基于谱分析法的船舶结构疲劳强度评估

  目的  常规疲劳损伤谱分析法只考虑了线性波浪载荷对疲劳寿命的影响,对于大外飘型船舶,如何考虑非线性砰击载荷的影响成为疲劳损伤计算的难点。  方法  首先,采用非线性时域方法计算船体总弯矩的时历分布;然后,结合雨流计数法,统计出船体节点在非线性砰击载荷下的疲劳应力范围分布,进而得到船体节点考虑非线性砰击载荷影响的疲劳损伤;最后,将其与线性波浪载荷产生的疲劳损伤予以对比,计算非线性砰击弯矩对某大外飘型船舶疲劳总损伤的放大系数。  结果  经计算,考虑砰击载荷后,疲劳损伤放大约40%。  结论  采用该计算方法对具有严重砰击载荷的船舶进行疲劳损伤计算具有实际参考意义。     

Experimental and numerical investigation of fatigue damage due to wave-induced vibrations in a containership in head seas

Fatigue cracks have been known to occur in welded ships for several decades. For large ocean-going ships wave-induced vibrations can, depending on trade and design, cause up to 50% of the fatigue damage. The vibrations may be due to springing and whipping effects. In this paper, we address the fatigue damage caused by wave-induced vibrations in a containership of newer design trading in the North Atlantic. The fatigue damage was obtained both experimentally and numerically. The experimental results were found from tests performed with a flexible model of the ship, while the numerical predictions were done using nonlinear hydroelastic strip theory. The measurements showed that the wave-induced vibrations contributed approximately 40% of the total fatigue damage. The numerical method predicted the wave frequency damage well, but was found to overestimate the total fatigue damage by 50%. This was mainly due to an overprediction of the wave-induced vibrations. The discrepancy is partly related to three-dimensional (3D) effects which are not included in the two-dimensional (2D) slamming calculation, and partly to an overprediction of the springing contribution. Moreover, the numerical method does not account for the steady wave due to forward speed. By using a simplified approach we show that high-frequency damage can be significantly reduced by including the steady wave for the relevant vessel, implying better agreement with the experimental results.     

Nonlinear effects from wave-induced maximum vertical bending moment on a flexible ultra-large containership model in severe head and oblique seas

Vertical bending moment (VBM) is of crucial importance in ensuring the survival of vessels in rough seas. With regard to conventional vessels, wave-induced maximum VBM is normally considered to be experienced in head seas. It is conservative to determine the extreme VBM based on either numerical simulations or model tests in long-crested head seas. Extensive model tests have been conducted in head seas with focus on the nonlinear vertical responses in severe seas, and the measured results were compared with numerical calculations for validation. Unexpected phenomena, however, were observed during the model tests of an ultra-large containership. The maximum sagging and hogging VBMs were encountered in oblique seas. Furthermore, the significant wave height used in oblique seas was even smaller than that used in head seas. The nonlinear vertical load effects in oblique seas require further investigations for this particular vessel. Limited experimental results in oblique seas have been reported, in which the lateral responses were always more concerned than the vertical responses. Up to now, rare systematic comparisons of the nonlinear vertical responses between head and oblique seas have been published, especially when the hydroelastic effects are also accounted for. A 13000-TEU ultra-large containership model, which was designed by Hyundai Heavy Industries (HHI), has been tested in the towing tank and the ocean basin at the Marintek center in Trondheim. The experimental results in regular waves are first compared between head and oblique seas. The statistical characteristics of the VBM amidships under nineteen irregular wave conditions are then investigated. Next, the extreme hogging and sagging VBMs are compared under different wave conditions with focus on the extreme hogging VBMs. At the end of the paper, the uncertainties in the experiments are discussed.     

Experimental study of slam-induced stresses in a containership

Experiments for the ship motions and sea loads were carried out on a segmented model of a container ship in ballast condition. Comparisons between the measurements and the theoretical results were carried out for the vertical motions and bending moments. For the evaluation of the primary stresses it is assumed that the total vertical bending moment induced by waves is divided into one component obtained by the linear theory and another one is due to the slamming loads. Several formulations for the determination of the slamming loads are compared with experimental results. The vibratory response of the model is calculated by modelling the hull with rotational springs and rigid links. Linear finite elements with a consistent mass formulation are adopted for the structural model and the response is obtained by modal superimposing and direct integration methods.     

