Integration of car-body flexibility into train–track coupling system dynamics analysis

The resonance vibration of flexible car-bodies greatly affects the dynamics performances of high-speed trains. In this paper, we report a three-dimensional train–track model to capture the flexible vibration features of high-speed train carriages based on the flexible multi-body dynamics approach. The flexible car-body is modelled using both the finite element method (FEM) and the multi-body dynamics (MBD) approach, in which the rigid motions are obtained by using the MBD theory and the structure deformation is calculated by the FEM and the modal superposition method. The proposed model is applied to investigate the influence of the flexible vibration of car-bodies on the dynamics performances of train–track systems. The dynamics performances of a high-speed train running on a slab track, including the car-body vibration behaviour, the ride comfort, and the running safety, calculated by the numerical models with rigid and flexible car-bodies are compared in detail. The results show that the car-body flexibility not only significantly affects the vibration behaviour and ride comfort of rail carriages, but also can has an important influence on the running safety of trains. The rigid car-body model underestimates the vibration level and ride comfort of rail vehicles, and ignoring carriage torsional flexibility in the curving safety evaluation of trains is conservative.     

并联混合动力汽车扭转减振器性能仿真分析

为改善并联混合动力汽车传动系统的扭振特性,开展了扭转减振器的结构及仿真分析研究。对并联混合动力汽车传动系现有扭转减振器进行分析,提出了一种具有新型结构的弧形弹簧式从动盘扭转减振器;针对某款车型建立 8 自由度集中质量模型,采用 AMESim 仿真软件搭建仿真模型;通过对离合器从动盘扭转减振器、双质量飞轮和弧形弹簧式从动盘扭转减振器 3 种不同结构减振器的扭振特性进行仿真对比,分析了它们在典型工况下的扭振特性,并对扭转刚度和迟滞力矩进行了灵敏度分析。结果表明,弧形弹簧式从动盘扭转减振器能保证较短的发动机启动时间,且拥有较好的减振特性;在混合驱动行驶工况下扭转减振器的减振效果与扭转刚度及迟滞力矩的大小呈负相关。     

Implementation and verification of adaptive longitudinal traction control

Human in the loop (HIL) simulation has experienced a significant increase in popularity in recent years. In this work, a novel approach to traction control is developed and implemented in a HIL environment, exploiting the significant advantages of framing the problem in a manner that more closely matches how a human expert drives a vehicle. An adaptive gradient ascent algorithm is at the heart of the proposed solution to longitudinal traction control. A real-time implementation of the gradient ascent algorithm is developed using linear operator techniques, even though the tyre–ground interface is highly non-linear. The adaptive traction control algorithm is based on two separate, but related, estimation algorithms that estimate both the instantaneous traction force and a unique predictive traction force model. This adaptive control algorithm, the necessary estimation algorithms and their real-time implementation are described in this work. The results, when implemented as a driver assist application on a 6-DOF motion platform, with a HIL, are also presented. This work demonstrates the utility of a 6-DOF motion platform in developing and verifying vehicle control algorithms with a HIL.     

Simplified and advanced modelling of traction control systems of heavy-haul locomotives

Improving tractive effort is a very complex task in locomotive design. It requires the development of not only mechanical systems but also power systems, traction machines and traction algorithms. At the initial design stage, traction algorithms can be verified by means of a simulation approach. A simple single wheelset simulation approach is not sufficient because all locomotive dynamics are not fully taken into consideration. Given that many traction control strategies exist, the best solution is to use more advanced approaches for such studies. This paper describes the modelling of a locomotive with a bogie traction control strategy based on a co-simulation approach in order to deliver more accurate results. The simplified and advanced modelling approaches of a locomotive electric power system are compared in this paper in order to answer a fundamental question. What level of modelling complexity is necessary for the investigation of the dynamic behaviours of a heavy-haul locomotive running under traction? The simulation results obtained provide some recommendations on simulation processes and the further implementation of advanced and simplified modelling approaches.     

饱和黏弹性土层中桩扭转耦合振动研究

在频率域内研究了饱和黏弹性土层中端承桩的扭转耦合振动。饱和土的力学行为采用Biot模型来模拟。采用Novak平面应变模型,推导得到了饱和黏弹性土层的环向位移解析表达式。将桩等效为一维EulerBernoulli杆件处理。根据界面连续性条件,给出了端承桩扭转振动的分析方法和桩顶动力复刚度表达式。在此基础上,对比分析了扭转振动与纵向振动结果、三维模型和薄层法结果、边界单元法和薄层法结果、有无水惯性项的结果。考察了桩的长径比、桩土模量比、土骨架和孔隙水相互作用系数等参数对桩顶刚度因子和等效阻尼的影响。结果表明：桩扭转振动与纵向振动的复刚度曲线在形状上基本一致,而在相位和振幅上有一定区别。     

