航母甲板风的大涡模拟

采用低速气流运动控制方程组和湍流大涡模拟方法,研究了航母甲板风的运动规律,得到了甲板上方及航母后方空气胀量、压力和垂向速度随不同来流速度的变化关系。迎面风使航母甲板前沿出现上升气流,甲板前中部出现下洗气流,随着来风速度的增加,该上升和下洗气流速度的绝对值增大;迎面风使航母甲板上出现负压气流,随着来风速度的增加,该负压区域和负压值增加;迎面风使紧靠航母的尾流出现一个较大的负压区,随着来风速度增加,该区域最大负压的绝对值增大,而区域范围变化不大;航母尾部的负压区与"公鸡尾"气流效应区域基本重合。本文的研究结果对舰载飞机的安全着舰具有参考意义。     

烟囱热排烟对舰船甲板风下洗影响的大涡模拟

采用低速气流运动控制方程组和湍流大涡模拟方法,研究迎面来风条件下、烟囱热排烟对舰船甲板风下洗气流的影响,得到舰船飞行甲板上空下洗与航向、横向速度随时间的变化。较无热烟气排出,热排烟使飞行甲板上方的下洗速度时均值减小,其脉动幅度增加;飞行甲板上距离机库门相同的位置上,越靠近首尾对称面,热排烟对下洗速度的影响越大;越靠近舰尾区域,热排烟对飞行甲板风下洗速度的影响越小。     

烟囱热排烟对舰船甲板风下洗影响的大涡模拟

采用低速气流运动控制方程组和湍流大涡模拟方法,研究迎面来风条件下、烟囱热排烟对舰船甲板风下洗气流的影响,得到舰船飞行甲板上空下洗与航向、横向速度随时间的变化。较无热烟气排出,热排烟使飞行甲板上方的下洗速度时均值减小,其脉动幅度增加;飞行甲板上距离机库门相同的位置上,越靠近首尾对称面,热排烟对下洗速度的影响越大;越靠近舰尾区域,热排烟对飞行甲板风下洗速度的影响越小。     

水面舰船风尾流效应减弱的模拟研究

采用低速气流运动控制方程组和湍流大涡模拟方法,研究了在机库门上方加设一斜板扰流器对正向风条件下水面舰船风尾流的影响,得到了斜板不同倾角下飞行甲板上方及舰船后方的流场结构。加装扰流板将增加飞行甲板上方区域的湍动能,扰流板倾角为30°和60°时,将减小飞行甲板上方区域左右两侧的最大湍动能。加装否扰流板和扰流板倾角大小,对飞行甲板上方显著湍动能出现的时间间隔影响不大。扰流板倾角为60°和30°时,飞行甲板上方区域航向速度与不加装扰流板差异不大;扰流板倾角为0°时,则航向速度明显增加;而扰流板倾角为90°时,则航向速度有所减小。当扰流板倾角为0°时,飞行甲板上方区域垂向速度分布与无扰流板时没有多少不同,当扰流板存在一定倾角时,机库门附近区域的下洗速度较无扰流板时有所下降,倾角为60°时下洗速度下降最明显;扰流板倾角对飞行甲板上方的下洗速度区域大小影响不大。     

美国航母飞行甲板演变及设计思想研究

飞行甲板是航母舰载机起降、调运、保障、布列最重要的作业场所,其设计工作在航母总体设计中占有重要地位,很大程度上决定了舰载机出动回收保障能力和航母综合作战效能。本文针对美国海军二战后至今研制的5型航母,分析其飞行甲板布局演变过程,梳理总结美国航母飞行甲板设计思想和启示。     

美国航母飞行甲板演变及设计思想研究

飞行甲板是航母舰载机起降、调运、保障、布列最重要的作业场所,其设计工作在航母总体设计中占有重要地位,很大程度上决定了舰载机出动回收保障能力和航母综合作战效能.本文针对美国海军二战后至今研制的5型航母,分析其飞行甲板布局演变过程,梳理总结美国航母飞行甲板设计思想和启示.     