Dynamic motions of planing vessels in head seas

The dynamic response of planing vessels in regular head seas is investigated numerically. Nonlinear time domain simulations were performed using a 2D + t theory (two-dimensional plus time dependent theory). A prismatic hull form was assumed. We employed a two-dimensional (2D) boundary element method to solve the initial boundary value problems in 2D cross planes, in which nonlinear free-surface conditions and exact body boundary conditions were satisfied. At each time step, the total force and moment on the hull could be obtained by using the sectional forces calculated in those 2D planes. Heave and pitch motions were then acquired by solving the equations for those motions. The calculated heave and pitch responses were compared with the experiments by Fridsma (A systematic study of the rough-water performance of planing boats. Davidson Laboratory Report R-1275, 1969) for two different Froude numbers. Three-dimensional (3D) corrections at the transom stern were applied to show the influence of the 3D effect at the stern on the numerical results. Ship motions were affected by the 3D corrections, especially near the resonance frequency, while the phase angles were slightly affected and the acceleration peaks at the bow near the resonance frequency were sensitive to the 3D corrections. Other error sources in the theoretical results are also mentioned.     

Theoretical study on the effect of parametric rolling on added resistance in regular head seas

A formula based on Maruo’s theory is presented for the added resistance in regular head seas when parametric rolling occurs. Firstly, the velocity potential of the radiation waves due to parametric rolling, sway and yaw motions should be superposed on the conventional velocity potential. Secondly, the added resistance is averaged within the time duration that is double the encounter period. Thirdly, the stationary-phase method which is used in Maruo’s method is also used to obtain the formula of added resistance in waves with parametric rolling taken into account as well as viscous roll damping. Fourthly, source distribution based on Maruo and Ishii's and Maruo and Iwase’s works is used to calculate the added resistance. Finally, the effect of parametric rolling on added resistance in regular head seas mainly results from viscous roll damping and it becomes larger as the amplitude of parametric rolling becomes larger.     

Experimental and numerical study on dynamic responses of floating bridge under the shielding effect of a floating platform

A floating bridge and a floating platform can serve as a transport channel between land and sea. They will interact with each other in the wave environment. In this paper, the dynamic response characteristics of a floating bridge under irregular waves and regular waves are studied by means of model tests and numerical calculations. The results of model test and numerical calculation based on potential flow theory are basically consistent and can be mutually verified. By comparing and analyzing the dynamic response results of the floating bridge under the condition of “with floating platform” and “without floating platform”, some conclusions are drawn. The floating platform will have a shielding effect on waves coming from the sea. Due to the shielding effect of the floating platform, the motions in heave, surge and pitch of the floating bridge are evidently diminished. Among them, the motion response of the pontoon near the floating platform decreases most obviously. The floating platform provides a relatively stable marine environment for the floating bridge, thereby improving the survival state of the floating bridge.     

中国北方沿海冬季严重冰灾危害及应对措施浅谈

2009年冬季以来,由于持续受强冷空气和寒潮天气影响,我国北部沿海地区气温迅速下降,渤海、黄海北部及山东沿海出现大面积海水结冰现象,部分海域冰层厚度达40cm以上,渤海出现近30年同期最为严重的海冰灾害。此次海冰来势凶猛,主要具备四大特征：一是发生时间早,二是分布范围广,三是冰层厚度大,四是影响程度严重。     

舰用柴油机预混合等压燃烧的数值模拟及试验研究

运用CFD软件Star-cd对一台舰用高速大功率柴油机实现预混合近似等压燃烧进行了缸内喷雾及燃烧过程的模拟计算,主要考察了不同压缩比的燃烧室型线,以及喷油器喷孔参数对柴油机性能、缸内温度场、速度场和NO排放的分布的影响.经过多方案的计算分析,确定了高速大功率柴油机实现预混合近似等压燃烧的压缩比和喷孔参数,并能在提高柴油机性能的同时降低排放.通过对最优方案的台架试验,在直喷式柴油机上实现了预混合等压燃烧要求的放热率.     

澜沧江丁坝坝头冲深的试验研究*

以澜沧江曼厅段的河道特性为典型,建立了山区河道丁坝坝头冲刷坑深度的概化模型试验。在进行长历时丁坝清水平衡冲刷试验的基础上,分析了坝头冲深的影响因素;通过量纲分析和多元回归的方法,建立了以流速v为主要参数的冲深计算公式,并与各家公式进行比较,表明该公式较为合理。采用天然河道丁坝冲深资料对公式进行了验证,计算值与实测值基本符合。研究为确定山区河道丁坝基础埋深提供了参考,也为将来治理同类型河道积累了经验。     

缓坡海岸平均沿岸流实验研究与数值模拟

沿岸流研究对海岸工程具有重要的应用价值。为了更深入地研究沿岸流特征,文章对1∶100和1∶40两个较缓坡条件下的沿岸流进行了实验研究,弥补了现有实验研究主要针对较陡坡情况,不具有代表性的弊端,并通过数值模拟进一步阐述了缓坡情况下的平均沿岸流不同于陡坡情况下的物理机理。主要特色与创新有：第一、通过物理模型实验研究发现了1∶100坡度地形条件下存在不同于1∶40坡度情况下的平均沿岸流速度分布特征：前者海岸一侧平均沿岸流分布呈下凹趋势,而后者呈上凸的趋势。第二、通过平均沿岸流数值模型对1∶100和1∶40缓坡沿岸流的不同特征进行数值模拟,找出了影响平均沿岸流速度剖面特征的主要因素为破波带内波高分布和水底摩擦力表达式的选取不同,且对后者更为敏感。1∶100坡度海岸沿岸流速度剖面可由水流型水底摩擦力来计算出,而1∶40坡度海岸沿岸流速度剖面可由波浪型水底摩擦力来计算出。第三、在此基础上进一步给出了缓坡情况下二次破碎波高和波浪增减水的分布特征。     

