双腔室空气弹簧模型及动态特性研究

双腔室空气弹簧以其优良的隔振性能及刚度可变特性已经在部分高端车型和赛车上得到应用,但是对其动刚度预报的精确模型及动态特性的深入研究还不够完善。基于能量原理从热力学角度出发,结合空气动力学及结构动力学给出一套双腔室空气弹簧的精确模型并给出各刚度、阻尼项明确的物理意义。设计示功试验,选取不同振幅和频率的正弦激励对双/单腔空气弹簧进行试验验证。试验结果表明所提动刚度模型能够很好地反映出双腔室空气弹簧的滞回特性及刚度可变特性,也能够明确反映出动刚度的频率相关性。最后基于模型给出各参数项对动刚度幅值和滞回相位角的影响规律,基于试验验证仿真结果并给出规律的物理解释。研究结果表明：单腔室空气弹簧的动刚度频率特性相位角仅因热交换而存在一个峰值;双腔室空气弹簧的动刚度相位角存在2个峰值,主要是由热交换(第1峰)与小孔产生的阻尼效应(第2峰)导致;当激励频率趋向于无穷时,由于热交换不充分及腔室之间气体来不及进行交换,故单/双腔室空气弹簧的动刚度相位角逐渐趋向于零;研究得出的模型预报方法及动态特性可以对单/双腔室空气弹簧的动刚度进行准确估计,并给出了其动刚度的频率相关性及其影响因素与变化规律。研究结论能够对空气弹簧的整车动力学匹配及设计提供正面的指导。     

商用车汽车空气弹簧悬架系统

空气悬架系统是以空气弹簧为弹性元件。空气弹簧是在一个密封的容器内充入压缩空气（气压为0．5～1．0MPa），利用气体的可压缩性，实现其弹性作用的。这种弹簧的刚度是可变的，因为作用在弹簧上载荷增加时，容器内的定量气体受压缩，气压升高，则弹簧的刚度增大。反之，当载荷减小时，弹簧内的气压下降，刚度减小，故它具有理想的弹性特性。对客车而言，使用空气弹簧悬架可以提高乘坐舒适性，对货车或挂车而言，使用空气弹簧悬架可以更好地保护货物。     

汽车空气悬架的现状展趋势

在相同的载荷作用下，空气弹簧可以得到比钢板弹簧低得多的振动频率，从而提高行驶平中性；空气弹簧具有变刚度特性，固有频率可以根据需要而适当地改变，由于其具有优良的性质，使得空气悬架在汽车悬架系统中的应用越来越广泛，在国外已渐渐发展成为标准装备，中对空气悬架的现状及发展趋势进行了阐述，同时分析了空气悬架的结构和工作原理，空气弹簧的特性及其在整车中的布置方式。     

基于Payne效应的膜式空气弹簧非线性动刚度模型

本文中提出了一种考虑气囊橡胶Payne效应和热力学等效刚度阻尼滞回特性的膜式空气弹簧非线性动刚度模型,以解决空气弹簧动刚度非线性建模难题,并为气囊结构设计与材料选择提供理论依据。首先,通过示功试验对动刚度实部和虚部进行参数识别,表明在小振幅下,气囊橡胶Payne效应会引起动刚度的增大,并验证了不同振幅和频率激励下模型的正确性。接着,从振幅和频率两个维度给出了各解耦变量贡献度变化趋势的物理解释。结果显示,气囊橡胶的Payne效应使动刚度实部随振幅增大而减小,虚部随振幅增大呈现先增大后逐渐减小的趋势;气体刚度和由热交换产生的等效阻尼会使动刚度实部随频率升高逐渐增大,虚部随频率升高先增大后减小。最后给出了一个反映橡胶气囊动刚度贡献率的膜式空气弹簧新的评价指标,可直接表征空气弹簧低幅动态性能和结构设计与材料选择的优劣。试验表明,该值主要随振幅增加明显下降,橡胶气囊在低振幅时产生的刚度不可忽视。     

汽车悬架用空气弹簧的非线性有限元分析

讨论了空气弹簧的材料、几何、接触、载荷等非线性力学特征，提出了运用非线性有限元法对空气弹簧进行结构分析的思路，并对某型汽车空气弹簧进行了充气变形与刚度特性分析，刚度特性的有限元分析结果与试验结果吻合较好。     

基于ABAQUS的帘线参数对膜式空气弹簧横向特性影响研究

引言 空气弹簧是在柔性密闭容器中充入压缩空气，利用空气的可压缩性实现弹性作用的一种非金属弹簧。由于具有变刚度、低自振频率、高度可控等优良的特性，用于车辆悬架装置中可以明显改善车辆的动力性，可减小车辆对路面的破坏并显著提高运行舒适性。所以，空气弹簧在商用车上得到广泛应用。     

空气悬架大客车平顺性仿真研究

空气弹簧具有变刚度特性，其固有振动频率要比钢板弹簧低得多，且不随汽车承载质量的变化而改变。安装有空气悬架的汽车车轮动载荷小，可以获得良好的行驶平顺性、操纵稳定性和行驶安全性，减小了高速行驶车辆对路面的破坏。空气悬架在汽车悬架系统中的应用越来越广泛。本文以安装有空气悬架的大客车为研究对象，利用多体系统动力学原理建立空气弹簧大客车整车动力学仿真模型，并对其平顺性进行仿真研究。     

