Linking land use and transportation in a rapidly urbanizing context: A study in Delhi,India

Cities in developing countries like India are facing some of the same concerns that North American cities are: congestion and urban growth. However, there is a sense of urgency in cities like Delhi, India in that this growth is far more rapid as both urbanization and motorization are ongoing processes that have not yet peaked. In this paper, we examine land use change and its relationship with transportation infrastructure and other planning related variables in a spatial context. We estimate land use change models at two different scales from separate data. Cellular automation and Markov models were used to understand change at the regional scale and discrete choice models to predict change at the local level. The results suggest that land use in the Delhi metropolitan area is rapidly intensifying while losing variety. These changes are affected by industrial, commercial and infrastructure location and planners and policy-makers need to better understand the implications of location decisions. We also examine these results in the context of a policy framework for data-based planning that links land use and transportation models for Delhi.     

The challenge of liberalising domestic airline competition in a less developed country

A new wave of liberalisation of domestic airline competition is taking place in less developed nations, although the initial motivation in most cases is to supplement the capacity of the government's own airline. Liberalisation tends to begin with free market entry and a strong interest in privatisation while other regulatory controls are maintained. This position is untenable and policy makers in the less developed countries are having to learn quickly without the benefit of the detailed analyses that preceded liberalisation in the developed countries. This paper explores these problems and focuses on the lessons that policy makers in the less developed countries can draw from experiences elsewhere.     

Objectives,Methods and Results of Surveys Carried out in the Field of Urban Freight Transport: An International Comparison

In industrialized countries, the number of studies and surveys in the field of urban goods movement (UGM) has increased considerably over recent years. This paper compares the objectives, methods and results in this sector and focuses on nine industrialized countries of Europe, America and Asia. This non‐extensive review shows that in spite of different framework methods and models, similar trends emerge at the economic and environmental levels. It is necessary to take into account urban logistics in the broadest meaning of the term. Cooperative action seems to bear fruit providing that information and dialogue take place in the long‐term with all the operators involved. The development of intelligent transport systems (ITS) and better management of urban facilities may improve these attempts. We present our viewpoint in order to shed light on research oriented towards the sustainable management of urban logistics.     

A comparison of the sustainability of public and private transportation systems: Study of the Greater Toronto Area

A macroscopic assessment of the impacts of private and public transportation systems on the sustainability of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) is undertaken from economic, environmental and social perspectives. The methodology draws upon the urban metabolism and sustainability indicators approaches to assessing urban sustainability, but compares modes in terms of passenger-kms. In assessing the economic sustainability of a city, transportation should be recognized as a product, a driver and a cost. In 1993, the traded costs of automobile use in the GTA were approximately balanced by the value of the automobile parts and assembly industry. But local transit costs 1/3 to 1/6 of the auto costs per person-km, in traded dollars, mainly because local labour is the primary cost.Public transportation is more sustainable from an environmental perspective. Automobile emissions are a major contributor to air pollution, which is a serious contemporary environmental health problem in Toronto. Public transportation modes are less energy intensive (including indirect energy consumption) and produce CO₂ at an order of magnitude lower, although these benefits are partially undermined by under-utilization of transit capacity and the source of electricity generation.The social benefits of automobile use are likely more significant than costs in determining GTA residents' preferential mode choice. The speed and access of auto use provide important economic benefits, e.g. relating to employment and product choice. Nevertheless, offsetting the service attributes of private transportation are large social costs in terms of accidents. The costs of automobile insurance provide one tangible measure of such negative impacts.In order to improve the sustainability of the GTA, innovative approaches are required for improving the performance level of public transportation or substantially reducing the need for the service level provided by automobiles. Efforts such as greater integration of bicycles with public transit, or construction of light-rail systems in wide roadways, might be considered. But to be sustainable overall, a transportation system has to be flexible and adaptable and so must combine a mixture of modes.     

An analysis of public bus transit performance in Indian cities

Maintaining and enhancing public transit service in Indian cities is important, to meet rapidly growing mass mobility needs, and curb personal motor vehicle activity and its impacts at low cost. Indian cities rely predominantly on buses for public transport, and are likely to continue to do so for years. However, the public bus transit service is inadequate, and unaffordable for the urban poor. The paper explores the factors that contribute to and affect efforts to improve this situation, based on an analysis of the financial and operational performance of the public bus transit service in the four metropolitan centres and four secondary cities during the 1990s. Overall, there were persistent losses, owing to increasing input costs and declining productivity. The losses occurred despite rapidly increasing fares, and ridership declined. The situation, and the ability to address it, is worse in the secondary cities than the metropolitan centres. We suggest a disaggregated approach based on the needs and motivations of different groups in relation to public transit, along with improved operating conditions and policies to internalize costs of personal motor vehicle use, to address the challenge of providing financially viable and affordable public bus transit service.     

