管道环焊缝检测图像智能识别技术研究

为提升环焊缝缺陷排查效率和智能化水平,对管道环焊缝的漏磁和射线检测图像进行了缺陷智能识别技术应用研究。基于管道环焊缝射线检测底片的数字化图像,进行了缺陷图像智能识别流程制订、算法设计和软件开发,实现了未熔合等样本缺陷的智能识别分析。对在役管道的漏磁内检测数据,开发环焊缝图像自动获取和识别分析算法工具,实现了环焊缝缺陷等特征图像的自动采集和识别分析。     

非接触式磁应力检测技术在埋地管道腐蚀评价中的应用

为了验证非接触式磁应力检测技术在埋地管道腐蚀评价中的有效性，分析了金属磁记忆原理、非接触式磁应力检测程序，对实际检测效果进行开挖验证，对检出缺陷评定结果与超声波测厚数据进行比对。结果表明：非接触式磁应力检测技术可以检测出埋地管道的金属腐蚀和机械损伤缺陷，通过磁异常综合指数对检出缺陷的等级划分与超声波测厚结果一致。可以采用非接触式磁应力检测技术，在不开挖状态下对埋地管道进行腐蚀检测，并给出与实际相符的腐蚀评价。     

基于无损检测的输油管道环焊缝缺陷安全评估

输油管道环焊缝开裂可能造成严重的威胁,但漏磁内检测技术难以精确识别及量化环焊缝缺陷。因此,基于漏磁内检测数据结果的适用性评价结果可能存在较大的偏差。为此,对比环焊缝缺陷无损检测结果,分析漏磁内检测环焊缝缺陷的尺寸量化精度,并基于无损检测的缺陷尺寸进行失效评估,结合管道实际运行压力,进行疲劳强度校核。评估结果显示无损检测识别的环焊缝缺陷均满足安全评定要求,不需要修复。     

长输管道盗孔检测技术分析

为了帮助管道运维单位选取合适的检测方法对管道上的盗孔进行识别,分析了外检测技术、漏磁内检测技术和弱磁扰动内检测技术的技术原理,并分别对3种检测技术对盗孔的识别效果进行了分析。外检测技术识别盗孔方便快捷,适合对管道局部进行排查,但不能识别经过防腐绝缘处理的盗孔;漏磁内检测技术能够准确识别管道上的盗孔,但检测成本较高;弱磁扰动内检测技术能够识别管道内表面的开孔特征,但还需根据管道维修资料对检测结果进行筛查。     

基于漏磁内检测数据的管道完整性评价

文中在漏磁内检测数据的基础上,对管道的缺陷特征进行分类,主要有金属损失、制造缺陷、焊缝异常等,并根据每种缺陷类型,分析其形成原因,为管道开挖修复和运营提供参考。     

站场管道不停输综合检验

针对站场管道的特点及潜在危险,研究了站场埋地管道腐蚀防护系统的检验方法、特点及难点,以及低频导波、漏磁、远场涡流、超声C扫描、磁记忆和X射线衍射应力测试等管体检测技术的原理、精度、适用性及不足,给出了多种管体检测技术组合的综合检验技术路线。最后结合工程案例,总结出综合运用当前检验技术能在一定程度上实现站场管道缺陷的不停输检验,指出当前管道检验技术仍存在的局限与不足。     

磁致伸缩导波技术在管道检测中的应用

介绍了磁致伸缩T模态导波技术检测管道缺陷的原理.实验研究了磁致伸缩导波技术检测管道缺陷的灵敏度和精度,实验结果证明该检测技术具有很高的灵敏度和精度.在此基础上应用该检测技术对在役管道进行在线检测,给出了数据分析结果和不同环境下磁致伸缩导波技术对管道缺陷检测的可靠灵敏度.实验和现场检测表明:磁致伸缩T模态导波技术在管道检测上具有较高的可靠性和快捷性.     

地面标记系统在管道漏磁检测缺陷定位中的应用

为提高埋地管道漏磁检测缺陷基于地面标记系统地面定位的准确性,根据不同漏磁检测数据在相应管线上进行开挖验证及开挖修复项目中缺陷地面定位实践,简述了漏磁检测缺陷点地面标记系统及地面定位原理,分析了地面定位误差来源及可能的偏差方向,总结了实践中不同情形下漏磁检测缺陷点准确定位方法及参考环焊缝确认方法。实践表明,地面定位技术利用MARK点定位管道特征点,从而定位缺陷;管道某些特征点是精确的参考点;开挖时根据现场条件推断误差来源及可能偏差方向;参考环焊缝利用开挖测量法或轴距测算法确认。     

漏磁检测技术在管道检测中的应用及影响因素分析

阐述了漏磁检测的原理,介绍了基于漏磁原理的检测系统组成,以及在长输管道及工业管道检测中的工程应用。详细分析了漏磁检测技术的主要影响因素。指出国内漏磁检测技术领域与国外存在较大差距。国内管道内检测已进入立法阶段,相关标准的初稿已基本完成,未来漏磁检测技术将在维护管道安全生产上发挥越来越重要的作用。     

基于损伤模式的站场管道检测方法及应用

站场管道是油气输送系统的重要组成部分,目前国内没有针对性的站场管道的检验标准。针对站场管道的特点,介绍了站场管道的典型损伤模式,分析对比了压力管道常用的腐蚀检测技术、焊缝检测技术、应力腐蚀检测技术和疲劳损伤检测技术在站场管道检测中的适用性,提出了站场管道针对性的检测方法。工程实践表明,该检测方法能够对站场管道进行有效检测,但是由于站场管道的特殊性,该方法仍存在一些局限和不足。     

Survey of R&D in PRT systems

A survey of research and development in advanced transit has been made by Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg in cooperation with Trans21 in Boston. Summary findings are reported for fourteen academic research programs and ten development programs for PRT. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Conference of PRT and other Emerging Systems held in Minneapolis in 1996.     