商用汽车空气弹簧悬架系统

空气县架系统是以空气弹簧为弹性元件。空气弹簧是在一个密封的容器内充入压缩空气(气压为0．5～1．0MPa),利用气体的可压缩性．实现其弹性作用的。这种弹簧的刚度是可变的．因为作用在弹簧上的载荷增加时,容器内的定量气体受压缩．气压升高．则弹簧的刚度增大。反之．当载荷减小时．弹簧内的气压下降．刚度减小．故它具有较理想的弹性特性。对客车而言,使用空气悬架可以提高     

空气弹簧悬架系统在强迫振动下的动力学分析

利用非线性动力学的方法研究了空气弹簧悬架的非线性动力学特性。通过空气热力学方程和试验得出空气弹簧的刚度特性,对单自由度1/4车辆模型只考虑车辆的垂向运动,得到其振动方程,并研究在单频正弦激励情况下的主共振,利用平均法得到了一次近似解及幅频关系。利用奇异性理论分析其分岔集,可知系统为叉形分岔的普适开折。结果表明:激励幅值与非线性刚度是影响空气弹簧悬架非线性特性的主要因素,且非线性刚度中只有立方非线性起作用。     

基于ABAQUS的帘线参数对汽车空气弹簧垂向刚度影响的研究

运用非线性有限元分析软件ABAQUS建立膜式空气弹簧有限元模型,计算其垂向刚度特性,讨论帘线角、帘线层间距、帘线层数等安全气囊帘线参数对空气弹簧垂向刚度特性的影响.将0.3 MPa和0.5 MPa空气弹簧垂向刚度曲线与试验曲线进行了比较,结果表明,计算值与试验值比较吻合,证明该模型正确,仿真结果有效.     

Study on dynamic characteristic analysis of air spring with auxiliary chamber

The characteristics of air springs, such as the effects of bellows and those of heat transfer on spring constant and damping factor, have been studied. However, auxiliary chambers and pipes are required in addition to air springs, to vary spring constant in the case of spring rate change by electronically controlled air suspension systems of a vehicle. Few reports have dealt with the effects of auxiliary chambers and pipes. In our study, the relation between vibration frequency and spring reaction has been investigated to clarify the effects of pipes on dynamic spring constant. Our proposed model has proved effective in understanding the phenomena.     

Model development and experimental research on an air spring with auxiliary reservoir

This paper focuses on the dynamic stiffness and overall equivalent damping of an air spring connected to an orifice and an auxiliary reservoir, with respect to the displacement excitation frequency, orifice area, and auxiliary reservoir volume. A theoretical model of this air spring with its auxiliary reservoir is derived by utilizing the energy conservation equation, gas state equation, and orifice flow rate equation. Simulation results from the presented model reveal that, when the air spring is subject to harmonic displacement excitation, its dynamic stiffness increases with an increase in excitation frequency and decrease in orifice area. Smaller orifice areas and lower excitation frequencies result in higher overall equivalent damping. A validation experiment is also implemented. When compared with experimental results, simulations show consistent varying trends of the dynamic stiffness and overall equivalent damping. The model developed here can correctly describe the behavior of the air spring with auxiliary reservoir, indicating that it is reasonable and feasible.     

半主动悬架空气弹簧的动态特性研究

建立膜式空气弹簧的有限元模型,对其动态特性进行仿真和试验验证,仿真结果和试验结果吻合良好.研究表明,空气弹簧的输出频率是异频输出,且输出频率基本是激振频率的整倍数;随固有频率增加,空气弹簧变形加大.     

Investigation on the sensitive and insensitive zones of the rail support stiffness for the dynamic response of a vehicle system under low excitation frequencies

The variation of the rail support stiffness is an inherent issue of railway tracks. There is still no consensus on the influence of the rail support stiffness variation on the dynamic response of the vehicle–track system. One view indicates that changes of the support stiffness do not have considerable influence on the vehicle dynamic response. The main influence factor is the rail deflection. However, the opposite view presents that the influence of the support stiffness on the system dynamic response is obvious. Reasons that lead to the dispute of previous studies are the neglect of the influence of the excitation frequencies and a lack of understanding of stiffness sensitive zones. In this study a vehicle–track coupling model with equivalent overall support stiffness is employed to investigate the response of the vehicle to changes of the track stiffness and excitation frequencies. Results show that for each of frequencies (1–40?Hz) the dynamic response of the vehicle is only sensitive to a certain range of the support stiffness. A stiffness sensitive zone for each excitation frequency can be observed. In order to further study the influence of the subgrade on the vehicle system dynamic response a vehicle–track-subgrade model is utilised. The subgrade stiffness belonging to the stiffness sensitive zone has a significant influence on vehicle vibrations. For overall support stiffness of the rail higher than 20?kN/mm, the stiffness sensitive zones of low excitation frequencies can be avoided.     

