锅炉低温受热面管的腐蚀及防护

研究表明 ,烟气中SO3的形成和硫酸蒸汽的凝结是工业锅炉运行时低温段受热面管道腐蚀发生的根本原因。介绍了低温受热面管道的腐蚀过程 ,并对降低腐蚀提出了可行的预防措施     

直埋蒸汽管道的特点及参数的确定

在蒸汽管道施工中,一般采用地面敷设,但在市区地面敷设的蒸汽管道影响周围环境.将地面敷设蒸汽管道改为直埋蒸汽管道,可以节省空间,改善周围环境,提高热效率.文中介绍了直埋蒸汽管道的特点,以及保温结构、保温层厚度、伸缩节参数的确定.文中还介绍了蒸汽管道排潮、凝结水回收等.     

蒸汽管道失效成因分析

通过力学性能测试、化学成分分析、金相检查和扫描电镜分析等方式对一段运行的蒸汽管道失效原因进行了详细分析,得出失效的根源是不合格的金相组织在应力作用下腐蚀开裂。最后指出在役管道定期检验应增加金相检查作为辅助手段。     

石油运输管道腐蚀原因和腐蚀速率预测研究

管道运输是石油生产输送中一种重要的运输方式,其运行的安全可靠性已经引起了高度的重视.介绍了管道的腐蚀机理,分析了影响腐蚀的因素,从内、外防腐蚀,阴极保护等方面论述了防腐蚀的应对措施.为了对输油管道的腐蚀速率进行预测,掌握输油管道腐蚀的基本规律,介绍了几种常用的油气集输管道腐蚀速率预测研究方法,为今后石油运输管道腐蚀的研...     

埋地管道的腐蚀与防护综述

将埋地管道的腐蚀分为内腐蚀和外腐蚀2类,综述了影响埋地管道内腐蚀及外腐蚀的因素,介绍了常用的埋地管道内腐蚀及外腐蚀检测技术,给出了埋地管道内腐蚀及外腐蚀的控制措施.     

原油管道内腐蚀检测技术研究

某输油站内原油管道过路埋地段在使用过程中,发生了内腐蚀穿孔泄漏.文中针对该条原油管道内腐蚀泄漏情况,通过使用超声相控阵内腐蚀检测技术对该条管线进行内腐蚀缺陷扫查,并结合管段相对高程和管内原油介质成分分析结果,对该条原油管道内腐蚀穿孔现象进行原因分析.结果表明,该条管道属于典型的静置管道,管内原油含水量大,氯含量较高,油...     

两种钢质管道腐蚀检测新技术

管道腐蚀检测相关技术主要包括:管道沿线环境调查,管线探测与测绘,管道防腐层完整性检测,管体检测,管道阴极保护系统检测,管道泄漏检测、监测及腐蚀管道的安全评价.管道腐蚀的根本在于管体,埋地钢质管道的腐蚀防护广泛采用施加防腐蚀涂层并附加阴极保护.针对埋地钢质管道防腐层检测评价、管体检测评价这两方面内容,介绍两种管道腐蚀检测...     

油气管道内腐蚀检测技术的现状与发展趋势

综述了油气管道内腐蚀检测技术的发展现状,介绍了目前较为成熟、应用较为普遍的漏磁检测、超声波检测、涡流检测、射线检测、基于光学原理的无损检测5种内检测技术的原理,并分析了各种技术的优缺点.结合近年来在油气管道内腐蚀检测方面的一些经验,提出了目前管道内腐蚀检测技术存在的问题,并指出了管道内腐蚀检测技术的发展趋势.     

管道外腐蚀影响因素的主成分分析模型

首先介绍了当前主成分分析法的研究概况及其数学模型.为了在涉及到多指标的管道完整性综合评价中应用该模型,在构建了外腐蚀主要影响因素的指标体系前提下,应用所建立的主成分分析模型,对管道外腐蚀的主要影响因素进行了确定.结果表明:外防腐层状况是导致当前管道外腐蚀失效的主要因素.其结论与事故统计结果基本一致,说明将主成分分析法引进到管道完整性评价中是有效的.     

油气站场管道腐蚀检测方法及节点控制

通过引进先进的超声导波检测技术和借鉴现有标准的做法,提出了针对站场管道腐蚀缺陷、外防腐层、区域阴极保护、土壤腐蚀性、杂散电流干扰的综合检测与评价方法,建立了输油气站场管道的腐蚀检测方法体系,明确了油气站场管道腐蚀检测中的关键节点.现场应用表明：该方法体系能够帮助检测人员实现对站场管道的非开挖或局部开挖检测,帮助管理者及时掌握站场管道的腐蚀状况.     

Survey of R&D in PRT systems

A survey of research and development in advanced transit has been made by Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg in cooperation with Trans21 in Boston. Summary findings are reported for fourteen academic research programs and ten development programs for PRT. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Conference of PRT and other Emerging Systems held in Minneapolis in 1996.     

管道风险分析指数评分法中分值调整初探

管道风险分析指数评分法中重要步骤之一就是确定影响管道事故因素的权重,各个管道风险因素在整个管道事故中所占的权重是不相同的。针对目前管道风险分析指数评分法基本假设之一（各因素的分值范围都是0～100分）,为了更加客观、准确、合理地反映各个风险因素对于管道事故的影响程度,提出并论述了依据层次分析法的数学逻辑性进行综合计算得出管道风险因素的权重,然后对评分法中各个因素的最高分值,根据其权重不同进行相应调整,从而增强评价者对风险因素的认识和评判能力,提高管道风险评价结果的准确性。     

A century of evolution of the accessibility concept

The concept of accessibility has acquired numerous meanings along multiple dimensions during the century of its evolution. This essay argues for the salience of two dimensions: application-based and definition-based. In its application, accessibility has incorporated positive and normative dimensions which have varied in prominence over time. In its definition, accessibility has varied between a mode of evaluation incorporating measured mobility and proximity, on the one hand, and a predefined market basket of urbanist improvements to transportation and land use systems, on the other. Advocates of the accessibility shift should emphasize both the measured approach to accessibility and accessibility’s normative side.     