汽车动力传动系局部扭振模态和半轴对称分支模型简化问题探讨

本文探讨FR式汽车动力传动系扭振的局部模态及其主导子结构和半轴子结构对称分支的模态对称性与模型简化问题,在这两方面取得了一些新的认识,有助于对这类汽车动力传动系扭振分析模型的合理简化和对扭振特性的深入认识。     

双体飞轮-周向弹簧型扭振减振器弹性特性设计研究

基于某轿车动力传动系扭振特性计算,分析了双体飞轮周向弹簧(DMF-CS)型扭振减振器弹性特性对系统扭振特性的影响,据此探讨了该类减振器弹性特性的设计原则;建立了其弹性特性的解析表达式,并就弧形螺旋弹簧设计进行了讨论;总结了弹性机构结构设计要点,包括弹性元件布置方案的确定、弧形螺旋弹簧磨损问题的解决措施等。     

汽车动力传动系扭振的固有特性和结构修改控制措施分析

本文首先建立了一种FR式汽车动力传动系扭振的多自由度分析模型,据此对其扭振固有特性进行了较详细的计算分析。然后对适用于动力传动系扭振噪声控制的各种可能的结构修改(即扭转刚度、转动惯量和扭振阻尼)措施分别进行了模拟计算分析。这些分析结果对于FR式汽车具有典型意义。     

全承载式大客车车身结构多目标优化

建立了全承载式大客车车身骨架的有限元模型,对车身骨架结构进行了振动模态和静力学分析.然后对车身骨架结构进行设计参数灵敏度分析,得出车身骨架扭转刚度和一阶扭转频率对各部件设计参数的灵敏度.在此基础上,以车身骨架杆件厚度为设计变量,通过两阶段结构优化设计,在整车骨架质量增加很少的条件下,提高了整车结构的扭转刚度和一阶扭转频率值;同时,一轮悬空工况下的整车结构应力峰值明显下降,应力分布更加均匀,整车骨架结构设计更为合理.     

发动机曲轴二级并联橡胶扭转减振器优化设计

为降低曲轴扭转振动对发动机前端附件驱动系统的影响,在介绍曲轴减振器参数优化设计方法及数学模型的基础上,对曲轴二级并联橡胶扭转减振器参数设计提出了一种新的优化方法,这种方法以同时降低曲轴和带轮的扭转振幅为目标对减振器进行优化。计算结果表明,采用文中提出的优化设计方法设计的减振器,不但曲轴的扭转振动特性得到改善,曲轴带轮的振动也得到很好控制。     

汽车发动机曲轴扭振的多体动力学分析

采用结合有限元法(FEM)的多体系统仿真(MSS)方法对汽车发动机曲轴进行扭转振动分析。建立了包括柔性曲轴的车用发动机曲轴系统的多体动力学模型。根据多体动力学仿真计算结果,分析了曲轴的扭转振动,测量了曲轴自由端的扭转振动,与仿真计算结果吻合较好。     

柴油机扭转振动诊断综述

主要列举了现今用于柴油机扭转振动诊断的几种具有代表性的方法，并分析了各方法的优缺点。简要预测了柴油机扭振诊断的发展方向。     

汽车动力传动系双质量飞轮-径向弹簧型扭振减振器弹性特性设计方法

本文建立了双质量飞轮－径向弹簧型DMF－RS扭振减振器的弹性特性表达式并进行了理论探讨，提出了该减振器弹性机构的设计方法，可实现理想的硬非线性弹性特性。即在发动机怠速工况下具有很低的扭转刚度，在汽车行驶工况下具有随传递转矩渐增的扭转刚度，同时可保证减振器的极限工作扭角和极限弹性转矩都尽可能大。文中还基于某轿车动力传动系的多自由度集总质量一弹性扭振分析模型，计算分析了采用DMF－RS型减振器的动力传动系扭振固有特性，证实了该减振器的扭振控制性能。     

Three-Dimensional Analysis of Train-Rail-Bridge Interaction Problems

A vehicle-rail-bridge interaction (VRBI) model for analysing the 3D dynamic interaction between the moving trains and railway bridge was developed. By the dynamic condensation scheme, three types of vehicle-rail interaction (VRI) elements were derived, by which the vehicle and bridge responses, as well as the wheel / rail contact forces, can be computed. Track irregularity of random nature was taken into account. The results indicate that resonance can occur in both the lateral and torsional vibrations of the bridge, as well as in the vertical vibration. Under the crossing of two face-to-face moving trains, the vertical vibration of the bridge is greatly intensified, while the lateral and torsional responses may be increased or reduced, depending on how the two trains cross each other. Finally, two common indices are used to assess the possibility of derailment for trains passing over the bridge at different speeds.     