The Impact of Container Type Diversification on Regional British Port Development Strategies

Abstract

Despite a concentration of container traffic in the southeast of the UK over the last few decades, regional ports are attempting new development strategies to capture or retain specific traffic segments. These include intra-European short-sea traffic and a potentially increasing feeder market. These trends are reflected in the movement of different container types, which result in a number of planning challenges related to changing infrastructural and operational requirements. This paper uses highly disaggregated data on container type movements to address three issues that can inform these planning challenges. First, the imbalance of trade resulting in empty container repositioning; second, the requirement for gauge-cleared rail routes to cater for the increasing proportion of high-cube containers; and third, the specialisation of European short-sea traffic at secondary UK ports. The results reveal the disproportionate repositioning of empty containers at Scottish ports and the importance of 45?ft, high-cube and pallet-wide containers at regional ports, highlighting their focus on intra-European short-sea traffic and raising difficulties relating to their lower quality of landside infrastructure (particularly rail) in comparison to the large south-eastern ports. The potential repercussions on hinterland infrastructure development raise questions about both public and private sector responses to regional port development.     

管道风险分析指数评分法中分值调整初探

管道风险分析指数评分法中重要步骤之一就是确定影响管道事故因素的权重,各个管道风险因素在整个管道事故中所占的权重是不相同的。针对目前管道风险分析指数评分法基本假设之一（各因素的分值范围都是0～100分）,为了更加客观、准确、合理地反映各个风险因素对于管道事故的影响程度,提出并论述了依据层次分析法的数学逻辑性进行综合计算得出管道风险因素的权重,然后对评分法中各个因素的最高分值,根据其权重不同进行相应调整,从而增强评价者对风险因素的认识和评判能力,提高管道风险评价结果的准确性。     

A century of evolution of the accessibility concept

The concept of accessibility has acquired numerous meanings along multiple dimensions during the century of its evolution. This essay argues for the salience of two dimensions: application-based and definition-based. In its application, accessibility has incorporated positive and normative dimensions which have varied in prominence over time. In its definition, accessibility has varied between a mode of evaluation incorporating measured mobility and proximity, on the one hand, and a predefined market basket of urbanist improvements to transportation and land use systems, on the other. Advocates of the accessibility shift should emphasize both the measured approach to accessibility and accessibility’s normative side.     

天然气站往复式压缩机活塞失效分析

针对天然气站往复式压缩机活塞的断裂事故,运用失效分析方法,开展了活塞断口扫描电镜分析、能谱和金相分析。根据断口形貌的电镜和金相观察结果,结合理论知识,分析确定了该活塞发生断裂事故的主要原因,即在特定工况下该活塞的材料缺陷是造成断裂的主要因素。     

中国城市道路规划方位性问题研究

文章结合中国的传统建筑文化理念和现代科学原理,从历史文化、能源节约、环境保护、房地产定价、交通安全等多方面分析研究了城市道路在规划和设计时所应遵从的定向规则。     

Planning guidelines for metro–bus interchanges by means of a pedestrian microsimulation model

The big paradigm for cities nowadays is to study the movement of pedestrians at the interface between metro and bus systems – metro–bus interchanges. When these interchanges are not well designed, walking is inefficient and can be unsafe for pedestrians. This paper analyses, by means of a pedestrian microsimulation model, metro–bus interchange spaces in order to propose planning guidelines for the city of Santiago de Chile. Specific objectives are (1) to identify the variables that provide efficiency and safety in those spaces; (2) to simulate different scenarios using the pedestrian simulation model LEGION; (3) to propose planning and design guidelines for pedestrian spaces at metro–bus interchanges; and (4) to contrast the recommendations in the recently opened terminal station on Line 1 of Metro de Santiago: Los Dominicos Station.     

Predicting queue variability to enable analysis of overload risk

ABSTRACT

Predicting the risk of traffic demands and delays exceeding critical limits at road junctions, airports, hospitals, etc., requires knowing how both mean and variance of queue size vary over time. Microscopic simulation can explore variability but is computationally demanding and gives only sample results. A computationally efficient approximation to the mean is used in many modelling tools, but only empirical extensions for variance in particular situations have been available. The paper derives theoretical formulae for time-dependent and equilibrium variance, believed to be novel and to apply generally to queues covered by the Pollaczek–Khinchin mean formula, and offering possible structural insights. These are applied in an extended approximation giving mutually consistent mean and variance estimates with improved accuracy. Tests on oversaturated peak demand cases are compared with Markov probabilistic simulation, demonstrating accuracy (R^2?>?0.99) for typical random, priority-like (M/M/1) and traffic-signal-like (M/D/1) queues. Implications for risk analysis, planning and policy are considered.     

生命大过天

文章介绍了广西壮族自治区公路管理局开展专项行动,治理以桥梁为重点的交通基础设施安全隐患的情况,针对在役桥梁、在建桥梁和农村公路桥梁存在的安全隐患提出了相应的治理措施。