舶甲板结构稳定性实验与数值仿真研究

为了研究具有大开口甲板板架结构的稳定性问题,本文设计了含大开口的甲板板架模型,开展了其轴向受压稳定性实验,并采用非线性有限元软件ABAQUS对该模型的屈曲破坏过程进行了数值仿真计算,试验结果与数值仿真结果吻合较好.在此基础上,分析了导致结构屈曲失效的主要因素,为船舶甲板结构稳定性设计提供了参考依据.     

Experimental and numerical study on tuned liquid dampers for controlling earthquake response of jacket offshore platform

Earthquake loading has to be considered when the offshore platform is constructed in active fault zone. Tuned liquid dampers (TLD) have been proposed to control the dynamic response of structures. Liquid sloshing experiments on cylinder tank show the sloshing happens more seriously when the frequency of external excitation is close to the fundamental sloshing frequency of liquid. Lumped mass method is employed to numerically analyze the controlling earthquake effect on TLD. Based on TLDs the feasibility to control earthquake response of jacket platform is studied and applied to CB32A oil tank platform. Using extra TLDs in CB32A to control the seismic response of the platform is researched by the model test and numerical simulation. Lumped mass method can simulate the behavior of TLD during earthquake very well and gives close numerical results compared with those from model experiments. It has been found that the ratio of the fundamental sloshing frequency of liquid to the natural frequency of platform is the key factor to control earthquake response. The larger ratio of water-mass to platform-mass is also useful to reduce vibration as well.     

舰船顶浪遭遇畸形波的波浪水池数值模拟研究

畸形波对船舶航运极具威胁,已引发多起海上事故,因此有必要对舰船遭遇畸形波进行数值模拟。基于长峰波随机海浪模型,在相位调制生成畸形波的同时考虑了舰船航速的影响,可以对舰船在顶浪航行定时定点遭遇畸形波的非线性波浪环境进行建模,利用CFD生成数值波浪水池,并对畸形波生成过程中畸形参数、峰度、陡度的变化以及速度分量随深度的变化进行分析,从一定程度上反映畸形波的演化特性,并验证数值模拟的有效性。     

强潮河口丁坝坝头砂肋软体排护底稳定性试验研究

通过对土工织物软体排护底应用情况以及钱塘江河口潮流特征的分析,认为丁坝坝头砂肋软体排铺设后的稳定性好坏是护底成败的关键。利用长35m、宽4.3m的水槽,对砂肋软体排在不同压载厚度条件下进行不同行近流速、不同坝长、不同水深的多组次室内试验研究,得到砂肋软体排的稳定性主要与压载的块石层厚度有关,铺设在丁坝坝头的砂肋软体排临界块石压载稳定厚度与行近流速、丁坝长度以及水深等因子有关,采用相关因子多元回归分析得到丁坝坝头砂肋软体排临界稳定的压载厚度经验公式,可指导现场施工实践。     

Experimental and numerical investigations of the flow around an oar blade

This article aims at verifying the capabilities of a Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes Equations (RANSE) solver (ISIS-CFD, developed at the Fluid Mechanics Laboratory of Ecole Centrale de Nantes [LMF]) to accurately compute the flow around an oar blade and to deduce the forces on it and other quantities such as efficiency. This solver is structurally capable of computing the flow around any blade shape for any movement in six degrees of freedom, both when the blade pierces the free surface of the water and when it does not. To attempt a first validation, a computation was performed for a simplified case chosen among those for which experimental results are available at LMF. If results prove satisfactory for a simplified blade shape and for a movement that respects the main characteristics of blade kinematics, then the solver could be used for real oars and more realistic kinematics. First, the experimental setup is considered, and the objectives, methodologies, and procedures are elucidated. The choice of the test case for numerical validation is explained, i.e., a plane rectangular blade with a constant immersion and a specified movement deduced from analogy with tests on propellers. Next, the numerical framework is presented and the Navier-Stokes solver and methods for handling multifluid flows and moving bodies are described. Lastly, numerical results are compared with experimental data, highlighting an encouraging agreement and proving the relevance and the complementarity of both approaches.     

