船舶碰撞缓冲型球鼻艏概念探讨--球鼻曲率对碰撞的影响

船舶碰撞事故中，被撞油船船侧的破裂会引起严重的海洋污染，故油船双层船壳设计成为防止被撞油船破损的有效措施。但随着海上运输船舶的数目及尺度的日益增大，双层船壳已不能满足防止船侧破损的要求。本文提出了缓冲型球算般的构思。在船舶相撞的过程中，球鼻艏曲率的尖锐程度影响被撞船船侧的损伤程度，故提出并讨论了表征球鼻艏碰撞特性的标志性参数。通过对不同曲率的球鼻艏一系列的碴撞数值仿真计算，详细描述了外形曲率对球鼻艏的变形形态、碰撞力、碰撞力密度及能量吸收的影响，指出船舶采用钝形的球鼻艏能有效减小碰撞时的穿透损伤。     

高强度钢缓冲型船艏研究

在船舶碰撞事故中，一般船侧的破损程度比船艏大，从环境保护的全局意识及降低整体经济损失的角度出发，应该在保证船艏结构在能够承受常规载荷的前提下适当地减小其纵向刚度，使其在撞击船侧时导致船侧破损的可能性降低。笔者从损伤形态，碰撞力，碰撞力密度和能量吸收等方面对采用高强度钢的缓冲船艏进行研究，发现船艏结构采用高强度钢在等强度的条件下，可减少结构的板厚和船艏结构的临界压溃载荷，从而降低对被撞船舶侧结构的破坏。     

Analysis of structural crashworthiness of double-hull ships in collision and grounding

A conceptual design framework for collision and grounding analysis is proposed to evaluate the crashworthiness of double-hull structures. This work attempts to simplify the input parameters needed for the analysis, which can be considered as a step towards a design-oriented procedure against collision and grounding. Four typical collision and grounding scenarios are considered: (1) side structure struck by a bulbous bow, (2) side structure struck by a straight bow, (3) bottom raking, (4) bottom stranding. The analyses of these scenarios are based on statistical data of striking ship dimensions, velocities, collision angles and locations, as well as seabed shapes and sizes, grounding depth and location. The evaluation of the damage extent considers the 50- and 90-percentile values from the statistics of collision and grounding accidents. The external dynamics and internal mechanics are combined to analyse systematically the ship structural damage and energy absorption under accidental loadings.     

缓冲型球艏的艏柱设计计算分析

依据缓冲球艏设计要求,提出棱柱型艏柱设计方案,运用有限元分析软件LS-DYNA对采用传统艏柱与棱柱型艏柱结构的12 000 t油船进行船艏碰撞的仿真分析,发现棱柱型艏柱结构比传统艏柱结构球艏更易被压溃.     

单壳船侧结构的碰撞能量吸收

文章提出一种近似的解析方法评估单壳船侧结构的耐撞性。首先研究了单轴对称工字梁在横向载荷作用下结构从形成塑性铰到弦响应的力学过程,导出能量和变形的近似解析关系,然后考虑球鼻首和船侧结构的碰撞性将主要受撞区域舷侧板梁组合结构离散成为多个单轴对称工字梁,得到单壳舷侧结构碰撞过程能量吸收的近似公式,同时研究了球鼻形状以及不同碰撞位置对结构变形与能量吸收的影响。对散货船单壳舷侧结构的耐撞性用本文近似理论公式     

Model test on the collapse strength of the buffer bow structures

The adoption of double hull system in the side hull of oil tanker has been recognized as an effective countermeasure to prevent a disastrous damage induced by collision accident which might cause cargo oil spill from a struck oil tanker. However, when considering that ocean-going vessels are increasing not only in size but also in speed, a threat of disastrous collision accident should be further mitigated even on the responsibility of striking ships.A series of crush tests using scale models of the buffer bow has been carried out. The test results were compared with those obtained by FEA simulation and a simple analysis. The performance of the buffer bow is discussed focusing on the collapse mechanism and the P–δ characteristics. Then the guidelines for the practical design of buffer bow structure are presented.     

舰艏结构的碰撞损伤性能研究

船舶碰撞事故往往会引起被撞船的船体结构严重损坏,并且威胁船上人员的生命安全.在船一船碰撞中被撞船的损伤程度取决于两个方面:一是舷侧结构的碰撞性能;二是撞击船艏结构的相对刚度.船舶的艏部结构刚度一般远远高于舷侧结构的刚度,在船舶碰撞研究时,通常将撞头理想化为刚体,不考虑其损伤变形和能量吸收,这样做实际上过于保守.本文针对舰船,主要研究舰艏结构的碰撞损伤特性,将撞击舰艏作为可变形结构进行数值仿真研究,得到了一些艏部变形的规律.     