国外典型航母目标特性探析

本文较全面系统地分析了"尼米兹"级航母总体特性、主要舱室布置,推测分析了"尼米兹"级航母主要甲板板厚特征和结构材料类型。研究表明:"尼米兹"级航母船体结构主要采用STS/HTS钢、HY-100钢和HSLA-100钢,STS/HTS钢主要用非强力甲板,HY-100钢主要用于重要甲板,HSLA-100主要用于强力甲板;"尼米兹"级航母飞行甲板平均厚度推测在21～32 mm之间,机库甲板厚度推测小于32 mm,材料均为HSLA-100。     

航母甲板风对舰载机进舰轨迹流场影响分析

舰载机着舰轨迹上的流场特性对舰载机的安全准确着舰具有重要影响。本文以"尼米兹"级航空母舰为研究对象,建立简化三维数模,并对其舰载机进舰轨迹进行分析。基于Ansys软件,采用结构化网格对整个流场分析区域进行网格划分,并进行流场仿真。分析不同风速和风向角下舰载机进舰轨迹上的流场特性,分析表明:舰载机进舰轨迹上的垂向风影响随着甲板风和风向角的增加而增大;侧向风随着甲板风的增加而震荡加剧,且风向角越大,侧向风峰值也随之增加。     

舰载机降落技术探讨

舰载机在甲板上的降落是一个充满了各种危险的过程，过前、过后或靠左、靠右都会造成冲出甲板或与舰上其他飞机相撞的危险，甲板的横摇幅度过大也会使舰载机机轮触及甲板时产生倾覆。甲板降落方式还带来了飞机结构增重，严重影响了舰载机的战技性能，与同类型的陆基作战飞机相比，几乎所有的舰载机战术技术性能都有相当大的下降。为满足舰载机安全降落要求，航母的设计者不得不采用放大排水量和加大飞行甲板面积这两个迫不得已的办法来降低事故率。在关于中国航母的讨论中可以看出，大家对舰载机的起飞方式给予了极大的关注。实际上对于许多国家来说，降落安全性才是发展航母的技术瓶颈，可以说，只要掌握了舰载机的降落技术，也就等于拿到了建造航母的通行证。增加航母的排水量是一种降低舰载机降落难度的方法，但要达到比较理想的效果，航母的造价就会大幅度上升，这又形成一道资金关口，同样是许多国家难于承受的。正是由于降落问题如此严重，以至于十多年前许多航空专家都认为短距起飞垂直降落是舰载机的的最佳发展方向。 舰载机的降落技术是一个不断完善和发展的课题，这方面的相关技术包括飞机的性能、航母飞行甲板的设计、能帮助飞行员完成降落的仪器设备等。从最早的人工引导和飞行员目视着舰发展到利用光学设备和雷达制导着舰已经经历整整半个世纪，已经有不少文章谈论到舰载机的安全降落问题，本文在此基础上试对常规舰载机降落技术的历史、现状及未来发展等方面再进行了一番探讨，也许还能给读者一些新的感受。[编者按]     

从美军标调整看美国“福特”级航母飞行甲板的外部电磁环境变化

介绍美国军用标准"系统电磁环境效应要求"及其与航母飞行甲板外部电磁环境有关内容的最新调整,并分析"系统电磁环境效应要求"军用标准调整与美国"福特"级航母飞行甲板外部电磁环境变化的关联。     

Forecasting wind with neural networks

Wind forecasts over a varying period of time are needed for a variety of applications in the coastal and ocean region, like planning of construction and operation-related works as well as prediction of power output from wind turbines located in coastal areas. Such forecasting is currently done by adopting complex atmospheric models or by using statistical time-series analysis. Because occurrence of wind in nature is extremely uncertain no single technique can be entirely satisfactory. This leaves scope for alternative approaches. The present work employs the technique of neural networks in order to forecast daily, weekly as well as monthly wind speeds at two coastal locations in India. Both feed forward as well as recurrent networks are used. They are trained based on past data in an auto-regressive manner using back-propagation and cascade correlation algorithms. A generally satisfactory forecasting as reflected in its higher correlation and lower deviations with actual observations is noted. The neural network forecasting is also found to be more accurate than traditional statistical time-series analysis.     

