美国经济前景：“异常的不确定”

7月22日，美联储主席伯南克称美国经济发展前景“异常不确定”．美联储将仍保持政策的灵活性。伯南克称．虽然美联储仍打算最终退出超宽松的政策，但鉴于目前的情况．准备在必要的时候采取进一步的政策举措来提振经济。     

EU-China Agree to Establish Regular Dialogue On Auto Standards

Automotive experts from the European Commission and European Industry met on 29/30 June 1995 in Beijing with representatives from Chinese Ministries and testing and certification agencies to exchange views on the regulatory regime applicable to the automotive sector in China now and in the future and to discuss the latest development in this sector in Europe. The Chinese delegation was headed by Mr. Li Zhongzhou, Deputy Director General     

Learn Grammar in Games

Grammar learning has often been regarded as a structure based activity.Grammar games which are worth paying attention to and implementing in the classroom can help learner to learn and recall a grammar material in a pleasant,entertaining way and motivate learners, promote the communicative competence and generate the fluency.In this essay,the author compares the use of games in learming grammar with some traditional techniques for grammar presentation and revision,in order to find the advantages of using games.Also the author cusses how to choose appropriate games and when to use games.     

An Analysis On China’s Trailer Market

1. Development course Trailers refer to semi and full trailers. And in China the majority most of them are semi-trailers, similar to those in the US and most European countries. Full trailers found their use in China in the 1950’s and they began to be re…     

Research on Operation Safety of Urban Rail Transit Based on Automatic Ticket Checking(AFC)System

At present,after the actual inspection of the rail transit automatic ticket checking system,some security vulnerabilities have appeared,and there are also some defects in information security.For example,the database and virus protection need to be analyzed and upgraded in order to cope with the increasing number of information security risks.This article analyzes the security problems in the AFC system,and puts forward related suggestions and solutions,hoping to provide some reference for technical developers.     

Design Standard for Thermal Insulation and Drainage Facilities of Railway Tunnels in Cold Regions（寒区铁路隧道保温排水设施设计标准研究）

Targeted to the issue of lacking of systematic design standards for thermal insulation and drainage facilities of railway tunnels in cold regions, the authors propose the method of design division of railway tunnels in cold regions based on the division of cold regions, the current technical status of thermal insulation and drainage in tunnels, and the investigation on some tunnel freezing damage cases in northeastern China and the northern part of North China. Through analyzing the application conditions of the thermal insulation and drainage facilities and combining the measured temperatures in the operating tunnels and drainage facilities, the authors propose the suggested length for the thermal insulation and drainage facilities of tunnels in cold regions in different divisions. The results show that: (1)railway tunnels in cold regions may be classified into 5 divisions based on annual average temperature and average temperature in the coldest month; (2)the elevated thermal insulation ditch only adapts to the cold regions with a higher temperature; (3)an effective measure for thermal insulation and drainage in cold regions is to embed ditches into structures within a certain range from the portal; (4)the ditches may be arranged in structures for the trunk section of long tunnels equipped with thermal insulation measures; (5)for the tunnels with the necessary conditions available, the double spur grade and a steep gradient in the longitudinal slope may be applied, which is beneficial to improving drainage conditions and preventing the ditch from freezing.     

Research Progress and Prospect on Dynamic Response of SFT Structures(悬浮隧道结构动力响应研究进展与展望)

Construction of submerged floating tunnel （SFT） is one of the major solutions for fjord crossing projects and deep sea crossing projects in the future. Aimed to solve the key problems in SFT construction, the authors present an overview on the progress of the researches made in China and other countries in recent years on cross section of SFT, dynamic response of SFT segment structure, vortex induced vibration of anchor cable, testing technique and applicability of SFT, summarize the critical problems in the dynamic response research of SFT structures and make prospect on the trend of further SFT research. Conclusions are drawn as follow: (1) In the aspect of cross section design, SFT with ear shaped or elliptical cross section has good stability in the complex environment of flowing water, with factors comprehensively considered, such as cross section of SFT segment structures, buoyancy weight ratio and layout. (2) In the aspect of dynamic response of structures and anchor cables, the current research methods are mainly based on theoretical derivation and numerical simulation, and poorly rely on model based testing technique; therefore, it is necessary to perform model tests under combined loads from the environment, traffic and SFT, for mutual check between the theoretical analysis and numerical model. (3) In the aspect of applicability, it is necessary to build small SFT in feasible water conditions to make research on the physical SFT in the static waters, to identify problems and to lay a foundation technically for building large SFTs in the complex sea conditions.     