浅析国际大科学工程的物流管理——以ITER计划为例

党的十八届五中全会要求在"十三五"期间要"积极提出并牵头组织国际大科学计划和大科学工程"。本文着重从项目物流管理角度,以ITER(国际热核聚变实验堆计划)计划为例,介绍该项目管理团队国际大科学工程的物流方面的一些探索。通过对该案例的分析和解剖,提出对国家参与此类国际大科学工程物流工作的几点建议。     

an analysis of transportation energy conservation projects in developing countries

Industrialized countries have extensive experience with various transportation energy conservation measures and have been making steady progress in improving the efficiency of their transport sector. Less Developed Countries (LDCs) have also been making progress, but their experience in many aspects of transportation energy conservation is very limited. Development organizations have funded many transportation projects in developing countries, but the vast majority of these projects were designed to improve the transportation infrastructure. Very few transportation energy conservation projects have been implemented and decision-makers face a scarcity of information on effective strategies. This paper gives an overview of transportation projects in LDCs in order to identify those transportation energy conservation measures that offer the greatest potential for LDCs. Two case studies, from Tunisia and Costa Rica, are given to illustrate the issues involved in implementing transportation energy conservation measures in LDCs. Conclusions are drawn to suggest actions for developing countries and for development organizations.Acronyms DECAT Driver Energy Conservation Awareness Training - DSE Direccion Sectorial de Energia (Costa Rica) - GDP Gross domestic product - km Kilometer - LDCs Less Developed Countries - TOE Metric tonne of oil equivalent - USAID US Agency for International Development     

加入TIR公约对我国国际道路运输的影响

为摸清加入《TIR公约》对我国对外经济和国际道路运输带来的影响,保障TIR制度在我国的平稳推进和顺利运行,本文首先分区域梳理了"一带一路"国家中加入《TIR公约》的国家及数量,并分区域分析我国与这些国家的贸易额,研究加入《TIR公约》后我国道路运输最具发展潜力的线路和方向,分析加入《TIR公约》为我国对外贸易带来的影响;随后,从国际道路运输作业、过境程序、运输效率、车辆标准化等方面深入分析了加入《TIR公约》对我国国际道路运输带来的影响;并为我国TIR制度的顺利运行提出相关政策建议。     

On the perceived justice of urban road pricing: An empirical study in Lyon

Various methods of restricting automobile traffic, by price (tolls) or by quantity (odd/even license plates or limited days of traffic), are tested in a survey (N ～ 400) about attitudes toward traffic restrictions in Lyon, France. Ordered probit models with random-effects panel allow us to estimate the survey respondents’ perceptions of these methods, as well as the roles of individual socio-demographic characteristics in the formation of these perceptions. Both the restriction of automobile traffic and its regulation by congestion (waiting in line) are widely considered unjust by the respondents, regardless of whether they work and whether they are drivers or non-drivers. Their attitudes towards tolls justified by the pollution caused by automobile traffic are less negative. As regards compensation, in addition to emergency vehicles and those that transport people with limited mobility, respondents believe car-pooling ought to benefit of a toll exemption. The support for a reduced rate for low-income users shows a concern for justice to which it will be necessary to respond. The respondents’ socio-professional status, level of education, car use or non-use, and residence inside or outside of the toll zone clearly play a role in their perceptions of these methods of regulation and compensation.     

国际航空运输需求的不完全可逆研究——来自美英国际航空运输市场的实证证据

不完全可逆是对消费者短期行为与长期行为差异的一种体现方式。本研究通过对2010年2月至2016年12月美国与英国之间的国际航空运输数据进行分析,发现关英之间的国际航空运输需求对票价和汇率同时存在不完全可逆性,而且通过对短期和长期结果的对比发现航空运输需求的汇率的短期弹性和长期弹性不仅存在大小上的差异,甚至影响方向上的差异都有可能存在。此外,本研究还对不完全可逆的检验方法进行了修正,使其能够适应本研究中出现的系数相反的情形。     

高速公路建设单位与沿线农村党组织联建的探索

文章从河池至都安高速公路创新建设单位与沿线农村党组织联建模式的角度出发,分析了创新高速公路建设单位与沿线农村党组织联建模式的动因、作用、意义及影响因素等,对高速公路建设单位与沿线农村党组织结对共建新模式和构建和谐的村企关系进行了探索。     

