集输管道效率监测及分析

为了更好地采用节能技术以不断降低管道能耗,提高管道效率,文中以集输管道为研究对象,根据集输管道效率计算模型,对11条输油管线进行了效率与能耗监测。监测结果表明:影响输油管道效率的主要因素是管道温降,其次为管道压降。对影响管道温降和压降的相关因素进行分析,提出了合理选择保温材料和保温结构、增加保温层厚度、添加减阻剂及采用管道内涂减阻技术等改进措施,对于集输管道的节能降耗具有借鉴意义。     

稠油掺稀集输系统工艺优化

塔二联所辖稠油油井多采用掺稀降黏的集输方式,稠油集输的效率成了影响油田高效经济开发的主要问题.文中围绕"节能降耗"的研究目标,针对塔二联稠油掺稀集输流程,以系统能耗最小为目标函数,以井口掺稀油量和所掺稀油的温度作为决策变量组合,建立了稠油掺稀集输系统生产运行参数优化数学模型.并用VB语言编制稠油掺稀集输系统生产运行优化...     

高含水期油田地面工程现状及发展趋势

随着油田开采时间的不断增长,国内外很多油田都进入了产能后期,都面临着相同的问题:采出油含水率高,以及由此带来的一系列问题(脱水能力不足、原油集输与处理系统运行效率和设备利用效率下降及生产成本过高等).在解决高含水期油田集输问题上,国内外都积累了一些成功的经验,文中对脱水能力不足,原油集输与处理及设备利用率等方面进行了详...     

油田集输系统仿真优化及实施过程

目前,国内陆上油田采出液含水率高,集输系统能耗较大,进行节能降耗研究意义非常重大。通过数据采集,建立集输系统仿真模型,模拟出站内以及站外管网的运行参数,并与实际运行数据相结合,对系统和设备运行优化分析,提出优化方案。在某采油厂实施仿真优化方案,结果表明:最终达到节能降耗13%的效果,降低了集输系统生产成本,提高了经济效益。     

油气集输管道腐蚀速率预测研究

腐蚀速率的精确预测对于油气集输管道的安全运行具有重要意义。鉴于神经网络算法陷入局部最小值、收敛速度慢和引起振荡效应等问题,同时考虑自适应遗传算法在广泛的空间搜索和向最优解的方向尽快收敛于最优目标的特点,构建了优化的混合算法神经网络模型。利用该模型对多种因素影响下的油气集输管道的腐蚀速度进行了预测研究。实际应用表明：该模型大大提高了网络的学习效率和预测评判的精度,可以作为油气集输管道腐蚀速率预测的良好工具。     

史南油田高含水期的集输系统技术改造

针对史南油田进入高含水期给集输系统带来的影响及问题,对集输系统进行了技术改造,实现了原油的不加热输送和密闭集输、污水就地分离、处理、回注,使集输系统适应高含水期生产,采用高效节能的油气处理工艺技术,以较少的投入获得较大的经济效益。     

机场冬季（降雪）运行效率评价方法

降雪是影响民航冬季运行的典型天气之一，对航班在机场的安全正常运行会造成较大影响。因此，深入分析影响机场冬季运行效率的因素，并建立科学有效的评价方法具有较强的现实意义和应用价值。然而，当前关于此问题缺乏较为全面系统的研究。本文结合近年民航冬季运行保障实际，从资源保障、机制实施、航班运行和除冰雪水平等维度出发，提出了一种机场冬季（降雪）运行效率指标体系和评价方法，应用欧几里得距离函数、层次分析法、有序加权平均算子对指标权重进行组合赋权，采用里克特五级计分法确立评价标准，并通过实例分析验证。结果表明，该评价方法可以较为全面有效地反应机场冬季（降雪）运行保障水平，为运行效率评价提供可参考的思路和方法。     

多压力体系气田单阀双管集输工艺可行性研究

气田在开采阶段易面临井间压力干扰问题,集输工艺改造方案普适性较差,没有形成通用的工艺流程。文中提出了集气阀组和集气管线的设计方案,通过自动切换集气阀组对气井来气进行压力分级,并采用双管输气,形成适用于多压力体系气田各阶段开发的单阀双管集输工艺。综合考虑了气田整体建设,能够满足新井接入或高低压井转换,增强了系统灵活性,避免了后期改建。最后结合具体案例,进行传统工艺和文中工艺的经济性比选。结果表明,文中工艺通过降低系统能耗提高了产量,提高了多压力气体的集输系统效率。     

