测定管道塑性载荷的实验方法

对各种测定Ｔ形接管和弯管在不同载作用下塑性变形的实验技术作了评述，并根据载荷－变形曲线确定相应的塑性载荷的方法加以分析和研究。     

含球型凹坑缺陷燃气管道弯管极限载荷的研究

凹坑是埋地管道中常见的体积型缺陷,是一种破坏性较大的局部缺陷,而弯管是埋地管道中的重要管件。应用有限元分析软件ANSYS,对含球型凹坑缺陷的燃气管道弯管在内压载荷作用下进行有限元分析,分析中考虑材料非线性和几何非线性,根据腐蚀区的载荷-应变图,对模型的塑性极限压力进行了预测,并得出了缺陷尺寸对塑性极限载荷的影响及变化规律,得到了一些对含缺陷弯管的安全评定有参考价值的结论。     

用正交试验法确定弯管几何参数对变形量的影响

在不同壁厚、弯曲角度以及弯曲半径条件下,用计算机模拟方法,计算出内部压力对弯管变形量的影响,采用正交试验的方法找出对变形量影响较大的几何参数。数据显示弯曲角度对弯管的变形量有重要影响,角度越大,在相同受力条件下,弯管变形量越显著。     

含砂天然气管道弯管冲蚀磨损特性研究

当天然气管道中混有砂粒时，弯管易受冲蚀而使其壁厚减薄。为此，以国内某含砂气田输气首站内的工艺管道为例，采用Fluent软件对弯管的冲蚀磨损特性进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明：在正常输气工况下，弯管外拱的下部为其冲蚀磨损集中区，且最大局部减薄量为0.4 mm/a。另外，弯径比的增大会扩大弯管的冲蚀磨损集中区范围，同时使其最大冲蚀磨损速率减小；内径的增大不会改变弯管的冲蚀磨损集中区分布，但会造成其最大冲蚀磨损速率减小。研究结果可为后续进一步研究弯管的冲蚀磨损防护措施提供参考。     

外压作用下夹层管整体式止屈器止屈性能仿真研究

在深水作业的夹层管受外部静水压力作用容易引发屈曲局部失稳,屈曲会沿着管道轴向传播并引发大范围破坏失效,实际工程中常采用设置止屈器的方法来限制屈曲传播,从而避免整段管道的报废.针对此问题,基于ABAQUS软件建立含止屈器的夹层管有限元模型,通过数值仿真分析夹层管在外压作用下的止屈器屈曲穿越变形形态,并对止屈器止屈性能进行...     

地震时跨断层海底管道的屈曲分析

地震时,考虑海底管道与土介质的相互作用,对将跨断层海底管道作为薄壳结构时的断层位错反应进行分析计算.利用Ansys分析软件,将管道模型简化为四节点薄壳单元结构, 土介质简化为弹塑性弹簧,建立管土相互作用的有限元分析模型,进行分析计算.根据计算结果以及海底管道屈曲校核准则描绘出管道破坏等级范围分布图.最终得出结论:地震时在大位移断层运动作用下,海底管道存在明显的屈曲变形,在屈曲变形较大处,海底管道发生断裂.     

基于ANSYS的波纹管波形参数对平面失稳影响的分析

为了研究波纹管波形参数对波纹管平面失稳的影响，使用ANSYS软件建立了波纹管的有限元模型，对不同波形参数下的波纹管有限元模型进行了模态分析与特征值屈曲分析。有限元计算结果表明，增加波纹管的壁厚和波距，或者减小波高，会使波纹管的固有频率和屈曲载荷增加，因此在波纹管设计时，在满足综合性能情况下，可通过在一定范围内增加波纹管的壁厚和波距，或者减小波高的方法减少平面失稳的发生；同时模态分析求出了波纹管的固有频率和振型，可以避免在工程作业中，因为外界振动频率与波纹管固有频率相同而发生共振现象，致使波纹管发生平面失稳，为工程设计提供有效参考。     