大跨度自锚式斜拉-悬吊协作体系桥模型试验研究

某跨海大桥主通航孔为主跨800m的自锚式混合梁斜拉一悬吊协作体系桥，通过模型试验对该新桥型的静力性能和动力特性进行了详细的研究，与基于有限元理论的计算结果进行了对比，试验结果与理论结果相吻合；分析了辅助墩、混合梁对该体系的动力影响：边跨增设辅助墩后，协作体系的各阶频率都有所增大，能改善协作体的1阶竖弯和1阶侧弯频率。能抑制桥梁在风载作用下的侧向位移；采用混合梁结构形式，使主梁自振频率均增加，提高了全桥的竖弯和横弯刚度，为自锚式斜拉一悬吊协作体系桥的设计和力学性能研究提供参考依据。     

The dynamic study of locomotives under saturated adhesion

In order to study the dynamic behaviours of locomotives under saturated adhesion, the stability and characteristics of stick–slip vibration are analysed using the concepts of mean and dynamic slip rates. The longitudinal vibration phenomenon of the wheelset when stick–slip occurs is put forward and its formation mechanism is made clear innovatively. The stick–slip vibration is a dynamic process between the stick and the slip states. The decreasing of mean and dynamic slip rates is conducive to its stability, which depends on the W/R adhesion damping. The torsion vibration of the driving system and the longitudinal vibration of the wheelset are coupled through the longitudinal tangential force when the wheelset alternates between the stick and the slip states. The longitudinal oscillation frequencies of the wheelset are integral multiples of the natural frequency of torsion vibration of the driving system. A train dynamic model integrated with an electromechanical and a control system is established to simulate the stick–slip vibration phenomenon under saturated adhesion to verify the theoretical analysis. The results show that increases of the longitudinal axle guidance stiffness and the motor suspension stiffness are beneficial to the stick–slip vibration stability and the locomotive's traction ability. The optimised matching of the longitudinal axle guidance stiffness and the motor suspension stiffness are helpful to avoid longitudinal resonance when the stick–slip vibration occurs.     

高墩大跨度连续刚构桥空间动力特性分析

连续刚构桥动力特性是桥梁结构动力分析的前提和基础。以一高墩大跨度连续刚构桥为研究对象,运用有限元软件ANSYS建立其有限元模型,分析其结构参数对动力特性的影响。分析表明：1）主梁刚度增大,各阶振型频率也随之增大,且侧弯和竖弯振型的频率变化较为明显,对纵飘振型影响较小;2）桥墩刚度的变化对侧弯和纵飘频率影响较大,而对竖弯频率影响相对较小;3）纵向约束弹簧刚度对竖向和横向各阶频率无任何影响,但是可以显著增加纵向频率。     

Dynamic behaviour of a high-speed train hydraulic yaw damper

This paper focuses on revealing the dynamic behaviour of a hydraulic yaw damper under very small excitation conditions. First, the measured yaw damper movement is presented when a train experiences unstable motions. It shows that the yaw damper is characterized by very small harmonic movement between 0.5 and 2?mm. Following this, a simplified physical model of the yaw damper is developed which has the ability to reproduce its dynamic performance in the range of operating conditions, and then suitably validated with experimental results. At last, the dynamic behaviour of the yaw damper under very small amplitudes is investigated by comparing with its static behaviour, and the dynamic stiffness and damping in terms of key parameters are studied. It is concluded that there is a great difference in the damper performance between dynamic and static conditions which is caused by the internal damper flexibility under small amplitudes. The percentage of entrapped air in oil, rubber attachment stiffness, and leakage flow have a great effect on the dynamic behaviour of the yaw damper related to the dynamic stiffness and damping. The effect is even more remarkable for smaller amplitudes regarding the dissolved air in oil. Oil leakage has a greater impact on dynamic damping than dynamic stiffness. The series stiffness of the yaw damper is mainly provided by the spring effect of the oil when the rubber attachment stiffness reached a certain limit, and an additional increase in rubber attachment stiffness becomes useless to further enhance the overall stiffness of the damper.     

一种模拟发震断层动力特性的隧道地震试验方法

为模拟隧道在发震断层中的近场动力响应和破坏机制,提出一种模拟长大隧道穿越活动断层动力响应的新型模型试验装置,并设计一种通过改变试验平台底部组合弹簧参数来改变模型箱振动特性的试验方法。该试验装置不仅能解决传统试验方法中受迫振动的问题,而且能模拟断层错动引起地层位移由发震断层位置向远端逐渐减小的过程,进而模拟穿越活动断层时长大隧道断层段到非断层段沿纵向的振动特性变化。该方法通过改变组合弹簧中单个弹簧单元的刚度系数和弹簧单元的个数等,可改变试验箱中断层在断层错动发生时的振动频率和错动位移,进而得到振动频率-组合弹簧刚度和错动位移-组合弹簧刚度的回归公式,可通过前期试验得到的回归公式来设置相应的组合弹簧形式,对后续试验中多种不同振动频率和错动位移的试验工况进行模拟。