Real-world gaseous and particle emissions of a Bi-fuel gasoline/CNG Euro 6 passenger car

The objective of the present study is the assessment of the environmental impact of a bivalent (bi-fuel) vehicle, running either on gasoline or compressed natural gas (CNG). To that aim, a Euro 6 passenger car was tested under various real-world driving conditions. In order to cover the full range of conventional powertrains currently in the market, the tests were also repeated on a Euro 6 diesel passenger car. Both cars were driven in two routes, the first complying with the regulation limits and the second going beyond them. Carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO_x) and particle number (PN) emissions were recorded using a Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS). Apart from the aggregated emission levels, in g/km, the exact emission location along the route was also assessed. Natural gas proved beneficial for CO and PN emissions, the level of which always remained below the respective legislation limits. On the other hand, under the dynamic driving conditions with gasoline, the relevant limits were exceeded. Cold start, occurring at the beginning of the urban part, and motorway driving were identified as major contributors to total emissions, especially in gasoline mode. However, the application of natural gas was associated with a penalty in NO_x emissions, which were significantly increased as compared to gasoline. Local peaks within the urban part were identified in CNG mode. In any case, the diesel vehicle was by far the highest NO_x emitter.     

Seaport performance analysis using robust non-parametric efficiency estimators

Abstract

Seaport services have been developing year on year, playing an increasingly important role in the economy and the transportation markets of each country. This increases interest in measuring their performance. This paper evaluates the performance of a set of European seaports by means of robust non-parametric approaches. Using order-m and bootstrap procedures, the major problems of traditional data envelopment analysis and free disposal hull methods – concerning noise, presence of outliers and the ‘curse of dimensionality’ – are overcome. With this study considerable levels of inefficiency were found in the European seaports sector.     

Bicycle parking: a systematic review of scientific literature on parking behaviour,parking preferences,and their influence on cycling and travel behaviour

ABSTRACT

Cycling is experiencing a revival in many cities. Research has focused on the determinants of cycling – in particular the role of the built environment and road infrastructure. Bicycle parking has received little attention – even though bicycles are parked most of the time. This article reviews the scientific literature on bicycle parking and identifies existing gaps in research and knowledge. The review analyses 94 peer-reviewed papers identified through a search in Scopus and Web of Science, in December 2017. The annual number of papers increased 15-fold between 1995 and 2017. Overall, the level of evidence on the importance of bicycle parking is limited. The majority of studies are based on cross-sectional data with the presence of parking as a binary independent variable. Most studies focus on bicycle parking at public transport stops and at work places. Few studies report on bicycle parking throughout cities, and hardly any on parking at residential locations. Bicycle parking supply and quality appears to be a determinant of cycling for current and potential cyclists. Our findings can serve as input for an evidence-based debate on the role of bicycle parking. For practitioners, our research supports investment in bicycle parking, but acknowledges that a proper evaluation of such initiatives needs to be conducted to increase the level of evidence.     

Multilevel analysis of daily time use and time allocation to activity types accounting for complex covariance structures using correlated random effects

In this paper multilevel analysis is used to study individual choices of time allocation to maintenance, subsistence, leisure, and travel time exploiting the nested data hierarchy of households, persons, and occasions of measurement. The multilevel models in this paper examine the joint and multivariate correlation structure of four dependent variables in a cross-sectional and longitudinal way. In this way, observed and unobserved heterogeneity are estimated using random effects at the household, person, and temporal levels. In addition, random coefficients associated with explanatory variables are also estimated and correlated with these random effects. Using the wide spectrum of options offered by multilevel models to account for individual and group heterogeneity, complex interdependencies among individuals within their households, within themselves over time, and within themselves but across different indicators of behavior, are analyzed. Findings in this analysis include large variance contribution by each level considered, clear evidence of non-linear dynamic behavior in time-allocation, different trajectories of change in time allocation for each of the four dependent variables used, and lack of symmetry in change over time characterized by different trajectories in the longitudinal evolution of each dependent variable. In addition, the multivariate correlation structure among the four dependent variables is different at each of the three levels of analysis.     

从"神经末梢"到"国际枢纽"——十六大以来广西交通发展综述

文章总结了党的十六大以来广西交通发展取得的成绩,指出广西交通正在从"神经末梢"发展为"国际枢纽",为广西经济社会发展提供了重要支撑。     

Increasing urban tram system efficiency,with battery storage and electric vehicle charging

This paper examines the possible placement of Energy Storage Systems (ESS) on an urban tram system for the purpose of exploring potential increases in operating efficiency through the examination of different locations for battery energy storage. Further, the paper suggests the utilisation of Electric Vehicle (EV) batteries at existing Park and Ride (P&R) sites as a means of achieving additional energy storage at these locations. The study achieves this through MATLAB modelling utilising captured GPS data and publically available information. This study examines the scenario of uni-directional substations with no interconnection between the overhead catenary for both directions of travel, and discusses the trade-offs between ESS size and required current limits.The results show the savings in both energy and basic CO₂ emissions alongside the discussion of Return on Investment (RoI) that can be achieved through the potential installation of ESS at identified ideal locations along the tram network. Moreover, this may be extended to the use of EVs as stationary ESS sited at the existing P&R facilities. Further, the model may also be used to inform future infrastructure upgrades and potential improvements to air quality within urban environments.