Wheel-rail contact models for vehicle system dynamics including multi-point contact

Advanced modelling of rail vehicle dynamics requires realistic solutions of contact problems for wheels and rails that are able to describe contact singularities, encountered for wheels and rails. The basic singularities demonstrate themselves as double and multiple contact patches. The solutions of the contact problems have to be known practically in each step of the numerical integration of the differential equations of the model. The existing fast, approximate methods of solution to achieve this goal have been outlined. One way to do this is to replace a multi-point contact by a set of ellipses. The other methods are based on so-called virtual penetration. They allow calculating the non-elliptical, multiple contact patches and creep forces online, during integration of the model. This allows nearly real-time simulations. The methods are valid and applicable for so-called quasi-Hertzian cases, when the contact conditions do not deviate much from the assumptions of the Hertz theory. It is believed that it is worthwhile to use them in other cases too.     

Prediction of wheel wear in urban railway transport: comparison of existing models

One of the most important maintenance costs in tramway transport comes from wear of wheel profiles. In the highly competitive railway market, the prediction of wear is then a major concern of the constructors. In this article, we present and compare four models well adapted to tramway conditions, involving contacts on the rolling tread and on the flange with very different sliding and pressure conditions. Moreover, all models can be implemented from the natural outputs of the railway simulation packages classically used in industry for the dynamics design of the vehicles. The first one, proposed by Jendel, is based on the well-known Archard's wear model. Enblom continues Jendel's approach by taking into account the contribution of wheel deformation on the sliding velocity. The last two models, developed by Zobory, and Pearce and Sherratt, determine the wear from the energy dissipation in the contact area. The models are first compared on a theoretical basis and, for that purpose, are rewritten in a common form. Two cases are distinguished: mild wear as arising on the rolling tread and severe wear as arising on the flange. The models are also compared in the practical case of an urban transport vehicle running on circular tracks with different curve radii. Although the models show equivalent trends according to the theoretical study, important discrepancies appear between estimated wear depths. All models are actually dependent on experimental coefficients and it is likely that they were estimated in different conditions. On the other hand, a reasonable agreement can be found in some particular conditions. As an example, Zobory's, Enblom's and Jendel's models are very close to each other in severe wear conditions. This work shows that a general and reliable model could probably be developed from all positive aspects of the existing ones.     

Prediction of wheel wear in urban railway transport: comparison of existing models

One of the most important maintenance costs in tramway transport comes from wear of wheel profiles. In the highly competitive railway market, the prediction of wear is then a major concern of the constructors. In this article, we present and compare four models well adapted to tramway conditions, involving contacts on the rolling tread and on the flange with very different sliding and pressure conditions. Moreover, all models can be implemented from the natural outputs of the railway simulation packages classically used in industry for the dynamics design of the vehicles. The first one, proposed by Jendel, is based on the well-known Archard's wear model. Enblom continues Jendel's approach by taking into account the contribution of wheel deformation on the sliding velocity. The last two models, developed by Zobory, and Pearce and Sherratt, determine the wear from the energy dissipation in the contact area. The models are first compared on a theoretical basis and, for that purpose, are rewritten in a common form. Two cases are distinguished: mild wear as arising on the rolling tread and severe wear as arising on the flange. The models are also compared in the practical case of an urban transport vehicle running on circular tracks with different curve radii. Although the models show equivalent trends according to the theoretical study, important discrepancies appear between estimated wear depths. All models are actually dependent on experimental coefficients and it is likely that they were estimated in different conditions. On the other hand, a reasonable agreement can be found in some particular conditions. As an example, Zobory's, Enblom's and Jendel's models are very close to each other in severe wear conditions. This work shows that a general and reliable model could probably be developed from all positive aspects of the existing ones.     

Modelling of wheels and rail discontinuities in dynamic wheel–rail contact analysis

A classification of wheel–rail contact is given. Difference is made between modelling of a running wheel with continuous single-point-contact, as is common practice in wheel–rail contact analysis, and a wheel with transient double- or multi-point-contact, which may occur for rail irregularities with curvatures larger than that of the wheel circumference. It is shown that application of the first model for these irregularities will strongly underestimate the contact forces as it does not describe occurring mechanisms correctly. Further, it is shown that in principle it is not possible to describe the second type of contact fully correct with a lumped wheel model. Both wheel models are formulated mathematically for some basic contact cases. Afterwards, results are applied to a linear track model. Analytical closed-form solutions are found in the frequency domain for arbitrary type of contact and numerically transformed to the time domain. Finally, the necessity is shown to avoid situations where transient multiple-point-contact may occur (like rail joints) in practice.     