Experimental and numerical study of the effects of heave plate on the motion of a new deep draft multi-spar platform

The heave motion of a floating structure is critical, as a favorable heave characteristic permits dry tree systems, amongst other benefits. The heave response can be suppressed by installing heave plates. However, the associated hydrodynamic effects, which include viscous damping and added mass, are very complicated. Moreover, there are limited experimental investigations to understand the heave plate effects on actual platform designs. This paper aims to study the abovementioned issue based on a novel deep draft multi-spar (DDMS) platform, for four different configurations (with/without upper and lower heave plates). A set of experiments (free decay, regular and irregular wave tests) are conducted, and compared with time domain and linearized frequency domain analyses. Amongst other things, the investigations and discussions include the added mass and damping coefficients for the platform and heave plates, comparison of experimental and numerical results, and the influence of the heave plates on the surge, heave and pitch motions.     

船载登陆栈桥系统卸载时的横摇响应计算

在无码头的情况下,利用集装箱船改装后的渡海输送登陆栈桥系统,具有装卸载不依赖吊装设备的优点,使登陆栈桥系统能够迅速展开和拼装.在缺乏港口屏蔽的海浪环境中,登陆栈桥系统进行卸载,必须考虑波浪对船的作用和登陆栈桥系统与船的相互作用.利用浮基多体系统动力学方法,考虑海况、船型和登陆栈桥系统在船上运动参数等因素,计算了各工况下的横摇运动响应,进而给出了登陆栈桥系统安全卸载的操作要求,对集装箱船改装可行性提供了理论支持.     

A comparative study of the dynamic behaviour of a fast patrol boat travelling in rough seas

This paper describes a comparative study between full scale measurements recorded on a fast patrol boat encountering heavy winter seas, south of the Isle of Wight and theoretical predictions accounting for the slamming behaviour of the flexible hull. A hydroelastic approach is adopted and satisfactory agreement between measured and predicted responses demonstrated.     

Experimental and numerical investigations on vibration characteristics of a loaded ship model

In this paper, vibration characteristics of the structure in the finite fluid domain are analyzed using a coupled finite element method. The added mass matrix is calculated with finite element method (FEM) by 8-node acoustic fluid elements. Vibration characteristics of the structure in finite fluid domain are calculated combining structure FEM mass matrix. By writing the relevant programs, numerical analysis on vibration characteristics of a submerged cantilever rectangular plate in finite fluid domain and loaded ship model is performed. A modal identification experiment for the loaded ship model in air and in water is conducted and the experiment results verify the reliability of the numerical analysis. The numerical method can be used for further research on vibration characteristics and acoustic radiation problems of the structure in the finite fluid domain.     

超大型 VLCC 波激振动和砰击振动模型试验研究

船舶的波激振动和砰击振动对船舶结构的安全性有较大影响。文章以一艘超大型 VLCC 为研究对象,通过变截面梁分段模型试验方法对船舶在规则波和不规则波中波激振动和砰击振动响应进行了比较分析,介绍了船模波浪载荷试验中模型的设计原则,通过静水试验得到了船体梁垂向振动频率特性、振动阻尼和静水兴波弯矩等参数,通过规则波和不规则波试验分析了波高、波浪周期和装载状态等因素对波激振动和砰击振动的影响。该文的研究结果对大型船舶的结构设计具有一定的指导意义。     

单双壳体典型结构耐撞特性模型试验研究及仿真分析

基于单双壳体典型结构特征,以总重量相近为基础,分别设计单双壳体结构缩比试验模型,针对单壳和有舷间水双壳模型状态,以230kg球形撞击体,初速7.8m/s侧向撞击为载荷工况,开展单双壳体典型结构耐撞特性模型试验研究。通过对撞击后结构模型的损伤状态及相关参量的观测,试验结果显示,单双壳体结构撞击载荷作用下结构的失效及破坏模式存在较大差异;进一步结合高瞬态非线性有限元程序MSC/Dytran对模型试验过程中的结构动态响应特性以及构件吸能分布特性开展深入分析,研究结果显示:不考虑外壳外部附连水影响时,由于舷间水和结构构件分散的影响,双壳结构的撞击载荷过程延长,冲击载荷峰值低于单壳结构,但耐压壳体撞击形变区域相对集中,凸起明显;单壳结构撞击形变影响区域较大,撞击力作用时间短,冲击载荷峰值较高。通过综合分析单双壳结构撞击力历程特征曲线、构件塑性变形能分布规律特性分析,可以认为随着撞击强度的不断增加,单壳结构的剩余强度将趋近于双壳结构耐压壳体。