Analysis of Adaptability of TBM in Trial Boring Stage of Super long Tunnel（超特长隧洞TBM集群试掘进阶段适应性分析）

The total length of the 2nd stage water transfer project in the northern area of Xinjiang of China is 540 km. The project consists of three tunnels, namely Xi Er (XE) Tunnel, Ka Shuang (KS) Tunnel and Shuang San (SS)〖HJ6.5mm〗 Tunnel, with lengths of 139.04 km, 283.27 km and 92.15 km respectively. All of these three tunnels have deep cover and are super long tunnels, and 95.6% of the total length of these three tunnels is constructed by TBMs. KS Tunnel is the longest water tunnel built or under construction in the world. In the paper, the trial TBM boring scheme and schedule of the water transfer project are introduced; the geological conditions revealed are statistically analyzed; and main project difficulties, i.e. durability of key equipment in long distance driving, passing through fault and fracture zones, water inrush, single head ventilation and transportation in long distance tunneling, anti slope drainage, and rock breaking efficiency and boring efficiency, are put forward. The adaptability of the TBMs used is analyzed from the aspects of adaptability to different surrounding rocks, adaptability to bad geological conditions and countermeasures, long distance ventilation and belt conveyor mucking and countermeasures, and TBM boring stability (such as equipment availability, boring time proportion, system malfunction and operation time). The following conclusions are obtained: (1) Accurate geological survey is the precondition of efficient tunneling. (2) The open type TBM can better adapt to Grade Ⅱ and Ⅲ of surrounding rocks, jointed and fractured zones and small faults; the adaptability of the TBMs used to the large scale fault fracture zones and water rich strata in this project is poor, and it needs to be improved in aspects of TBM equipment, supporting and construction technology. (3) The average availability of the TBM equipment in the trial boring stage is 89.9%, however, the malfunction rate of some ancillary equipment is high, particularly oil leakages occur to the main bearing seals; in order to achieve long distance tunneling, it is necessary to further improve the reliability and durability of the TBM equipment. (4) The average net boring efficiency in the trial boring stage is 296%, and TBM1 in Section Ⅱ of SS Tunnel achieves up to 45.2 % net boring efficiency; and highest monthly progress rate is 1 280 m, which created the highest record of the open type TBM boring in China. (5) TBM need to make great efforts to achieve 90% of the equipment system′s availability and over 40% of the tunneling efficiency.     

Struggling Angel——Comparison between Tess and Marguerite

In literature,there are many successfully created women characters. The essay chooses two of them: Tess and Marguerite. Tess was a typical example in British literature,while Marguerite was a typical example in French literature. Hardy and Dumas fils are the two who were greatly influenced by their own experiences; meanwhile,they witnessed the suffering of the women in the lower class of society. So they could vividly and truthfully depict the inner state of the women in their time. In fact,that's why the two characters were so real to the readers. Both of the two women were regarded as impure and unacceptable to the contemporary people,however,in the writer's eyes,they were not only pure,but also noble in nature. For although they suffered a lot after the turns in their lives,neither of them stopped treating others kindly. Especially when they found their true love,they courageously devoted to it. For their true love,they unexceptionally chose to suffer themselves in order to make their lovers happy after the strong conflict in their heart. In the end,each of the two won others' respect and their lovers' love and understanding.     

GM′s Activities In China

The automotive industry in China is widely expected to double in size by the end of the decade. Accordingly the Chinese government has assigned high priority to the development of the automotive industry and cooperative projects between foreign and Chinese partners in the auto industry.     

Passenger Car Market in China

The data used in the forecast in this paper are estimated according to the increase rate of the national economy, the increase rate of GNP per capita and the comparison with other countries, etc. and with reference to the experts' opinions.     

Struggling Angel——Comparison between Tess and Marguerite

In literature,there are many successfully created women characters.The essay chooses two of them:Tess and Marguerite.Tess was a typical example in British literature,while Marguerite was a typical example in French literature.Hardy and Dumas fils are the two who were greatly influenced by their own experiences;meanwhile,they witnessed the suffering of the women in the lower class of society.So they could vividly and truthfully depict the inner state of the women in their time.In fact,that's why the two characters were so real to the readers.Both of the two women were regarded as impure and unacceptable to the contemporary people,however,in the writer's eyes,they were not only pure,but also noble in nature.For although they suffered a lot after the turns in their lives,neither of them stopped treating others kindly.Especially when they found their true love,they courageously devoted to it.For their true love,they unexceptionally chose to suffer themselves in order to make their lovers happy after the strong conflict in their heart.In the end,each of the two won others' respect and their lovers' love and understanding.     