汽车动力学性能的计算机仿真

计算机仿真技术是研究汽车动力学性能的重要手段之一。本文提出了一种汽车动力学模型，建立了动力学方程及求解方法，编制了汽车动力学性能计算机仿真程序（ＡＤＰＣＳＰ），并给出了应用实例。     

行星变速器动力学模拟程序

行星变速器在机构动力学的研究范畴内是一个比较简单的“线性约束系统”,本文利用这一特点,以角速度系数矩阵为基础,建立了行星变速器运动学微分方程的统一形式B_K~TJB_Kdω_d~K/dt=B_K~TM。尽管在换档过程中,系统的自由度在不断地变化,但常系数矩阵B_K只与结合的操纵件有关,它通过一个常数矩阵B线性变换得到。基于这一理论,作者调试成功了行星变速器动力学模拟通用程序,为深入分析行星变速器换档过程和行星变速器设计提供了一个手段。     

Modelling of wheels and rail discontinuities in dynamic wheel-rail contact analysis

A classification of wheel-rail contact is given. Difference is made between modelling of a running wheel with continuous single-point-contact, as is common practice in wheel-rail contact analysis, and a wheel with transient double- or multi-point-contact, which may occur for rail irregularities with curvatures larger than that of the wheel circumference. It is shown that application of the first model for these irregularities will strongly underestimate the contact forces as it does not describe occurring mechanisms correctly. Further, it is shown that in principle it is not possible to describe the second type of contact fully correct with a lumped wheel model. Both wheel models are formulated mathematically for some basic contact cases. Afterwards, results are applied to a linear track model. Analytical closed-form solutions are found in the frequency domain for arbitrary type of contact and numerically transformed to the time domain. Finally, the necessity is shown to avoid situations where transient multiple-point-contact may occur (like rail joints) in practice.     

汽车全工况操纵和制动动力学17自由度的建模与仿真

本文描述了１７自由度汽车全工况操纵与制动过程动力学模型的建模,仿真与验证。该模型考虑了侧风,有无防抱系统,高速,变车速,双移线转变制动等各种极端工况,仿真结果与美国密执安大学的仿真结果十分吻合,证实了该算法与模型具有很好的精度。     

胎面轮廓形状优化技术研究--提高轮胎耐磨耗性能

胎面轮廓形状对轮胎的耐磨耗性能影响很大,因此对其进行优化很有意义。针对胎面轮廓形状比较复杂的特点,文中采用多个变量来定义胎面轮廓。同时,在现有磨耗理论的基础上,通过对胎面轮廓形状的优化初步给出了评价轮胎耐磨耗性能的指标。在此基础上,采用自编的多目标优化程序对胎面轮廓进行优化,并将计算结果与原胎数据进行了比较,结果表明,不论是从胎面的磨耗速度还是从胎面磨耗的均匀性来说优化胎都要优于原始。     

CFD仿真在汽车轮辋辐板设计中的应用研究

应用计算流体动力学(CFD)的方法,在STAR-CD软件平台下对6个具有不同轮辋辐板的汽车车轮外流场进行了CFD仿真,解决了车轮接地区域网格生成的难题。探讨了辐板几何参数不同时车轮及其整车的阻力变化规律。通过对轮腔内速度矢量以及车身底部流线等试验结果的分析,总结出了辐板不同时车轮与汽车外流场的变化规律,为车轮辐板的设计提供了空气动力学理论依据。     

针对行人保护头部仿真分析中雨刮臂的接触设置研究

利用计算机进行有限元仿真分析,在汽车行人保护性能开发过程中有着广泛的应用。对于行人保护建模来说,风挡玻璃区域应按照实际情况对玻璃进行准确建模,然而对于风挡玻璃与雨刮器采用以往的接触设置,雨刮臂与玻璃产生穿透现象。因此为了解决穿透问题,准确模拟出其实际运动关系,对于雨刮臂与风挡玻璃之间的接触设置研究是非常有必要的。     