从"神经末梢"到"国际枢纽"——十六大以来广西交通发展综述

文章总结了党的十六大以来广西交通发展取得的成绩,指出广西交通正在从"神经末梢"发展为"国际枢纽",为广西经济社会发展提供了重要支撑。     

基于时空视角的中国国际客运航空网络演化研究

国际客运航空网络是一国联系全球的重要纽带,也是全球航空运输系统的重要组成。基于2008～2018年OAG计划航班数据,运用市场集中度模型对中国国际客运航空网络的演化进行分析。研究表明:我国国际客运航空网络集中度呈现下降趋势;我国与连接的国际区域距离越远,则网络集中度越高;政府政策支持了国际客运网络整体增长,但削弱了国际客运网络枢纽的集中度;我国大型机场时刻稀缺性以及航空公司多枢纽战略加剧了我国国际客运网络离散化。     

为中国索道的发展而呐喊——《中国索道》创刊词

我国索道行业科技和管理人员盼望已久的《中国索道》科技期刊,在各级领导和有关部门的关心和支持下,经过近2年的精心筹备,于2000年8月9日获得了国家科技部、国家新闻出版署的批准,从现在起向国内外公开出版和发行。这是我国索道行业的一件大事。从此,索道行业拥有了自己的学术刊物,有了科技探索的论坛,有了相互交流的园地,有了共同发展的纽带。     

统计标准对航班正常性计算的影响——以首都机场为例

近年来,民航运输发展迅猛,但同时航班延误状况也日益严峻,受到广泛关注。航班延误不仅影响航空公司运营效率,而且引发旅客投诉,降低旅客满意度,因此航班延误也成为研究热点之一。在以往文献中,鲜有探究不同标准与航班正常性计算结果的关系。公正、准确地衡量航班正常与否,关系着后续研究的正确性。首先,本文总结历年来我国航班正常性统计办法,进行简要评述。其次,以2014年3至5月北京首都国际机场5万余离港航班运行数据为例进行统计,比较不同统计标准下航班正常性的差异。最后,结合现状给出航班正常性统计的建议。     

On the financial viability of mass transit development: the case of Hong Kong

Mass transit projects are often a top contender of many cities to meet their increasing demand for travel. Despite the global trend of privatization, mass transit services, as public goods, remain largely being provided and operated by the public sector. Hong Kong is one of the few exceptions that all mass transit services are commercially operated. Both rail and bus services in Hong Kong are reputable for their quality and profitability, often serving as benchmarks for new projects. In this study, we investigate the factors contributing to this success. In particular, we ascertain the quality of transit service provision by the private sector over the past two decades. Then, we conduct an in-depth analysis of the account books of leading railway and bus operators in Hong Kong so as to shed light on their financial viability. Through this study, we hope to present crucial factors for providing financially viable private transit services.     

Telecommuting Suitability Modeling: An Approach Based on the Concept of Abstract job

A new approach to modeling telecommuting suitability is proposed in this paper. The approach, based on the concept of abstract job, can be employed to assess the level of suitability for telecommuting of the bundle of tasks comprising a job. By abstract job is meant a way of considering jobs on the basis of their elements and tasks, representing the general structure of the job. In this study, the basic tasks a job is composed of, pertaining to telecommuting suitability, are identified. To show the applicability of the approach, discrete choice models are calibrated, based on a sample of 245 employees in Tehran, Iran, indicating that from among the 6 tasks identified, 5 tasks are significantly associated with the level of telecommuting suitability.     

Spin glass and the interactions of congestion and emissions: An exploratory step

This paper models traffic congestion formation on highways and roads by recognizing the centrality of dynamical systems and using concepts from complexity theory as imbedded in the spin glasses analogue. Further, it explores the concept of how an increase in air pollution caused by vehicle exhaust emission can be traced to traffic congestion, specifically to the acceleration/deceleration of vehicles on the roads. First, spin glass is introduced and then by applying the two-dimensional x − y Ising model and defining a Hamiltonian (based on Edwards-Anderson and Mattis models of spin glass systems) for a system of vehicles on the road, derivations are made of the specific friction of congestion and the bulk modulus of congestion using the Gibbs-Boltzmann statistic. Similarly using the interactions of vehicles with each other and the resulting accelerations and decelerations of vehicles as the basis for exhaust emissions, derivations are made of a specificity of exhaust emissions. These are analogues to the entropy models of thermodynamics. This series of derivations serves as an analytical model for detecting incidents of congestion and increase in air pollution due to exhaust emissions in transportation systems.