On the global ship hull bending energy in ship collisions

During ship collisions part of the kinetic energy of the involved vessels immediately prior to contact is absorbed as energy dissipated by crushing of the hull structures, by friction and by elastic energy. The purpose of this report is to present an estimate of the elastic energy that can be stored in elastic hull vibrations during a ship collision.When a ship side is strengthened in order to improve the crashworthiness it has been argued in the scientific literature that a non-trivial part of the energy released for structural deformation during the collision can be absorbed as elastic energy in global ship hull vibrations, such that with strong ship sides less energy has to be spent in crushing of the striking ship bow and/or the struck ship side.In normal ship–ship collision analyses both the striking and struck ship are usually considered as rigid bodies where structural crushing is confined to the impact location and where local and global bending vibration modes are neglected. That is, the structural deformation problem is considered quasi-static. In this paper a simple uniform free–free beam model is presented for estimating the energy transported into the global bending vibrations of the struck ship hull during ship–ship collisions. The striking ship is still considered as a rigid body. The local interaction between the two ships is modeled by a linear load–deflection relation.The analysis results for a simplified model of a struck coaster and of a large tanker show that the elastic energy absorbed by the struck ship normally is small and varies from 1 to 6% of the energy released for crushing. The energy stored as elastic global hull girder vibrations depends on the ship mass, the local stiffness of the side structure, and of the position of contact. The results also show that in case of highly strengthened ship sides the maximum global bending strains during collisions can lead to hull failure.     

基于BP网络的球鼻首参数化优化

本文以某集装箱船为研究对象,对降速航行后的球鼻首进行优化。采用Catia建立船体三维模型,为了产生不同形状的球鼻首,选取球鼻特征参数来描述其基本结构;采用拉丁超立方试验抽样方法得到12组不同形状的球鼻首,提出运用非线性拟合能力较强的BP网络构建球鼻首参数和阻力系数之间的关系模型;采用遗传算法对训练后的网络进行极值寻优。结果显示,优化船型的阻力系数显著降低,说明该方法对球鼻首的优化有一定的借鉴意义。     

Design of bridges against ship collisions

The paper outlines a rational design procedure for bridge piers and pylons against ship collision impacts. Firstly, a set of risk acceptance criteria are proposed. This is followed by a mathematically based procedure for calculation of the probability of critical ship meeting situations near the bridge, and the probability of ship collision accidents caused by human errors as well as technical errors. This first part of the paper leads to identification of the largest striking ship, “design vessels”, a given bridge pier must withstand without structural failure in order for the bridge connection to fulfil the risk acceptance criteria. The final part of the paper is devoted to an analysis of the needed impact capacity for the bridge pylons and piers exposed to ship bow impact loads from these “design vessels”. For a number of different ship types and different tonnage merchant vessels, load – displacement relations for ship bow collisions against rigid walls are derived. Based on these comprehensive numerical results, a new empirical relation is derived which is suited for design against bow collisions. This expression for maximum bow collision forces is compared with a previously published expression for ice-strengthened ships and with existing standards for assessment of bow crushing forces. It is shown that there is need for an update of these existing standards. For design of piers and pylons against local impact pressure loads, a pressure - area relation for bulbous bow impacts is derived.     

撞角球鼻艏形式和参数变化对阻力影响的研究

通过数值计算及模型试验确定了撞角球鼻艏形式和参数对阻力的影响。针对3个形式各异的球鼻艏方案,开展了CFD计算和模型试验,结果显示:当傅汝德数为0.28时,撞角球鼻艏的剩余阻力系数比无球鼻艏的剩余阻力系数约小20%。以8个主要参数各异的撞角球鼻艏方案为对象,采用CFD技术分析了撞角球鼻艏的参数变化对兴波阻力的影响,并确定了撞角球鼻艏的宽度比和纵向长度比对兴波阻力系数的影响。     