装配式输油管线的抗碾压能力分析

敷设在地面的输油管线可能受到行进车辆的碾压和其他物体的碰撞冲击,使管线破坏而失去使用功能。因此,研究管道在静、动载荷下的强度有着重要的实际意义。采用ANSYS及LS-DYNA软件对装配式输油管线建立了有限元模型,进行了静、动态弹塑性有限元数值计算,得到了其可承受的最大载荷和相应的变形。计算结果表明：过载碾压会使管子产生局部的凹陷;管线的承载能力随管子的壁厚增加而提高;管子在高速冲击碾压下会产生较大的变形,冲击的动变形大于静载下的变形,而震荡的动应力小于稳定静载下的静应力。     

波形钢腹板剪切屈曲强度研究

波形钢板具有独特的力学性能,为了解其作为桥梁结构腹板时的抗剪性能,文章从理论上探讨了波形钢腹板的剪切屈曲问题,并建立波形钢腹板的剪切屈曲有限元分析模型,对波形钢腹板剪切屈曲强度进行了研究,同时将理论计算和有限元计算结果进行对比分析。结果表明：不同参数的波形腹板具有整体屈曲和局部屈曲两种破坏形态,有限元计算结果与试验值吻合良好,波形腹板剪切理论计算结果偏于安全。     

方形弯管内部流动与阻力系数的数值计算

弯管是化工流程系统中的重要管件,其水力损失对整个管道设计有重要影响。用FLUENT软件对弯管不同截面上速度的计算值与实验值进行对比,对弯管内部主流速度分布进行对比对不同雷诺数条件阻力系数进行计算,结果表明数值计算结果与实验值有一定的一致性。弯头进口管道的长度对流动形态有重要影响,沿程阻力系数和局部阻力系数都与雷诺数有关,并随着雷诺数的减小而增加。     

Survey of R&D in PRT systems

A survey of research and development in advanced transit has been made by Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg in cooperation with Trans21 in Boston. Summary findings are reported for fourteen academic research programs and ten development programs for PRT. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Conference of PRT and other Emerging Systems held in Minneapolis in 1996.     

Productive efficiency and ownership of urban bus services

The established ownership mix of urban bus operations in Australia provides a unique opportunity to investigate the productivity differences between public and private bus service supply. Using duality theory in economics which links economic indices of factor productivity to the cost structure of a firm, we develop empirical measures of total and partial productivity of inputs, and adjust the differences for the effects of ownership status and operating environment. The evidence supports the notion that private supply of public passenger transport in general has performed more efficiently in the past than public supply, although the differences in productivity need not continue in the future.     

Optimization of bus stop locations for improving transit accessibility

A mathematical model is developed in this paper to improve the accessibility of a bus service. To formulate the optimization model, a segment of a bus route is given, on which a number of demand entry points are distributed realistically. The objective total cost function (i.e. the sum of supplier and user costs) is minimized by optimizing the number and locations of stops, subject to non‐additive users' value of time. A numerical example is designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method thus developed to optimize the bus stop location problem. The sensitivity of the total cost to various parameters (e.g. value of users' time, access speed, and demand density) and the effect of the parameters on the optimal stop locations are analyzed and discussed.     

