输油管道穿越沼泽河流的施工实践

阐述了输油管道穿越沼泽地与河流时施工方法的选择及质量、安全、技术保证措施。即依据规范,因地制宜,考虑技术、经济效果;特殊区域不能局限于常规施工方法;组管时应彻底清除管内残留物;管子现场防腐、组管焊接、管沟回填等环节达到技术标准是保证施工质量、延长使用寿命的关键;地震区不允许弹性敷设;管道通过松软的沼泽泥泞地域且有坡度时应采取锚固墩稳固措施,还应注意回填土的稳定性;对不良土壤条件下的管沟开挖采取了沟底固化处理措施;同时阐述了应达到的质量要求,主要是管道的吹扫、试压、焊缝检验及竣工验收均应符合新的行业规定和标准。     

高寒区管道建设施工和维护维修技术研究

中俄油气管道敷设在高寒地区,应解决冻土地质灾害、特殊环境维抢修和低温腐蚀防护问题。文中介绍了标准对标以及借鉴国外高寒区管道先进实践经验。管道施工技术方面,低温环境钢管韧性试验指标更严格,研制大口径专用铺管机、管沟回填工艺预防机械损伤。管道维抢修技术方面,定期开展基线检测评估和应用热棒技术防治管道冻胀融沉,研发冻土/沼泽维抢修机械,严格焊接前预热、防风雪和保温措施,保证低温焊接质量。低温腐蚀防护方面,优选牺牲阳极保护技术和柔性阳极技术。借鉴国外管道先进做法有助于提高国内高寒区管道建设和运行管理水平。     

油气长输管道管沟开挖技术

结合国内外长输管道施工实际 ,论述了管沟开挖遵循的原则、开挖技术要点、地下水位较高地段及山区地段开挖技术和开挖安全保证措施 ,提出了地形地势允许条件下 ,优先采用通过管沟开挖实现管道的弹性敷设和开挖方案的制定与开挖作业的风险评价相结合的观点     

新建管道施工中应注意的几个技术问题

新建管道的施工质量直接影响管道及覆盖层的结构完整性。施工时几个重点环节（管道坡口检查、管道焊接、管道下沟、管沟回填、管道试压）中的有关技术问题须执行规范和标准,否则将导致覆盖层的破坏,并危及管子安全。同时,提出了几点建议。     

浸水地区埋地管道浮力控制方法

管道铺设在浸水的土壤中时会受到静水或流水的作用而产生浮力 ,为了克服浮力对管道产生的影响 ,必须采取一定措施来保证管道的稳定性。通过使用加重块可以抵消浮力的作用。这些加重块包括混凝土沼泽加重块、河流加重块和连续混凝土覆盖层。据此 ,才能进行管道的回填 ,保证管道在管沟中的应有位置。综述了这些加重块的结构特点和使用条件 ,并针对不同条件下所采用的加重块 ,讨论了它们的数量和标准规格以及间距计算方法     

采矿区管道受力分析及敷设技术研究

文中通过对矿区地面沉降分析和应力计算,尤其是通过内压引起的轴向应力计算,确定矿区内管道路由、管材性能、柔性设计措施、管沟开挖和回填,管道防腐和检测,水工保护、警示和监控等。将研究成果应用到锦郑管道工程,节省工程费用,保证工期。     

高水位敷设条件下直埋蒸汽管保温结构选择及密封

在高水位环境下进行蒸汽管直埋敷设时,常会出现地下水对管道保温层造成损害影响正常运行的情况。文中从直埋蒸汽管道的保温结构方案选择以及应采取的密封防护措施角度提出解决方案,对设计者、制造商、安装单位和业主单位提供工程选型参考,从源头上解决高水位不利条件对管线安全运行的影响。     

影响长输管道在役寿命原因分析与对策

以格拉管道为例 ,总结了长输管道运行过程中影响现役寿命的 4种主要原因 ,即 :自然环境、第三方干扰、腐蚀和输油工艺变化。基于对原因的分析 ,提出了解决的对策。采取适合地域特点的水工保护技术措施 ;将管道埋设在冻胀力相对最小的“弱冻胀区” ,避免管道接触永冻土层 ;依靠社会力量和技术措施防止盗油 ;恢复阴极保护系统 ;更换穿越沼泽地段等腐蚀严重的 35 1km管道 ;对震害严重地区的管道转角处采用弹性敷设 ;防止水击发生     

LNG外输管道近海地区敷设方法研究

唐山LNG外输管道约36km管道敷设于近海中,海水深度约1m,该段管道的建设,在管道敷设方面采取了增加壁厚、加大埋深、设置配重块和盖板等方法;在管道防腐方面采取了增加防腐层厚度、改变防腐补口形式、采用智能测试桩等方法。通过采取上述方法,显著提高了管道的安全性且解决了该地区管道巡线难的问题,取得了较好的效果。     

输油管道双管同沟敷设停输过程的数值计算

为了研究同沟敷设情况下,不同油品的温度、管道埋地深度以及管间距对管道停输过程的影响,在研究计算传热学和流体动力学的基础上,对输油管道同沟敷设建立了数学模型并给出了边界条件,利用ANSYS软件对模型进行了网格划分和施加载荷之后,对同沟敷设的温度场进行了模拟计算.结果表明:提高原油和成品油的初温、增加管道埋地深度都会增加原油管道的停输时间;当管道间距大于1.2m以后,成品油管道对原油管道的停输时间的影响很小.1.2m为双管同沟敷设管道安全运行的最小间距.     

Analysis of factors affecting the choice of route of pedestrians

Pedestrians as compared to vehicular traffic enjoy a high degree freedom of movement even in heavily congested areas. Consequently, there are more alternative links available to pedestrians between a given origin‐destination (O‐D) pair. This paper describes a study done by the University of Calgary to evaluate the factors affecting the choice of route on intra‐CBD trips or trips within the Central Business District (CBD).