多蛋形交接耐压壳屈曲特性试验与数值研究

文章研究了多蛋形交接耐压壳屈曲行为。基于壳体开孔处的变形量与完整壳体一致的设计理念,优选多蛋壳结构参数,制作多蛋壳比例模型,并对其制作误差进行了检测。此外,还进行了静水压力试验,验证真实多蛋壳破坏形式,检验环肋参数的合理性,比较了考虑真实形状和厚度的非线性有限元分析结果。结果表明:基于变形协调理念设计的多蛋壳,最终破坏远离环肋交接处,蛋形壳单元破坏形式及载荷与完整单蛋壳基本相同,试验验证了多蛋壳继承了完整蛋形壳较好的耐压特性;基于弧长法的数值计算与试验结果具有良好一致性,考虑真实形状和厚度的非线性有限元分析可用于分析预测真实壳体的屈曲特性。     

Predicting parametric rolling in irregular head seas with added resistance taken into account

Parametric rolling in irregular head seas is investigated using numerical simulation in the time domain in this paper. The effect of the change in speed due to added resistance on parametric rolling is taken into account. Three methods of calculating the added resistance in irregular head seas are applied to this problem, and then Pinkster’s method, which considers the time-varying added resistance in irregular head seas, is extended for further investigations in this paper. Furthermore, the Froude–Krylov component of restoring variation is estimated with coupling from heave and pitch motions, and the hydrodynamic effects are extrapolated nonlinearly with regards to roll angle. Finally, the “practical non-ergodicity” of parametric roll is investigated with a model experiment at zero forward speed and using the simulation, and the effect of added resistance is investigated with the simulation.     

系泊船舶运动响应周期试验研究

针对国内外系泊船舶物理模型试验中所给系泊船舶运动响应周期特征参数的不同,对横向波浪作用下一艘26.6×104 m3系泊LNG船舶的运动响应周期特性进行物理模型试验研究。结果表明,半载状态下,纵移运动存在着32 s的自振周期;横移运动为周期性间歇增长运动,横移运动周期与系泊船舶固有横摇周期的比值在1.11～1.23,大体上随波浪周期增大成倍数增长;横摇运动峰值随波浪周期增大而增大,横摇运动周期与系泊船舶固有横摇周期的比值在1.23～1.48,大体上随波浪周期增大成倍数增长;不同装载状态下回转运动均存在着较长的自振周期:半载状态为30 s,满载状态为32 s。     

Parametrical studies of a new numerical model for controlled ship motions in extreme astern seas

Parametrical studies based on numerical simulations were carried out for very steep regular waves to assess possible improvements in the state-of-the art numerical modelling of the control and capsizing behaviour of ships in following and quartering seas. A nonlinear 6-DOF numerical model has been developed with the inclusion of frequency-dependent terms, the so called memory effects, and a flexible axis system that allows straightforward combination of seakeeping and manoeuvring models while accounting for extreme motions. The previously undertaken validation analyses using extensive model test data provided qualitatively good agreement, whereas the comparison with numerical models without coupling of the vertical motions and frequency-dependent hydrodynamic terms embodied in radiation forces identified improvements in the accuracy. However, to broaden the assessment of the numerical model, further parametrical numerical analyses were carried out using two ships, which had previously been tested in the validation analyses, for various operational and environmental conditions. These parameters were changed in accordance with the recommendations from international organisations and experience from model tests to realise and avoid dangerous conditions that often result in capsizing, such as broaching associated with surf riding and low-cycle resonance. As a result of the parametric analysis, we discuss the sensitivity of the improvements in the numerical model for various critical operational and design parameters and its possible use to provide a link between the ship's behavior and these parameters.     