Estimation of wind loads on VLFS of semisubmersible type

This paper presents the results of investigation of wind lift force on VLFS of semisubmersible type. In the present study, wind–wave tank experiments on the scale model were also conducted in regular progressive waves. Lift forces and wind pressure were measured as a function of column diameter, unit number, superstructure and wave condition, and divided into time-averaged mean and fluctuating components. The importance of lift force, especially at the leading edge of deck, was verified in the experimental results. The results showed that fluctuation in lift force which was caused by interaction between the wind and wave was significantly large in typhoon conditions. Measured lift forces were linearly related to fluctuation of wind velocity. A lift force model is further proposed for the estimation of lift forces on VLFS of semisubmersible type and the effectiveness of this model was confirmed by the present experimental data.     

风机运输甲板驳结构强度评估

风机运输甲板驳是用于海上风机运输的海洋工程辅助船,近年来随着海上风力发电的兴起而迅速发展。本文采用全船有限元直接计算和 CCS规范计算2种方法对某风机运输甲板驳的结构强度进行评估,计算表明该船结构强度满足设计要求。本文的研究成果和结论对同类型风电安装船舶的结构设计具有参考意义。     

美国舰载航空甲板运动准则

介绍了美国舰载航空甲板运动准则的方法和形成历史,详细分析了相关准则数值的确定背景。通过对包括倾侧和配平在内的航空甲板姿态以及甲板风的限制进行讨论,给出了适于固定翼飞机弹射、回收和转运的新版甲板运动准则。     

Assessment of wind quality for oceanographic modelling in semi-enclosed basins

The quality of surface winds derived from four meteorological models is assessed in the semi-enclosed Adriatic Sea over a 2-month period: a global hydrostatic model ECMWF T511 (40 km resolution), a hydrostatic limited area model LAMBO (20 km), and two non-hydrostatic limited area models: LAMI (7 km) and COAMPS™ (4 km). These wind models are used to drive a 2 km resolution wave model (SWAN) of the Adriatic, and wind and wave results are compared with observations at the ISMAR oceanographic tower off Venice. Waves are also compared at buoy locations near Ancona and Ortona. Consistently with earlier studies, the ECMWF fields underestimate the wind magnitude and do not reproduce the known spatial structure of strong wind events. The results show that the higher-resolution, limited area models LAMI and COAMPS exhibit better amplitude response than the coarser ECMWF: there is a 3- to 4-fold reduction of the wind underestimation at the platform (from 36% to 8–11%). The wave response is also improved with LAMI and COAMPS: there is a 2-fold reduction in the underestimation of wave heights at the platform. These non-hydrostatic models also produce wind fields with more realistic small-scale, spatial structure during strong wind events. The temporal correlation between observed and modelled wind, however, is highest with the global ECMWF model due to the fact that large-scale features can be predicted deterministically, whereas small-scale features can only be predicted stochastically. Models with less small-scale structure have better correlation because they have less “noise.” This explanation is supported by increased correlation between modelled and observed waves, the waves representing a smoothing of the wind over fetch and duration. Although there is room for improvement, the high-resolution, non-hydrostatic models (LAMI and COAMPS) offer significant advantages for driving oceanographic simulations in semi-enclosed basins such as the Adriatic Sea.     

Analyzing the dispersion of cargo vapors around a ship’s superstructure by means of wind tunnel experiments

In a previous study, it was found that cargo tank operations like cleaning and venting, lead to higher cargo vapor concentrations around the ship’s superstructure. Can wind tunnel experiments confirm these findings? Is there an improvement when using higher outlets at high velocities compared to lower outlets with a low outlet velocity? Is there a relation between relative wind speed and measured concentration? These questions were investigated in the Peutz wind tunnel. By using a tracer gas for the wind tunnel experiments, concentration coefficients have been calculated for various settings. The study shows that using high-velocity outlets is an efficient way to keep concentrations as low as possible. The only exception is for relative wind directions from the bow. In this last case using a manhole as ventilation outlet leads to lower concentrations. With increasing wind speeds the building downwash effect resulted in higher concentration coefficients near the main deck. This study confirms our on-board measurements and suggests the lowering of the ventilation inlet of the accommodation, so that the high-velocity outlet can be used safely at all times.     

