盾构隧道下穿高速铁路路基沉降控制标准研究

为了合理制定隧道下穿高速铁路的变形控制标准，采用现场调研和统计分析等方法，对高速铁路轨道、扣件及路基的相互作用关系开展研究，提出高速铁路路基沉降控制标准的制定方法。研究结果表明： 1）轨道最大可允许变形由下穿点轨道扣件的最大可调整量、当前已用调整量和当前平顺度等数据确定； 2）轨道变形控制标准根据下穿点周边环境及列车实际运行速度选取合适的安全系数，在最大可允许变形量的基础上进行折减； 3）路基变形控制标准根据路基与轨道变形的相互关系确定。提出的轨道变形控制标准适用于高速铁路无砟轨道，路基变形控制标准适用于土质地层盾构隧道引起的路基变形。     

Railway ground vibrations induced by wheel and rail singular defects

Railway local irregularities are a growing source of ground-borne vibration and can cause negative environmental impacts, particularly in urban areas. Therefore, this paper analyses the effect of railway track singular defects (discontinuities) on ground vibration generation and propagation. A vehicle/track/soil numerical railway model is presented, capable of accurately predicting vibration levels. The prediction model is composed of a multibody vehicle model, a flexible track model and a finite/infinite element soil model. Firstly, analysis is undertaken to assess the ability of wheel/rail contact models to accurately simulate the force generation at the wheel/rail contact, in the presence of a singular defect. It is found that, although linear contact models are sufficient for modelling ground vibration on smooth tracks, when singular defects are present higher accuracy wheel/rail models are required. Furthermore, it is found that the variation in wheel/rail force during the singular defect contact depends on the track flexibility, and thus requires a fully coupled vehicle/track/foundation model. Next, a parametric study of ground vibrations generated by singular rail and wheel defects is undertaken. Six shapes of discontinuity are modelled, representing various defect types such as transition zones, switches, crossings, rail joints and wheel flats. The vehicle is modelled as an AM96 train set and it is found that ground vibration levels are highly sensitive to defect height, length and shape.     

Dynamic Train-Track Interaction: Variability Attributable to Scatter in the Track Properties

A numerical method to simulate vertical dynamic interaction between a rolling train and a railway track has been used to investigate the influence of stochastic properties of the track structure. A perturbation technique has been used to investigate the influence of the scatter in selected track properties. The train-track interaction problem has been numerically solved by use of an extended state-space vector approach in conjunction with a complex modal superposition for the whole track structure. All numerical simulations have been carried out in the time-domain with a moving mass model. Properties such as rail pad stiffness, ballast stiffness, dynamic ballast-subgrade mass and sleeper spacing have been studied. To obtain sufficient statistical information from track structures, full-scale measurements in the field and laboratory measurements have been carried out. The influence of scatter in the track properties on the maximum contact force between the rail and the wheel, the maximum magnitude of the vertical wheelset acceleration, and the maximum sleeper displacement have been studied. Mean values and standard deviations of these quantities have been calculated. The effects of the variation of the investigated track properties are discussed.     

软土地区盾构下穿施工对铁路路基影响分析——以杭州地铁2号线某区间现场监测为例

盾构隧道下穿施工,将对既有铁路路基产生一系列不利的影响。当盾构引起的路基位移超过承载能力,将导致铁路轨道产生过大的弯曲及扭曲变形,从而影响列车运行的平顺性和安全性。结合杭州地铁2号线某区间隧道下穿既有铁路路基工程现场监测数据,分析在盾构下穿施工过程中列车轨道、路基坡脚及路肩的位移变化规律。实测结果发现： 1）监测点沉降变化与盾构的相对位置密切相关,可划分为盾构到达前、盾构穿越及盾构通过3个阶段; 2）盾构到达前,当盾构土压力大于静止侧向土压力将引起地表隆起,反之,则产生地表沉降; 3）盾构穿越过程中将导致地表隆起位移; 4）盾构通过后,地表沉降持续发展。由于碎石路基具有一定的调节作用,使路肩隆起值小于坡脚。铁路轨道隆起整体小于同一平面路肩,是因为具有一定抗弯刚度的轨道对土体位移有一定的抵抗能力。     

Probabilistic assessment of railway vehicle-curved track systems considering track random irregularities