Experimental and numerical study of localized pitting effect on compressive behavior of tubular members

Locally pitted tubular members are usually considered as stub columns to assess the ultimate strength. However, it is not suitable for those with relatively larger slenderness ratios as their failure behavior is more complex and closely related to corrosion features of localized pitting. This paper presents compressive column tests on locally pitted tubular members of a moderate slenderness ratio. Corrosion pits were artificially introduced on local surface of the members, forming corrosion patches with various corrosion features. A numerical modelling method was proposed to reproduce the test specimens. Localized pitting damage was proven to cause substantial declines in the load deformation capacity and ultimate strength, and have a significant effect on the failure mode. The failure of a pitted member is mostly initiated by local buckling after yielding occurs in the corrosion patch, concurrent with pitting closure, and even shear cracking of member wall due to the perforated pits. Moreover, shape change of the corrosion patch most likely results in the failure mode to alter from column buckling to local buckling or interactive buckling. The shape ratio of the corrosion patch is one of the critical factor to influence the ultimate strength of locally pitted members. The proposed modelling method is applicable for extensive stochastic simulations so as to develop an empirical formula and to clarify the probabilistic characteristics of ultimate strength.     

中水头船闸输水系统优化试验研究

以某船闸改建工程为背景,通过建立1:30船闸输水系统整体物理模型,研究中水头闸底长廊道侧支孔船闸输水系统优化布置方案。模型试验表明,设计方案下的船闸输水系统存在输水效率低、闸室横向水流分布不均及进水口出现串状吸气旋涡三方面影响船闸输水系统安全、高效运行的问题。综合研究船闸整体及输水系统布置形式,并结合试验各项水力特性指标,提出通过增大输水廊道尺度、沟通闸室两侧主廊道及消除上游引航道与进水口之间的高程突变的优化措施,有效提高了船闸的输水效率、改善了船闸进水口及闸室内水流条件。经过优化后的船闸输水系统可以满足规范、设计要求,各输水水力特性指标均达到预期的设计目标和要求。     

Experimental and numerical study of the shielding effect of two tandem rough cylinders in flow-induce oscillation

The shielding effect of the downstream cylinder in flow induced oscillation (FIO) of two cylinders arranged in tandem is studied experimentally and numerically at Reynolds number 30,000 to 120,000. Both cylinders are in one degree-of-freedom, transverse-oscillations, and have turbulence stimulation in the form of selective surface roughness to expand FIO beyond vortex-induced vibration (VIV) into galloping. Shielding of the downstream cylinder has a negative effect on harnessing hydrokinetic energy. To study its effect and mechanics, selective cases are studied both numerically and experimentally and discussed to demonstrate the shielding effect on the downstream cylinder and understand its cause. The main conclusions are: (1) The shielding effect for the downstream cylinder shows a strong relation to the damping ratio. As the damping ratio increases, the shielding effect is mitigated. Additionally, the oscillation of the rear cylinder becomes stable and shows stable frequency. (2) In the VIV region, as the stiffness and natural frequency increase, the shielding effect decreases substantially. (3) In the VIV region, the vorticity of the vortices shedding from both the upper and the lower sides of the downstream cylinder does not accumulate enough due to the attraction by the vortices shed from the upstream cylinder, thus resulting in partial suppression of the oscillation on the downstream cylinder. (4) In the galloping region, the shielding effect for the downstream cylinder depends on whether the vorticity near the downstream cylinder is strengthened by the vortices generated by the shear layers of the upstream cylinder or weakened.     

ONR内倾船波浪中复原力臂非线性现象试验和数值研究

船舶波浪稳性中参数横摇和纯稳性丧失是与波浪复原力臂变化有关的失效模式,波浪中复原力臂的变化是影响这些失效模式预报精度的关键因素.本文以ONR内倾船型为研究对象,通过试验和数值方法研究了横摇复原力臂的变化.首先采用半拘束模型(垂荡、纵摇自由,固定横倾角)试验测量波浪中船模复原力的变化;其次采用三维时域混合源法建立波浪中复原力臂的数值计算方法,在常规Froude-Krylov力假设的基础上,进一步考虑辐射力和绕射力对横摇复原力的影响,并在速度势的计算中引入精确物面条件,沿瞬时湿表面积分计算动态辐射力和绕射力的成分;最后通过试验结果和数值计算结果的比较,以及复原力臂组成成分的分析、近似物面非线性条件和精确物面条件计算结果的对比等,详细分析了ONR内倾船型波浪中复原力臂的非线性现象.研究表明:顶浪中常规Froude-Krylov力假设不够完善,随着航速、波陡、横倾角度的增加,波浪中复原力臂的非线性现象十分明显,辐射力和绕射力对复原力臂的贡献是非线性现象的主要原因;基于精确物面条件计算动态辐射力和绕射力引起的复原力臂变化可以更好地反应复原力臂的非线性现象.     

船舶甲板结构稳定性实验与数值仿真研究

为了研究具有大开口甲板板架结构的稳定性问题,本文设计了含大开口的甲板板架模型,开展了其轴向受压稳定性实验,并采用非线性有限元软件ABAQUS对该模型的屈曲破坏过程进行了数值仿真计算,试验结果与数值仿真结果吻合较好.在此基础上,分析了导致结构屈曲失效的主要因素,为船舶甲板结构稳定性设计提供了参考依据.