车辆轮胎动力学仿真模型分析

分析了各种常用轮胎模型的特点和利用范围,介绍了ADAMS中轮胎试验台(tiretesting)这一轮胎参数可视化工具,利用这一工具分析比较一种物理轮胎模型与一种经验-半经验轮胎模型间关于侧向力与纵向力、纵向力与纵向滑移率、回正力矩与纵向滑移率的力学特性,针对一种魔术公式轮胎模型验证了侧向力和纵向滑移率、纵向力和纵向滑移率在不同载荷下的力学关系特性。     

汽车轮速传感器仿真方法

轮速传感器测量汽车轮速信号,用于制动、发动机及变速箱等众多系统控制,是汽车最关键的部件之一。新车型开发阶段,为了对汽车制动防抱死系统(ABS)及早有效的开发验证,需要对轮速传感器进行仿真模拟。文章针对最常用的主动式轮速传感器进行测试与分析,通过设计信号调理电路,成功搭建了ABS硬件在环仿真平台,既简化了汽车开发阶段的验证与测试,又节省了开发成本。     

应用虚拟样机技术进行半挂汽车列车制动动力学分析

将虚拟仿真软件ADAMS应用到半挂汽车列车制动动力学研究中,建立了半挂汽车列车整车26自由度（DOF）动力学模型,对半挂汽车列车直线制动及转弯制动进干亍了仿真分析。通过仿真分析发现,在车辆无ABS转弯制动时,即使按照理想抱死顺序实施制动,半挂车也会出现瞬态“甩尾”的危险工况。     

用于开发型驾驶模拟器的17自由度汽车动力学仿真的数学模型及算法

文中对17自由度汽车动力学仿真的数学模型进行了分析,具体描述了该汽车动力学仿真模型微分—代数方程组的结构特征,并针对该结构特征提出了一种适用于在开发型驾驶模拟器上运行的求解算法。仿真实践证明,这种算法快速准确,并可应用到具有类似结构的汽车动力学仿真模型或其它多体系统微分—代数方程组的求解中。     

摩托车配气机构运动学和动力学模拟分析

根据配气机构运动学和动力学分析,试制了优化凸轮实物,采用优化凸轮进行了发动机对比性能试验和耐久性试验.试验表明,优化凸轮能满足发动机性能要求,发动机耐久试验后,优化凸轮没有出现异常磨损现象,和模拟分析结果一致.     

电动轮驱动的电动汽车动力学仿真

采用自然坐标系下的整车动力学模型,模拟变速或转向过程中可能存在的变化情况,进行了四电动轮独立驱动的电动汽车仿真。仿真试验表明,在变速或转向的过程中,各轮的输出转矩可能会有较大差异。因此在此类电动汽车的设计中应当充分考虑对变速或转向时各轮的转矩加以控制,以提高操控性能。     

车辆驱动动力学安全控制策略的研究

借助于MATLAB／Simulink软件建立汽车的模拟模型及其故障分析结构模型,作为汽车自诊断控制的算法进行系统故障检测和故障评价,并通过驾驶试验来验证汽车模型模拟的准确性;同时把试验信号贮存在控制单元中,进行功能和性能诊断试验,识别车辆系统恶化状况和判别车辆系统安全可靠性。为车辆动力电子控制系统稳定性的性能判断与评估提供了一个理论基础。     

汽车操纵动力学十八自由度模型仿真研究

本文介绍了根据多刚体动力学中的凯恩方法建立的一般两轴汽车的十八自由度数学模型。     

Wheel/rail interface management in heavy haul railway operations—applying science and technology

The primary objective of the paper is to review science and technologies that have been developed by various scientists and engineers over the years and that have made it possible to push the limits within the wheel/rail interface in the heavy haul railway environment. After describing the wheel/rail stress-state and its consequences, preventative and corrective measures that can assist in optimising wheel and rail life, and thus reduce costs, are reviewed. The significant contribution of measurement and monitoring technologies to quantify the stress-state of the wheel/rail system is highlighted. Finally, a brief review of the fundamentals of contact mechanics, vehicle dynamics and wheel/rail interface analysis software is given.