The randomness of track irregularities directly leads to the random vibration of the vehicle–track systems. To assess the dynamic performance of a railway system in more comprehensive and practical ways, a framework for probabilistic assessment of vehicle-curved track systems is developed by effectively integrating a vehicle–track coupled model (VTCM), a track irregularity probabilistic model (TIPM) with a probability density evolution method (PDEM). In VTCM, the railway vehicle and the curved track are coupled by the nonlinear wheel–rail interaction forces, and through TIPM, the ergodic properties of random track irregularities on amplitudes, wavelengths and probabilities can be properly considered in the dynamic calculations. Lastly, PDEM, a newly developed method for solving probabilistic transmissions between stochastic excitations and deterministic dynamic responses, is introduced to this probabilistic assessment model. Numerical examples validate the correctness and practicability of the proposed models. In this paper, the results of probabilistic assessment are presented to illustrate the dynamic behaviours of a high-speed railway vehicle subject to curved tracks with various radii, and to demonstrate the importance of considering the actual status of wheel–rail contacts and curve negotiation effects in vehicle-curved track interactions.     

Fundamentals of vehicle–track coupled dynamics

This paper presents a framework to investigate the dynamics of overall vehicle–track systems with emphasis on theoretical modelling, numerical simulation and experimental validation. A three-dimensional vehicle–track coupled dynamics model is developed in which a typical railway passenger vehicle is modelled as a 35-degree-of-freedom multi-body system. A traditional ballasted track is modelled as two parallel continuous beams supported by a discrete-elastic foundation of three layers with sleepers and ballasts included. The non-ballasted slab track is modelled as two parallel continuous beams supported by a series of elastic rectangle plates on a viscoelastic foundation. The vehicle subsystem and the track subsystem are coupled through a wheel–rail spatial coupling model that considers rail vibrations in vertical, lateral and torsional directions. Random track irregularities expressed by track spectra are considered as system excitations by means of a time–frequency transformation technique. A fast explicit integration method is applied to solve the large nonlinear equations of motion of the system in the time domain. A computer program named TTISIM is developed to predict the vertical and lateral dynamic responses of the vehicle–track coupled system. The theoretical model is validated by full-scale field experiments, including the speed-up test on the Beijing–Qinhuangdao line and the high-speed running test on the Qinhuangdao–Shenyang line. Differences in the dynamic responses analysed by the vehicle–track coupled dynamics and by the classical vehicle dynamics are ascertained in the case of vehicles passing through curved tracks.     

Dynamics of railway wagons subjected to braking torques on defective tracks

It is well known that track defects cause profound effects to the dynamics of railway wagons; normally such problems are examined for cases of wagons running at a constant speed. Brake/traction torques affect the speed profile due to the wheel–rail contact characteristics but most of the wagon–track interaction models do not explicitly consider them in simulation. The authors have recently published a model for the dynamics of wagons subject to braking/traction torques on a perfect track by explicitly considering the pitch degree of freedom for wheelsets. The model is extended for cases of lateral and vertical track geometry defects and worn railhead and wheel profiles. This paper presents the results of the analyses carried out using the model extended to the dynamics of wagons containing less ideal wheel profiles running on tracks with geometry defects and worn rails.     

石太客运专线特长隧道Ⅰ型板式无砟轨道施工与造价

为了满足客运专线铁路的快速发展需要,进一步推广Ⅰ型板式无砟轨道的应用,结合石太客运专线太行山特长隧道Ⅰ型板式无砟轨道施工的成功经验,对特长隧道无砟轨道物流组织、施工测量、底座混凝土、铺板、铺轨等关键技术以及施工造价做深入详细的剖析,使客运专线铁路特长隧道Ⅰ型板式无砟轨道施工工艺标准化、规范化,为今后的客运专线长大隧道内无砟轨道的推广应用以及城市轨道交通无砟轨道施工提供有益的参考。     

Study on rail corrugation of a metro tangential track with Cologne-egg type fasteners

In Chinese metro lines, rail corrugation on both tangential and tight curved tracks with Cologne-egg type fasteners is very severe. Based on the viewpoint of friction-induced vibration causing rail corrugation, the rail corrugation on a tangential track with Cologne-egg type fasteners is studied in this paper. A vibration model of an elastic multiple-wheelset-track system with Cologne-egg type fasteners is established. Both the complex eigenvalue analysis and the transient dynamic analysis are performed to study the stability and the dynamic performance of the wheelset-track system. The simulation results show that a low rail support stiffness value is responsible for rail corrugation on the tangential track. When the Cologne-egg fasteners characterised by a lower stiffness value are replaced with the DTVI2 fasteners characterised by a higher stiffness value, rail corrugation disappears. However, rail corrugation on tight curved tracks cannot be suppressed using the same replacement. The above conclusions are consistent with the corrugation occurrences in actual metro tracks.     