An origin destination survey conducted in downtown Calgary, Alberta enabled the identification of the most significant factors influencing the choice. These factors were analyzed in relation to the physical characteristics of the location, personal characteristics of the trip maker and the type of the trip.

It appears that most people chose the shortest link and factors such as the level of congestion, safety or visual attractions were only secondary. This suggests that the length should be made a major consideration when planning and designing pedestrian links.     

输油管道中原油乳状液的流变性研究

原油乳状液的流变性是原油开采后在管道中输送的重要研究方面,为了更好地研究这一性质,采用电动搅拌机、偏光显微镜以及流变仪等仪器来测定不同含水率的原油乳状液在不同条件下的黏度,观测不同含水率的原油乳状液在偏光显微镜下的形态。并且分别对原油乳状液的黏度与含水率之间的关系以及与剪切速率之间的关系进行研究,初步确定了所测区块原油乳状液的转相点以及该区块原油乳状液的流变特性,为生产中的油气集输提供了理论依据。     

Preliminary results of an analysis of areas of influence in Shanghai

The main deficiency of most current modeling approaches to transportation can be identified as neglect of the integration of existing geographical knowledge in regard to the ex ante transport/land use modeling approaches, with its focus on territorial dynamics and theory development. This paper addresses this aspect of the problem by introducing a theoretical and methodological framework for the analysis of the interrelationship between land uses. The analysis attempts to determine to what extent the functional land use in a city can be considered an ordered pattern. The order sought does not rely on purely spatial configurations, but on the correlation of transportation and land use. The first section of this paper focuses on theoretical considerations. It stresses the fact that conventional approaches do not apply in the present context. It then suggests an alternative based on areas of influence and measured in terms of level of attractance of land uses. The second describes a procedure based on this alternative following the remarkable contribution of Hanjoul, Beguin and Thill. An application of this procedure to the analysis of Shanghai is then examined. Finally, an evaluation of the strategies for optimizing the interrelationship between land uses is presented. The paper concludes with a possible research agenda.     

城市轨道交通杂散电流监测系统概述

介绍了城市轨道交通工程中杂散电流不同的监测系统的构成,分析了集中式、分散式和智能型等监测系统的配置和功能,以及智能型实时在线监测系统的重要意义,为轨道交通工程杂散电流监测系统的选择与应用提供参考。     

埋地管道防腐保温层失效评价

明确埋地管道防腐保温层的技术评价标准,对埋地钢质管道的安全运行,延长管道使用寿命具有重要意义。为了对埋地管道防腐保温层做出有效评价,从间接检测与开挖检测2个方面,结合现场检测数据,提出了基于防腐保温层的电流衰减率、绝缘电阻率、质量状况与厚度的分级评价标准及基于4种评价指标的综合评判方法。工程实践表明,该评价标准对防腐保温层是否存在失效能做出有效判断。     

Applicability of disaggregate models of behaviour: A question of methodology

The paper considers the possibility of quantitative analysis of behaviour, with particular reference to travel behaviour, from a methodological standpoint. The chief conclusion is that the nature of the subject implies that disaggregate statistical analysis is the most useful technique. The relationship of this methodology to theoretical issues is discussed, concluding that general theoretical issues are not susceptible to empirical resolution. The theoretical framework essential to analysis or forecasting of behaviour must therefore be established a priori The paper concludes with a discussion of the practical problems and achievements of disaggregate analysis.     

实现多组态计量软件集中监控的可行性分析

天然气自动计量系统有多种组态软件,由于软件的不相通性,造成了计量系统数据采集的通用性差、数据传输与入库的时效性差、数据利用的可靠性低.结合各组态软件的实际情况,从设计上充分利用Oracle大数据处理能力以及Partition(分区表)的特性,实现历史数据的存储,应用WebService与COM+数据访问组件提供多层数据访问架构,采用OPC与DDE工业数据交换协议,实现了各站场计量数据的实时上传,为连续数据采集和实时监控提供了可能,节约了改造成本.     

注汽管道承压能力评估和实物试验验证

基于失效评估图技术对某注汽管道进行了承压能力评价,给出了管线在不同腐蚀壁厚情况下的极限承压能力和极限裂纹尺寸。并利用实物爆破试验验证了评价方法的安全性和有效性,通过对爆破断口进行宏观和微观分析,发现管段的开裂属于脆性开裂。     

Direct analysis of the perceived importance of attributes of reliability of travel modes in urban travel

Reliability of travel modes was found to be the most important characteristic of transportation systems in several attitudinal investigations of individual travel behavior. This paper represents the first part of a research effort aimed at gaining a better understanding of the characteristics of reliability of transportation modes in urban travel. In this research, reliability characteristics are identified; their importance relative to each other is assessed, and an insight into possible structure of an objective reliability index is discussed. The research is based on perceived values of reliability, which were identified through a large attitudinal survey conducted in the Chicago metropolitan area.     

盾构隧道管片接头抗剪力学性能研究

通过对南京长江盾构隧道环向管片接头进行的三组原型抗剪(无螺栓剪切、有螺栓逆剪和有螺栓顺剪)加载试验,分析研究了管片接头在剪力作用下的受力、变形和破坏特征,给出了管片接头混凝土接触面的静摩擦系数,得到了接头剪力主要由混凝土接触面承担、破坏形式为连接斜螺栓剪切延性破坏的结论。通过对管片结构的有限元数值模拟计算得出:接头处的剪力与轴力比小于接缝面的摩擦系数,管片不会发生相互错动,结构是稳定的。