海上风电场风机桩基局部冲刷计算

建设海上风电场时,风机所处的海洋环境十分复杂,在风、浪、流等气象水文要素的影响下,风机桩基周围会出现冲刷坑,进而影响风机基础的稳定。因此,风机桩基的局部冲刷深度是工程设计的重要参数。采用埕岛油田海洋平台桩基局部冲刷现场观测资料,对国内常用的2个计算桩基局部冲刷深度的经验公式(韩海骞公式和王汝凯公式)进行验证,运用波流合成速度代替纯潮流速度。结果表明该海域波浪对泥沙的作用不可忽略。韩海骞公式重新计算的结果与实测值吻合良好。     

Circulation features in the Japan/East Sea related to statistically obtained wind patterns in the warm season

A response of the circulation in the Japan/East Sea (JES) to different kinds of wind forcing is studied, with the emphasis on the warm season, using a primitive equation oceanic model. Wind forcing is based on typical patterns obtained from complex empirical orthogonal functions of 1°-gridded NCEP/NCAR 6 h winds for 1998–2005. These patterns are distinguished by a prevailing wind direction. Northwestern wind and strong cyclonic (C) curl prevail in winter, while a variety of patterns occur in the warm season, differing in the wind direction and curl. Three model runs are performed to examine the circulation in response to a prevailing C wind stress curl or an alternating C and anticyclonic (AC) curl or a strong C curl in the warm season. The simulated features are consistent with the observational evidence, in particular with thermal fronts and frequent eddy locations derived from multi-year infrared satellite imagery. The simulated C circulation intensifies and the subarctic region extends southward with the strengthening of a summer C wind stress curl over the JES. Variability of Subarctic Front (SF) in the western JES (between 130°E and 133°E) is strongly affected by summer wind stress curl. Forcing by an AC curl tends to shift SF northward, while SF shifts to the south under the forcing by a C curl, reaching the southern Ulleung Basin in the case of the strong C curl. In the northwestern JES (off Peter the Great Bay, Russia, and North Korea), the SF northwestern branch (NWSF) is simulated. It is a known feature in autumn and early winter and can also occur in the warm season. The simulation results suggest an AC wind stress curl as the forcing of the formation of the NWSF in the warm season. The Siberia Seamount and sharply bending coastline near Peter the Great Bay facilitate partial separation of the Primorye (Liman) Current from the coast. The wind stress curl can be an additional forcing of the Tsushima Warm Current (TWC) branching off the Korea Strait to the East Korea Warm Current (EKWC) and the offshore branch (OB). In the warm season, the simulated TWC bifurcation occurs farther north, the EKWC is strong, and the OB is weak under the forcing of the AC wind stress curl. The EKWC is weak and the OB is strong under the forcing of the strong C wind stress curl.     

Prediction of capsizing probability for a ship with trapped water on deck

The authors have already examined a method for evaluating the capsizing probability of a ship in the dead ship condition based on a piecewise linear approximation of the restoring arm. Here, this method is extended to ships with trapped water on deck. This is because the stability of ships having a relatively high bulwark, such as fishing vessels, could substantially deteriorate due to trapped water on deck. First, the mean amount of water trapped on deck was estimated as a function of the significant wave height and the mean wave period using a model experiment in irregular beam seas. Second, the restoring arm curve with trapped water on deck was calculated hydrostatically and then approximated with a piecewise linear curve. Third, the roll angle was estimated using a nonlinear and uncoupled equation of absolute roll angle under stochastic wave and wind exciting moments. The short-term and long-term capsizing probabilities were calculated for a fishing vessel operating off Kyushu. Numerical results quantitatively demonstrated that the effect on capsizing probability of trapped water on deck cannot be ignored when accurately evaluating the stability of fishing vessels.