Enhancing rail infra durability through freight bogie design

The extensive usage of railway infrastructure demands a high level of robustness, which can be achieved partly by considering (and managing) the track and rolling stock as one integral system with due attention to their interface. A growing number of infra managers consider, in this framework, the track-friendliness of vehicles that have access to their tracks as a key control parameter. The aim of this study is to provide further insight into potential contributions to track-friendliness, assessed in relation to track deterioration mechanisms and cost, understanding how potential benefits are best to be utilised. Six proposed freight bogie design measures are evaluated with respect to the improvement in curving behaviour, switch negotiation and related track degradation mechanisms. To this purpose a sensitivity analysis has been carried out by means of track–train simulations in the VAMPIRE® multi body simulation software. Additionally, the impact on track deterioration costs has been calculated for those track-friendly design modifications identified as most promising. Conclusions show that the standard Y25L freight bogie design displays rather a track-friendly behaviour. Tuning the primary yaw stiffness shows a high potential to further improve track-friendliness, significantly reducing track deterioration cost at narrow radius curves and switches (by, respectively, 30% and 60%). When calculating the overall deterioration cost for the travelled route, the calculation model should include a well-balanced representation of switches and narrow radius curves.     

减振型双块式无砟轨道合理刚度匹配研究

为研究城际铁路减振型双块式无砟轨道的合理刚度匹配,基于轮轨系统耦合动力学理论,结合我国城际铁路的运营特点,建立了城际铁路车辆-减振型双块式无砟轨道耦合动力分析模型,分析了列车在时速200 km和160 km时的轮轨动力响应。结果表明:对列车最高运行速度为200 km/h的城际客运专线,建议钢轨允许垂向位移控制在2 mm以内,减振垫的垂向位移应控制在1 mm左右;支点反力、钢轨位移受扣件刚度的影响显著,减振垫刚度是决定底座板加速度及道床板位移的决定性因素。城际铁路“在大站停”列车时速200 km、“站站停”列车最高时速160 km时,扣件合理刚度可取为42~49 kN/mm,减振垫的合理刚度可取为0.036~0.044 N/mm3。     

高速铁路单孔轨道板长度与凸台长度比例研究

为确定高速铁路单孔轨道板长度与凸台长度之间的合理比例,文中运用有限单元法建立单孔轨道板的实体模型,对轨道板分别施加纵向、横向和温度梯度三种荷载,对比分析各种不同比例关系下轨道板结构的受力情况,进而确定一个合理比值。结果表明,轨道板长度与凸台长度的比例保持在0.55～0.60为最好。     

Simulation of vertical dynamic vehicle–track interaction using a two-dimensional slab track model

The vertical dynamic interaction between a railway vehicle and a slab track is simulated in the time domain using an extended state-space vector approach in combination with a complex-valued modal superposition technique for the linear, time-invariant and two-dimensional track model. Wheel–rail contact forces, bending moments in the concrete panel and load distributions on the supporting foundation are evaluated. Two generic slab track models including one or two layers of concrete slabs are presented. The upper layer containing the discrete slab panels is described by decoupled beams of finite length, while the lower layer is a continuous beam. Both the rail and concrete layers are modelled using Rayleigh–Timoshenko beam theory. Rail receptances for the two slab track models are compared with the receptance of a traditional ballasted track. The described procedure is demonstrated by two application examples involving: (i) the periodic response due to the rail seat passing frequency as influenced by the vehicle speed and a foundation stiffness gradient and (ii) the transient response due to a local rail irregularity (dipped welded joint).     

Ride comfort of high-speed trains travelling over railway bridges

The ride comfort of high-speed trains passing over railway bridges is studied in this paper. A parametric study is carried out using a time domain model. The effects of some design parameters are investigated such as damping and stiffness of the suspension system and also ballast stiffness. The influence of the track irregularity and train speed on two comfort indicators, namely Sperling's comfort index and the maximum acceleration level are also studied. Two types of railway bridges, a simple girder and an elastically supported bridge are considered.

Timoshenko beam theory is used for modelling the rail and bridge and two layers of parallel damped springs in conjunction with a layer of mass are used to model the rail-pads, sleepers and ballast. A randomly irregular vertical track profile is modelled, characterized by its power spectral density (PSD). The ‘roughness’ is generated for three classes of tracks. Nonlinear Hertz theory is used for modelling the wheel-rail contact. The influences of some nonlinear parameters in a carriage-track-bridge system, such as the load-stiffening characteristics of the rail-pad and the ballast and that of rubber elements in the primary and secondary suspension systems, on the comfort indicators are also studied. Based on Galerkin's method of solution, a new analytical approach is developed for the combination between the rigid and flexural mode shapes, which could be used not only for elastically supported bridges but also other beam-type structures.     