Great Revolution in Maritime Transportation: Discussion on Preliminary Work and Operation Plan of Bridge/Tunnel Projects for Vacuum HTS Maglev Train at High Speed（畅想海上交通运输建设的伟大革命——真空高温超导磁浮高速列车桥隧工程前期工作与运行方案探讨）

The improvement in the operation speed of the transportation project means the progress and development of the construction technologies in transportation projects. In this paper, the following factors restricting the further improving of the speed of high speed railway are analyzed: as the operation speed increases, the trains in the dense atmosphere are subject to the wind induced resistance and various resistances caused by the friction between the wheels and the rails and by the irregularity of tracks, and the noise will also increase with a high power. Therefore, the economy and safety issues involved in the operation have become the main factors restricting the further improving of the speed of high speed railway. A scheme of vacuum pipelines of underwater vacuum tunnel and/or subwater bridge is proposed in this paper: the pipelines and cars are sealed and vacuated to form the quasi vacuum. The transportation system of the vacuum maglev train at ultrahigh speed with the HTS maglev technology can achieve the operation speed more than 4 times that of the existing HSR train (about 1 200 km/h). Key technologies for constructing the vacuum maglev tunnels/subwater bridges in respect of construction plans, vacuating and sealing, as well as maglev trains are introduced in this paper. The subjects to be further studied on the vacuum HTS maglev tunnels (pipelines) are analyzed from the aspects of technology, management, construction costs, operation expenses, candidate project, airtight materials for cars and evacuation in case of emergencies. It is recommended that "cross sea maglev train in vacuum tunnel" should be developed in the eco tourism project between the coastal cities and their neighboring islands and a series of necessary technical tests should be conducted during the trial operation, so as to obtain related experience. Based on the experience and lessons learned, the transportation system at ultrahigh speed may be implemented for strait crossing projects in China. Finally, a brief introduction to the research on HSR trains at ultrahigh speed in countries such as China, the United States and the Netherlands is presented in this paper. The development of vacuum pipeline transportation can drive the development of China′s transportation modes in a faster, safer and more energy efficient manner, facilitating the development of the fifth generation of transportation industry and its driving role in the social and economic development, and promoting the integration and progress of the economy of China or even the world at a higher speed.     

Representative Projects and Development Trend of Underwater Shield Tunnels in China（我国水下盾构隧道代表性工程与发展趋势）

In the 21st century, the underwater tunnels have advanced rapidly in China. A large number of projects, completed or ongoing, have greatly promoted the advancement of underwater shield tunnel technologies in China and in the world. The development history of the underwater tunnels in China is summarized, and the technical challenges and breakthroughs encountered and achieved during the construction of many tunnels are presented, as represented by Nanjing Yangtze River Tunnel and Shiziyang Tunnel of Guangzhou Shenzhen Hong Kong High speed Railway. The characteristics and challenges of some representative underwater tunnels during construction, including Road Railway Yangtze River Tunnel in Sanyang Road, Shiziyang Tunnel of Foshan Dongguan Intercity Railway, Yangtze River Tunnel of Suzhou Nantong UHV Power Transmission and Transformation Project; and projects to be constructed, such as Pearl River Estuary Tunnel of Shenzhen Maoming Railway, Shantou Bay Subsea Tunnel of Shantou Shanwei High speed Railway, and Nanjing Heyan Road Yangtze River Tunnel, are presented as well. The development trend of China′s underwater shield tunnels, including from single soft soil formation to complex soil formation, from large diameter to super large diameter, from medium water pressure to high and ultra high water pressure, from ordinary to special and unfavorable geological conditions, from seismic regions with moderate intensity to those with high intensity, and from single construction method to combination of multiple methods, are analyzed. It is pointed out that the technical fields still require further study and innovation, and the areas still require further enhancement and innovation, such as the norms, codes, designs, constructions, equipment, materials and management.     