Behavior of a double hull in a variety of stranding or collision scenarios

A series of nine tests was conducted to investigate the behavior of a double hull in a variety of stranding or collision scenarios. Cones of five different nose radii were made to model accident scenarios ranging from grounding on a sharp rock to stranding on a relatively flat seabed or shoal, and collision with a sharp bulbous bow of a fast ship to collision with a large bow of a VLCC. Three sub-series were designed in which the cones pressed shell plating, main supporting members and intersections of main supporting members. The test results reveal that the nose radius and the location of penetration have a very strong influence on the behavior of a double hull. Therefore, careful definition of accident scenarios is of crucial importance to assess the strength of ship hulls in accidents, and it is necessary to base the assessment on probability of accidents. Characteristics of the response of structural members were identified and idealized as simple theoretical models. Analytical formulae were derived and discussed. Primary damage mechanisms include membrane stretching of shell panel, onset of rupture, crack propagation, folding of main supporting members, and crushing of intersections of main supporting members. The new plate punching model captures the phenomenon that the load-carrying capacity of a plate depends on the size of the striking object. The plate perforating model predicts the reduced strength of plates with cracks. It reflects the observed test phenomenon that loads do not drop to zero even after rupture occurs in shell plating. A simple analytical method was developed to calculate the global strength of a double hull. The method takes geometrical parameters of seabed rocks or bulbous bows into account, and can be used for a wide range of different accident scenarios. Calculations using this method compared satisfactorily with the test results. This method can be easily incorporated into a probability-based framework to properly assess structural performance for a variety of damage scenarios. Similar to the Wang et al. (J Ship Res 41 (1997) 241) paper on raking damage, which uses only four analytical models, this method also requires only a common calculator to carry out the calculations.     

Design of offshore structures against accidental ship collisions

In this paper, we investigate the damage to offshore platforms subjected to ship collisions. The considered scenarios are bow and stern impacts against the column of a floating platform and against the jacket legs and braces. The effect of the ship–platform interaction on the distribution of damage is studied by modeling both structures using nonlinear shell finite elements. A supply vessel of 7500-ton displacement with bulbous bow is modeled. A comprehensive numerical analysis program is conducted, and the primary findings are described herein. The collision forces from the vessel are compared with the suggested force–deformation curves in the NORSOK code. For collisions with floating platforms we particularly focus on the crushing behavior and potential penetration of the bulbous bow and stern sections into the cargo tanks or void spaces of semi-submersible platforms. For fixed jacket platforms we investigate whether jacket braces can penetrate into the ship without being subjected to significant plastic bending or local denting.Adequate treatment of the relative strength between the interacting bodies is especially relevant for impacts with high levels of available kinetic energy, for which shared energy or strength design is aimed at. Simplifying one body as rigid quickly leads to overly conservative and/or costly solutions, and is in some cases non-conservative.The numerical analysis is used to develop a novel pressure–area relation for the deformation of the bulbous bow and stern corners of the supply vessel. Procedures for strength design of the stiffened panels are discussed. Refined methods and criteria are proposed for strength design of platforms, including both floating and jacket structures. The adequacy of the NORSOK design guidance for collisions against jacket legs is evaluated. The characteristic strength of a cylindrical column is used to develop a novel criterion for the resistance to local denting from stern corners and bulbous bows.     

An analytical method for predicting the ship side structure response in raked bow collisions

As an increasing number of ships continue to sail in heavy traffic lanes, the possibility of collision between ships has become progressively higher. Therefore, it is of great importance to rapidly and accurately analyse the response and consequences of a ship's side structure subjected to large impact loads, such as collisions from supply vessels or merchant vessels. As the raked bow is a common design that has a high possibility of impacting a ship side structure, this study proposes an analytical method based on plastic mechanism equations for the rapid prediction of the response of a ship's side structure subjected to raked bow collisions. The new method includes deformation mechanisms of the side shell plating and the stiffeners attached. The deformation mechanisms of deck plating, longitudinal girders and transverse frames are also analysed. The resistance and energy dissipation of the side structure are obtained from individual components and then integrated to assess the complete crashworthiness of the side structure of the struck ship. The analytical prediction method is verified by numerical simulation. Three typical collision scenarios are defined in the numerical simulation using the code LS_DYNA, and the results obtained by the proposed analytical method and those of the numerical simulation are compared. The results correspond well, suggesting that the proposed analytical method can improve ship crashworthiness during the design phase.     