北外环输气站场SIS系统技术改造

北外环集输管道工程是川渝地区管网建设的重点工程,因此有必要对站场SIS系统的设计情况进行研究,剖析存在的影响安全运行的问题。采用设备硬件改造与系统软件改造相结合的方式,从设计原则、改造方式、ESD逻辑动作、破管检测联锁等多方面详细阐述了技术改造措施,通过现场测试与验证,实现了SIS系统的故障安全性与系统联锁控制,也为类似站场SIS系统改造提供了技术支撑。     

机场运行管理体系研究

近年来在民航运输过程中,大面积航班延误、行李不正常运输等诸多事件屡屡发生,给蓬勃发展的民航业带来了负面影响。作为民航运输体系重要的组成部分,机场在地面保障过程中的致因作用不可忽视。为规范机场的地面运行保障,提高机场运行效率,本文在分析影响机场运行效率的基础上,提出了机场运行管理体系的九大要素,构建了九大要素之间的关系,研究结论可为规范机场运行秩序,提升运行效率提供管理和决策支持。     

一种天然气集输管网井组划分的新方法

在天然气集输管网布局优化过程中，由于井式和集气站最大处理量的限制，可能导致集气站建造数量增加，从而造成管网系统的经济性差。综合考虑管道与集气站建造费用的关系，建立了井组划分的模型，并提出了相应的计算方法。结果表明，能够较好地解决上述问题。     

ITS对港口基础设施效率影响的多级模糊评价

智能交通系统(ITS)在港口运营管理中越来越重要,为科学地研究ITS对港口基础设施效率的影响程度,文章从功能、环境和资源三个角度,建立了港口基础设施效率影响的评价指标体系,同时定义了各基础影响指标,采用多级模糊评价模型分析ITS对港口基础设施效率的影响。评价结果能反映我国港口ITS发展情况,对促进我国港口基础设施的可持续发展有一定的指导意义。     

Measuring energy and environmental efficiency of transportation systems in China based on a parallel DEA approach

Because of China’s rapid economic development, its transportation system has become one of China’s high-energy-consumption and high-pollution-emission sectors. However, little research has been done which pays close attention to China’s transportation system, especially in terms of energy and environmental efficiency evaluation. In this paper, data envelopment analysis (DEA) is applied to measure the energy and environment performance of transportation systems in China with the goal of sustainable development. This paper treats transportation as a parallel system consisting of subsystems for passenger transportation and freight transportation, and extends a parallel DEA approach to evaluate the efficiency of each subsystem. An efficiency decomposition procedure is proposed to obtain the highest achievable subsystem efficiency. Our empirical study on 30 of mainland China’s provincial-level regions shows that most of them have a low efficiency in their transportation system and the two parallel subsystems. There are large efficiency differences between the passenger and freight transportation subsystems. In addition, unbalanced development has occurred in the three large areas of China, with the east having the highest efficiency, followed by central China and then west. Therefore, more measures should be taken to balance and coordinate the development between the three large areas and between the two subsystems within them. Our analysis approach gives data for determining effective measures.     

Efficiency of a highway use reservation system for morning commute

This paper examines the design and efficiency of a highway use reservation system where commuters need reservations to access a highway facility at specific times. We show that, by accommodating reservation requests to the level that the highway capacity allows, traffic congestion can be relieved. Generally, a more differentiated design of the reservation system yields a higher reduction of travel cost and thus achieves a higher efficiency. The efficiency bound of the system is established. We also show that braking or tactical waiting behaviors of drivers would cause a loss of efficiency, which thus need be proactively accommodated. Given that user heterogeneity cause further loss of efficiency, we explore how two specific types of user heterogeneity affect the system efficiency. Auction-based reservation is then proposed to mitigate the efficiency loss.     