Determinants of modal choice in freight transport

In the next few years, exciting developments in the field of freight transport are likely to occur. The Channel Tunnel will be perceived as giving railways much greater distance of operation, compared to the current train ferry to/from Great Britain. The further development of swap-body technology will allow easier modal transfer and the creation, in 1992, of a single market in Europe will transform the pattern of trade. All of these are likely to have significant impacts on modal choice, and hence modal split, in freight transport. Reappraisal by many firms of the modes of transport used is likely but will it result in a net transfer of freight from road to rail and, if so, to what extent? To answer such questions, an accurate and reliable method of predicting modal split is required. Research in the past has concentrated on the development of modal split models based on generalised costs. These fail to explain adequately the prevalence of road freight in the UK. From surveys of freight managers within industry, it is clear that models to date rely too heavily on the economic cost factor and too little on behavioural factors (Jeffs 1985). This paper derives from a recent study of freight transport modal choice from the standpoint of the transport decision-maker within the firm. It attempts to shed light on the actual parameters which should be incorporated into a modal split model. Many variables appear to exert an influence on modal choice decision-making process. However, it is possible to categorise them into six main groups, namely: customer-requirements; product-characteristics; company structure/organisation; government interventions; available transport facilities; and perceptions of the decision-maker him/herself. It is the interactions and inter-relationships between these which ultimately determine freight modal split. This study has shown that the relationship between the outcome of the transport decision process and the values of particular determinants of modal split is not straight-forward, due to the complexity and variety of interactions involved. Perhaps one of the main reasons for researchers' failure hitherto to develop a successful modal-split model has been the preoccupation with techniques that rely on the development of common metric (e.g. generalised cost), which has led to the exclusion of some important explanatory variables along quite different dimensions. Another important issue concerns the appropriate level of aggregation. In order not to reduce the explanatory power of the key variables, it is important to work at a disaggregate level, although this does make substantial demands on data. The use of factor analysis enables both the aggregation of information without loss of behavioural reality and the specification of variables in terms of a common metric. In conclusion, freight transport has usually been examined within too narrow a framework. It must be placed firmly within the context of the total industrial process. The demand for freight transport is directly influenced by the level, composition and geographical distribution of production and consumption activities. Freight flows are complex and so it is highly unlikely that a universal mode-choice model can ever be developed. Future research should, therefore, be directed towards developing partial models in response to specific needs of those involved in decision-taking in the freight sector.     

管道风险分析指数评分法中分值调整初探

管道风险分析指数评分法中重要步骤之一就是确定影响管道事故因素的权重,各个管道风险因素在整个管道事故中所占的权重是不相同的。针对目前管道风险分析指数评分法基本假设之一（各因素的分值范围都是0～100分）,为了更加客观、准确、合理地反映各个风险因素对于管道事故的影响程度,提出并论述了依据层次分析法的数学逻辑性进行综合计算得出管道风险因素的权重,然后对评分法中各个因素的最高分值,根据其权重不同进行相应调整,从而增强评价者对风险因素的认识和评判能力,提高管道风险评价结果的准确性。     

天然气站往复式压缩机活塞失效分析

针对天然气站往复式压缩机活塞的断裂事故,运用失效分析方法,开展了活塞断口扫描电镜分析、能谱和金相分析。根据断口形貌的电镜和金相观察结果,结合理论知识,分析确定了该活塞发生断裂事故的主要原因,即在特定工况下该活塞的材料缺陷是造成断裂的主要因素。     

中国城市道路规划方位性问题研究

文章结合中国的传统建筑文化理念和现代科学原理,从历史文化、能源节约、环境保护、房地产定价、交通安全等多方面分析研究了城市道路在规划和设计时所应遵从的定向规则。     

Governing autonomous vehicles: emerging responses for safety,liability, privacy,cybersecurity, and industry risks

ABSTRACT

The benefits of autonomous vehicles (AVs) are widely acknowledged, but there are concerns about the extent of these benefits and AV risks and unintended consequences. In this article, we first examine AVs and different categories of the technological risks associated with them. We then explore strategies that can be adopted to address these risks, and explore emerging responses by governments for addressing AV risks. Our analyses reveal that, thus far, governments have in most instances avoided stringent measures in order to promote AV developments and the majority of responses are non-binding and focus on creating councils or working groups to better explore AV implications. The US has been active in introducing legislations to address issues related to privacy and cybersecurity. The UK and Germany, in particular, have enacted laws to address liability issues; other countries mostly acknowledge these issues, but have yet to implement specific strategies. To address privacy and cybersecurity risks strategies ranging from introduction or amendment of non-AV specific legislation to creating working groups have been adopted. Much less attention has been paid to issues such as environmental and employment risks, although a few governments have begun programmes to retrain workers who might be negatively affected.