A model-based traction control strategy non-reliant on wheel slip information

A traction control system (TCS) for two-wheel-drive vehicles can conveniently be realised by means of slip control. Such a TCS is modified in this paper in order to be applicable to four-wheel-drive vehicles and anti-lock braking systems, where slip information is not readily available. A reference vehicle model is used to estimate the vehicle velocity. The reference model is excited by a saw-tooth signal in order to adapt the slip for maximum tyre traction performance. The model-based TCS is made robust to vehicle modelling errors by extending it with (i) a superimposed loop of tyre static curve gradient control or (ii) a robust switching controller based on a bi-directional saw-tooth excitation signal. The proposed traction control strategies are verified by experiments and computer simulations.     

基于虚拟样机的3缸机曲轴系扭振分析及优化研究

3缸发动机的结构特点使得其惯性力和力矩相对于4缸机难以平衡,其曲轴系的扭转振动更难控制,从而严重影响发动机运转过程中的NVH性能。为改善发动机曲轴系扭振及整机NVH性能,采用一维与三维多体系统仿真体系对某3缸发动机扭转振动进行了分析预测,并进行试验验证,而且对3缸机的扭振特性与扭转控制进行了深入解析与研究。结果显示,虚拟样机能够精确地复现发动机的实际工作状态,其曲轴系上采用的非承载式曲轴扭振减振器使该款发动机的扭振保持在较好水平。     

汽车动力传动轴系扭振数字化测试系统

结合传感器技术、信号分析处理技术和虚拟仪器技术,采用数字脉冲时序法开发了汽车动力传动轴系高精度扭振数字化测试系统.介绍了数字脉冲时序法测量原理,以及扭振数字化测试系统的组成和性能.在搭建的汽车动力传动轴系扭振试验台上对该系统进行了试验验证.结果表明,该系统具有较高的测试精度和可靠性,适合在恶劣环境下进行汽车动力传动轴扭振测试.     

Rotational vibration absorber for the mitigation of rail rutting corrugation

Torsional vibrations of metro wheel sets are known to be involved in the wavelength-fixing mechanism of the rutting-type rail corrugation. In the first part of this paper, the basic conditions for this type of wear to appear are established using a theory developed in the frequency domain. The efficiency of a dynamic vibration absorber tuned to the first torsional resonance of the wheel set to mitigate rutting corrugation is evaluated numerically. In the second part, the phenomenon is studied on a quarter-scale test bench. The scaling laws for wheel–roller wear predictions are established. The efficiency of the dynamic vibration absorber is evaluated on the scaled bench. The results are compared with theoretical predictions from a linear model. Additionally, the measurements are compared with numerical results from a multi-body model portraying the experiment.     

A rail roughness growth model for a wheelset with non-steady,non-Hertzian contact

This paper presents a model simulating rail roughness growth in which the interaction of a wheelset with the track is considered. The aim is to investigate any possible mechanism for roughness growth due to the coupling between the vertical dynamics, the torsional vibration across the axle of the wheelset and the non-steady contact mechanics. The time-domain simulations are carried out for a driven wheelset on tangent track. Both rigid and flexible are considered with parameter variations for moments of the wheelset, vehicle speeds and wavelengths of initial roughnesses. The 2D non-Hertzian and non-steady contact model used in simulations are based on influence coefficients obtained from a boundary element model. The nonlinear development of the rail roughnesses after millions of wheelset passages is also presented.     

Locomotive dynamic performance under traction/braking conditions considering effect of gear transmissions

Traction or braking operations are usually applied to trains or locomotives for acceleration, speed adjustment, and stopping. During these operations, gear transmission equipment plays a very significant role in the delivery of traction or electrical braking power. Failures of the gear transmissions are likely to cause power loses and even threaten the operation safety of the train. Its dynamic performance is closely related to the normal operation and service safety of the entire train, especially under some emergency braking conditions. In this paper, a locomotive–track coupled vertical–longitudinal dynamics model is employed with considering the dynamic action from the gear transmissions. This dynamics model enables the detailed analysis and more practical simulation on the characteristics of power transmission path, namely motor–gear transmission–wheelset–longitudinal motion of locomotive, especially for traction or braking conditions. Multi-excitation sources, such as time-varying mesh stiffness and nonlinear wheel–rail contact excitations, are considered in this study. This dynamics model is then validated by comparing the simulated results with the experimental test results under braking conditions. The calculated results indicate that involvement of gear transmission could reveal the load reduction of the wheelset due to transmitted forces. Vibrations of the wheelset and the motor are dominated by variation of the gear dynamic mesh forces in the low speed range and by rail geometric irregularity in the higher speed range. Rail vertical geometric irregularity could also cause wheelset longitudinal vibrations, and do modulations to the gear dynamic mesh forces. Besides, the hauling weight has little effect on the locomotive vibrations and the dynamic mesh forces of the gear transmissions for both traction and braking conditions under the same running speed.