Impact of service network topology on air transportation efficiency

Each stakeholder in the air transportation system has a different perspective on the performance efficiency metrics, making analysis of system-wide design options very difficult. This paper uses topological structures of service networks to examine trade-offs between efficiency metrics established around the passenger, airline, and air navigation service provider perspectives. The findings indicate that the scale-free type topologies are preferred under most of the metrics. However, with enough density, random topologies become more appealing with its high robustness feature and performance comparable to scale-free.     

Analyzing the effects of Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) diesel blending on the efficiency and emissions of petroleum refineries and transport fuels in the U.S. and Europe

The transport sector is fast changing with demand for distillates increasing amidst declining gasoline consumption in many markets especially in the developed world. Increasingly refineries are stretched to operate less efficiently and this is manifested through a drop in efficiency as a consequence of increasing diesel production via less efficient routes, particularly on the marginal barrel of diesel. It has been suggested that this decline in diesel production efficiency, as the ratio of gasoline to diesel (G/D) production drops, can partly be mitigated through the use of Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) diesel. In this paper we adopted refinery Linear-Programming models to represent the refining system in Europe as well as a district in the U.S. to investigate the effects of increased availability of GTL diesel to a refiner on the energy efficiency and GHG emissions of refineries. Here we showed that indeed there is an improvement in diesel production efficiency with increasing GTL concentrations, but this efficiency gain (<0.5%) is insufficient to counteract the higher energy consumption and emissions associated with the production of GTL, thus leading to an overall decline in life cycle efficiency (up to 5%), and an increase in life cycle GHG emissions (up to 2%).     

Assessing the technical efficiency, service effectiveness, and technical effectiveness of the world’s railways through NDEA analysis

This paper presents an approach to include both the unstorable feature of transportation service and the technological differences within railway companies in efficiency and effectiveness measurements. We explore efficiency and effectiveness for a group of 40 global railways in the year 2002, using traditional data development analysis (TDEA) and network data development analysis (NDEA). Comparing the results obtained from the NDEA model with those from the TDEA indicate that performance measures are quite different in terms of the magnitude, and even using different DEA type models to evaluate railway system performance does not distort the ranking of their performance. We also analyze the inter-related effects among three performance measures, finding that transportation service characteristics have positive effects on the evaluation of performance. Generally speaking, the NDEA model provides deeper insight regarding the sources of inefficiency and process-specific guidance to railway managers so as to help them improve their railway’s performance.     

气田集输管道钢材的选择

针对某气田的气质条件,对气田集输管道材料选择进行了专题研究。分析CO2和Cl-的腐蚀机理,选取了碳钢、不锈钢及双相不锈钢材料进行了气体集输管道腐蚀环境耐蚀模拟试验。实验结果表明：碳钢平均腐蚀速率最快,双相不锈钢腐蚀速率最慢。选取了4种不锈钢进行耐点蚀性能试验与评价。结果显示：马氏体不锈钢2Cr13抗点腐蚀能力最差,25Cr双相不锈钢因其抗点蚀、坑蚀能力强,适宜于某气质腐蚀环境。最后,分别从防腐效果和经济角度论证了采用25Cr双相不锈钢作为内部集输管线的材料优于碳钢＋缓蚀剂。     

The impact of competition on container port (in)efficiency

There are many studies on container port efficiency and that seek to understand what factors, such as technical and scale efficiency, private versus public terminal management or macro-economic factors, play on the efficiency score of a given port. There are fewer studies that focus on the role played by the inter-port competitive environment. This role remains difficult to assess. In fact, on the one hand, a port subject to high inter-port competition may record higher efficiency scores due to the pressure from the competitive environment. On the other hand, a port subject to high competition may be forced to over-invest and could therefore records a lower efficiency score. This article investigates this issue and examines how the degree of competition measured at different levels (local, regional and global level) impacts the efficiency score of a given container port. To do so, we implement a truncated regression with a parametric bootstrapping model. The model applied to information gathered for 200 container ports in 2007 and 2010 leads to the following conclusions: port efficiency decreases with competition intensity when measured in a range of 400–800 km (regional level); and the effect from competition is not significant when competition is measured at a local (less than 300 km) or at a global (more than 800 km) level. Estimates also show a tendency for ports who invested from 2007 to 2010 to experience a general decrease in efficiency scores, an element which could be explained by the time lag between the investment and the subsequent potential increase in container throughput.