Current Status and Development Trend of Urban Underground Space in China（我国城市地下空间利用现状及发展趋势）

The development and utilization of urban underground space is an important way to alleviate the shortage of urban resources, improve the environmental conditions and the quality of life of residents. It has important practical significance. The status of underground space utilization in China and other countries and the problems that need to be solved in China are analyzed. Combined with the general trend of intelligent, green, deep and comprehensive development of urban underground space, several suggestions for the development of underground space in China are put forward. Based on the characteristics of the development of underground space in foreign cities, the status quo of domestic underground commercial street, underground road and parking system, subway, integrated pipe gallery, underground complex, underground municipal system, underground storage and logistics systems, relevant laws and regulations and standard specifications are analyzed, respectively. The shortcomings of laws and regulations, management mechanism, urban planning, development protection, information sharing, disaster prevention and investment and financing mode in the development and utilization of underground space in China are analyzed in depth. Combined with the general trend of development of intelligent, green, deep and integrated development of underground space, it is proposed that in addition to the theoretical system and key technologies for the development of underground space, comprehensive management, overall planning, innovative investment and financing, income models and policies and laws that are in line with national conditions are needed.     

杭州狭长软土基坑支护侧移规律与解析预测方法研究

In order to reduce the influence of deep narrow foundation pit construction on adjacent properties in urban area in Hangzhou, the characteristics of the support wall lateral deflection are analyzed and the corresponding analytical prediction method is proposed. The support wall lateral deflections of the deep narrow foundation pits at Wenyi West Road, Qingchun Station, Qiutao Station, Xingtang Station and Qingnian Station in Hangzhou soft clay are monitored and compared with those of deep foundation pits in Zhejiang and deep narrow foundation pits in Shanghai, Taipei and Singapore. The results show that the maximum support wall lateral deflection of the foundation pit on Wenyi West Road, 0.20%He ~0.25%He, where He is the maximum excavation depth, is close to that in Shanghai(0.15%He~0.41% He), but is smaller than those in Zhejiang, Taipei and Singapore(0.27% He~0.62% He); which is related to the high tangential modulus of Hangzhou soil and small width of the foundation pit. The support wall lateral deflection of the narrow deep foundation pits in Hangzhou can be precisely predicted based on the representative stress strain relationship at site and the modified mobilisable strength design (MMSD) method.     

Current Problems of China’s Special Purpose Vehicles

There are now 35 percent special purpose vehicles in China, compared to 80 percent in the advanced countries. A report made by CAAM in 2004 stated that there are 620 special purpose vehicle makers in China and they will produce a total of 1,500 kinds and 700,000 vehicles in 2005. 1. Unable to develop hi-tech products and key parts are dependent on import As most of the vehicles can not find wide use in the market, they demand huge money in developing. As a result, a lot of makers have to co…     

Fully Prefabricated Assembling Technology of Tsinghuayuan  Tunnel in Beijing Zhangjiakou High speed Railway（京张高铁清华园隧道轨下结构预制拼装技术）

Tsinghuayuan Tunnel of Beijing Zhangjiakou High speed Railway is the first fully prefabricated high speed railway tunnel in China. The supporting structure, subrail structure, and subsidiary structure of Tsinghuayuan Tunnel are all prefabricated in the factory. The strength, deformation and stability of subrail structure are analyzed by numerical simulation method; a kind of three block type of subrail prefabricated structure is put forward according to prefabricated assembling technology; and the subrail space is used to ventilate and rescue under the stability condition. The connection between subrail structure and shield segment is the key to fully prefabricated assembling technology. By introducing the grouting technology and construction keys of subrail structure, the stress on subrail structure and shield segment can be balanced. The results can provide reference for similar projects in the future.     

News

Maker concerns ●On Dec. 23, DFAC, China Industrial and Commercial Bank and China Construction Bank signed an agreement on the establishment of settlement network. According to the agreement, the two banks will be the intermediary agencies of DFAC and its dealers. DFAC will depose the identification certificate of cars in the banks. When the dealers purchase vehicles from DFAC, they need to pay for the vehicle in the banks to get the certificate. Therefore, DFAC can avoid the capital risk.     

A Great Event for Fostering the Independent R&D Capability

In line with the Industrial Policy of Motor Industry, Auto Tech PSE '96 was held from June 2 to June 9 in Beijing. Following the two PSEs held in Beijing for Family Car and Auto Parts, this event focused on the Auto Tech, aiming to help the auto circles home and abroad to have a good