Semi-active suspension systems for railway vehicles using magnetorheological dampers. Part II: simulation and analysis

In this paper, the semi-active suspension system for railway vehicles based on the controlled (MR) fluid dampers is investigated, and compared with the passive on and passive off suspension systems. The lateral, yaw, and roll accelerations of the car body, trucks, and wheelsets of a full-scale railway vehicle integrated with four MR dampers in the secondary suspension systems, which are in the closed and open loops respectively, are simulated under the random and periodical track irregularities using the established governing equations of the railway vehicle and the modelled track irregularities in Part I of this paper. The simulation results indicate that (1) the semi-active controlled MR damper-based suspension system for railway vehicles is effective and beneficial as compared with the passive on and passive off modes, and (2) while the car body accelerations of the railway vehicle integrated with semi-active controlled MR dampers can be significantly reduced relative to the passive on and passive off ones, the accelerations of the trucks and wheelsets could be increased to some extent. However, the increase in the accelerations of the trucks and wheelsets is insignificant.     

A structural articulation method for assessing railway bridges subject to dynamic impact loading from track irregularities

This paper discusses the importance of track irregularities in railway bridge design, and presents a new technique for calculating the dynamic impact load induced by such irregularities: the structural articulation method. The properties of the combined bridge-suspension system are coupled through global mass, stiffness, and damping matrices. Under the proposed method, the true suspension system over a particular point on the bridge girder at time t is divided into equivalent suspension systems attributed to adjacent finite-element nodes of the bridge. The time-dependent effects of a moving mass are thereby included in the equation of motion.     

Simulation of Bending-Torsional-Lateral Vibrations of the Railway Wheelset-Track System in the Medium Frequency Range

SUMMARY

In the present paper, the dynamic interaction between a wheelset of a high-speed-train car and a railway track is considered with the help of a discrete-continuous mechanical model. This model enables us to investigate the bending-torsional-axial vibrations of the wheelset coupled with the vertical and lateral vibrations of the track through the wheel-rail contact forces. The results of numerical simulations performed for the wheelset motion both on straight and curved tracks demonstrate qualitative similarities of the corresponding dynamic responses of the system and essential quantitative differences of the respective amplitude and average values. Particularly severe interaction between the wheelset and the track is observed in the form of periodic resonances caused by parametric excitation from the track.     

Effect of curved track support failure on vehicle derailment

In order to investigate the effect of curved track support failure on railway vehicle derailment, a coupled vehicle–track dynamic model is put forward. In the model, the vehicle and the structure under rails are, respectively, modelled as a multi-body system, and the rail is modelled with a Timoshenko beam rested on the discrete sleepers. The lateral, vertical, and torsional deformations of the beam are taken into account. The model also considers the effect of the discrete support by sleepers on the coupling dynamics of the vehicle and track. The sleepers are assumed to move backward at a constant speed to simulate the vehicle running along the track at the same speed. In the calculation of the coupled vehicle and track dynamics, the normal forces of the wheels/rails are calculated using the Hertzian contact theory and their creep forces are determined with the nonlinear creep theory by Shen et al [Z.Y. Shen, J.K. Hedrick, and J.A. Elkins, A comparison of alternative creep-force models for rail vehicle dynamic analysis, Proceedings of the 8th IAVSD Symposium, Cambridge, MA, 1984, pp. 591–605]. The motion equations of the vehicle/track are solved by means of an explicit integration method. The failure of the components of the curved track is simulated by changing the track stiffness and damping along the track. The cases where zero to six supports of the curved rails fail are considered. The transient derailment coefficients are calculated. They are, respectively, the ratio of the wheel/rail lateral force to the vertical force and the wheel load reduction. The contact points of the wheels/rails are in detail analysed and used to evaluate the risk of the vehicle derailment. Also, the present work investigates the effect of friction coefficient, axle load and vehicle speed on the derailments under the condition of track failure. The numerical results obtained indicate that the failure of track supports has a great influence on the whole vehicle running safety.     

Dynamics of the railway track and the underlying soil: the boundary-element solution,theoretical results and their experimental verification

A combined finite-element boundary-element method is presented in detail to calculate the dynamic interaction of the railway track and the underlying soil. A number of results are shown for ballasted and slab track, demonstrating the influence of the stiffness of the soil and the rail pads on the vertical compliance of the track. The compliance of the track is combined with a simple model of the vehicle giving the transfer function of vehicle–track interaction. An experimental verification of the theoretical results is achieved by harmonic and impulse excitation with and without static (train-) load and by combined measurements of train–track–soil interaction. A clear vehicle–track resonance is found for the slab track with elastic rail pads and for higher frequencies at highspeed traffic, the dynamic axle loads due to sleeper passage are reduced.