潜艇水下碰撞特性数值研究

为分析碰撞中潜艇结构的损伤特性,选取2500t级双壳体潜艇作为研究对象,对潜艇结构进行等比例实体建模,并采取潜艇船艏与舷侧部位的撞击形式.利用大型非线性有限元软件Ls-Dyna,从能量、碰撞力和冲击环境3个角度研究碰撞的影响,得出以下结论：潜艇外壳及中间结构是吸能的主要结构,刚度较弱的潜艇艏部会产生大的塑性变形区,而刚度较强的舷侧结构的响应则以动能为主,且伴随着小范围的塑性变形区;撞击力在艏部临界速度附近,产生单峰值及双峰值现象,并确定临界速度值约为15～16kn;船长方向的冲击环境成对数函数分布,按中级损伤程度,对艇员的影响区域为距离船艏撞击区约0.11倍艇长范围.     

Collision scenarios and probabilistic collision damage

This paper examines the influence of collision scenario random variables on the extent of predicted damage in ship collisions. Struck and striking ship speed, collision angle, striking ship type and striking ship displacement are treated as independent random variables. Other striking ship characteristics are treated as dependent variables derived from the independent variables based on relationships developed from worldwide ship data. A Simplified Collision Model (SIMCOL) is used to assess the sensitivity of probabilistic damage extent to these variables. SIMCOL applies the scenario variables directly in a time-stepping simultaneous solution of internal (structural) and external (ship) problems. During the simultaneous solution SIMCOL also calculates struck ship absorbed energy in the longitudinal and transverse directions. These results are compared to absorbed energy estimates based on uncoupled external dynamics only. The necessity and effectiveness of this approach is examined.     

Geometric modelling of bulbous bows with the use of non-uniform rational B-spline surfaces

Nowadays, bulbous bow forms have become a common design feature in most conventional ship designs. The design of a bulbous bow is usually attempted with the use of certain form parameters that are imposed using the designer's experience or regression values that provide the optimum parameters based on experimental tests or computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculations. In this article, the geometric modelling of a bulbous bow form that complies with a series of parameters is presented. First, a wire model was constructed with cubic B-spline curves that hold certain form parameters that the designer wants to impose. Second, a B-spline surface that fits these splines was mathematically constructed. A review of the influence of the design parameters used on the bulbous bow properties was made. This method could be used prior to numerical optimization of a bulbous bow because different variations of the design can be easily generated. These variations can be tested numerically using CFD software. A practical application example of the method is shown.     

内河双壳油船舷侧结构耐撞性分析

提出了内河双壳油船舷侧结构耐撞性能的简化分析方法,详细讨论了球鼻艏撞击作用下内河双壳油船舷侧结构的总体破坏模式及其渐进破坏过程.在考虑舷侧外壳板发生断裂破坏后的剩余抗撞能力的基础上,给出了双壳舷侧结构的撞击力―撞深曲线和吸收能量-撞深曲线,并与有限元仿真分析结果进行了比较.简化分析方法得到的结果与有限元分析基本上是一致的,这表明该方法能对内河双壳油船结构的耐撞性能做出合理预报,可用于这类油船耐撞性能的评估.     

船艏横向加强框架对船艏耐撞性能的影响

在撞击过程中船艏结构的典型损伤是外壳板和内加筋的褶皱，撕裂和弯曲。在以前的船舶结构的碰撞分析的简化方法或数值模拟中往往略去横向肋骨框架对船艏碰撞性能的影响。本文利用有限元数值仿真方法研究了横向肋骨框架在碰撞损坏过程中的作用，发现其对船艏结构的损伤形态、碰撞力及能量耗散有重要影响。因而是碰撞计算中不可忽略的因素。     

油轮艏部结构碰撞特性研究

在船舶碰撞中,船艏是主要作用方.船艏结构的碰撞特性是影响船-船碰撞过程中被撞船舷侧结构损伤程度的决定因素.为减少碰撞事故损失,应从碰撞的观点对船艏结构的特性进行研究,提出一种研究船艏的碰撞特性的方法及表征船艏碰撞特性的特征量,据以改进船艏设计.根据船艏结构本身的碰撞破损过程,对船艏结构碰撞力与破损深度的关系、艏部构件在碰撞过程中的损伤形态和能量耗散进行了研究,指出碰撞力曲线是船艏结构的一种固有特性.提出了碰撞力面积密度曲线的概念,它可以用于定量表达船艏结构对其它结构的破坏能力.利用有限元数值模拟方法计算了一艘4万吨船艏的碰撞损坏实例,显示了上述碰撞特征并讨论了提高碰撞数值模拟计算精度的方法.