四轮转向的基本结构与发展

汽车的四轮转向系统在80年代中期开始发展,其主要目的是提高汽车在高速行驶或在侧向风力作用下时的操纵稳定性、改善低速时的操纵轻便性,以及减小在停车场调车时的转弯半径。此外,在汽车高速行驶时还易于由一个车道向另一个车道的调整。四轮转向系统可按后轮偏转角与前轮偏转角或车速之间的关系分为转角传感型与车速传感型两种:     

四轮转向汽车主动转向控制及仿真

以四轮转向汽车为研究对象,建立车辆四轮转向动力学模型。基于后轮主动转向控制方法,分别搭建四轮转向汽车前后轮转角成比例的主动转向控制模型以及基于车速和横摆角速度反馈的主动转向控制模型。在高速转向工况下,采用MATLAB/Simulink建立四轮转向汽车主动转向控制仿真模型进行对比仿真。仿真结果表明,该控制方法能够较好地减小车辆质心侧偏角及横摆角速度,保证车辆良好的轨迹跟踪能力,有效地改善了车辆的操纵稳定性。     

线控四轮独立转向系统的结构及控制研究

主要介绍了四轮转向汽车以及线控转向技术的优点,设计了一种线控四轮独立转向汽车的总体结构,说明所设计的转向系统相对其他转向系统的优点。建立四轮转向汽车的3自由度数学模型,找出四轮转向汽车各车轮转角与转向盘转角的关系。对模型前后轮转角对质心侧倾角和横摆角速度的影响做了Matlab／Simulink仿真,考虑影响汽车行驶安全的因素,找出不同车速和前轮转角对应的最佳后、前轮转角比例系数,从而确定了高速行驶的汽车在指定车速与转向盘转角时各车轮对应的转角。     

2023年路虎新揽胜四轮转向系统新技术剖析（上）

<正>2023年路虎新揽胜配备了由捷豹路虎公司自行开发的四轮转向（AWS）系统。配备AWS的车辆安装了前后两个转向器,该系统可自动操纵车辆后轮的转向。在低至中等车速下的四轮转向如图1所示,后轮转向方向与前轮相反,以减少转弯直径并增加车辆的灵活性,从而便于完成泊车操控。在较高车速下如图2所示,后轮的转向方向与前轮相同以增强操控时的车辆稳定性。     

91年美国轿车制悬转,动架向系统的改进

美国克莱斯勒和福特等公司对1991年型轿车的改进方案主要有制动系、转向系和悬架等三个方面: 一、四轮转向道奇′91年型全新R/T双涡轮“司蒂尔斯”牌赛车为首先装备自制四轮动力转向系统的车辆,当汽车时速大于48km时,后轮与前轮的同一方向转弯,并能增加操纵灵敏度和高速稳定性,而在时速低于48km时又成为传统的两轮转向方式,使后轮保持在随动状态。这种仅适用于R/T双涡轮赛车的四轮动力转向系统有一根活动的连杆,并能将改变后轮转角的操纵杆连接于二个拉臂上,从而形成一个随动的凹轮转向装置;当前轮转弯时可使后轮的转角作小量的改变,见图1,但在后悬架差速器上还安装一个油泵以驱动一个“微型齿条”,以便在前轮转弯时对后轮作出反应,见图2。后轮的转角很小仅1.5°,但已足以使各种行驶条件下的操纵产生显著的改良效果。后轮转向角的变化与车速和转弯的大小以及驾驶员使用转向助力的强弱成正比。斯蒂尔断赛车的常四轮驱动独立悬架,有一个中央硅酮粘液耦合器,当需要时可将45％驱动力矩分配至前轮,而将55％分配至后轮;全车还配有电子式缓冲装置和防抱制动器。     

汽车四轮定位检测分析

为了提高汽车行驶和制动时的方向稳定性，最大程度地减少轮胎磨损，确保汽车的安全性、舒适性，’对于现代汽车而言，随着其行驶速度的提高、超低压扁平胎的使用，以及后轮独立悬架的普及，其车轮定位除车轮定位的参数值有减小或呈负值的趋势外，还由传统的前轮定位演变成当前的四轮定位，即除转向轮定位外，部分轿车还具有后轮外倾角和前束等参数，称为四轮定位。在汽车行驶中出现下列情况：直线行驶困难；前轮摇摆不定，行驶方向漂移；轮胎出现不正常磨损；更换了悬架系统、转向系统有关部件或汽车前部在碰撞事故后进行了维修时，需进行四轮定位的检测和调整。     

四轮定位与汽车行驶安全

随着采用后轮独立悬架系统的汽车增多,现在约有80%的汽车既有前轮定位,也有后轮定位,统称"四轮定位"。四轮定位这个名词,目前在一些教科书或专业书籍中都没有确切的慨念和专业性的描述。前轮定位已有一定的论述:"为了使汽车保持行驶稳定的直线行驶和转向轻便,并减少汽车行驶中轮胎和转向装     

汽车四轮转向控制策略研究

汽车四轮转向较之常规的前轮转向可提高汽车的操纵稳定性,论文针对汽车四轮转向的操纵稳定性控制问题,设计了一种四轮转向控制策略,实现汽车不同车速下的四轮转向控制。确定了二自由度车辆转向参考模型,进行低速时前后轮转角比例控制,高速时根据参考模型和实车横摆角速度、横摆角速度偏差设计了模糊控制器进行前后转角控制。应用Car Sim和Matlab/Simulink联合仿真,搭建了仿真模型,编写了控制算法,通过仿真实验对控制策略进行了验证。仿真结果表明:设计的汽车四轮转向控制策略使汽车四轮转向相对前轮转向有效提高了汽车的操纵稳定性。     

汽车是如何工作的？（七）转向系统

所有汽车都是通过操纵前轮转过一定的角度，后轮循迹而实现转向的。后轮转向有一些不足．其中主要的是会导致车辆行驶的不稳定。自行车上，转向是直接由车把手控制的。但是在汽车上，驾驶者不可能有那么大的力气足够直接控制转向轮。所以转向系统必须包括一个转向器，有些时候还需要助力装置。     

动力转向装置故障速查（一）

汽车动力转向装置亦称转向助力装置。它是在传统转向装置中增设了一些动力装置．在驾驶员的操纵或控制下。借助于发动机产生的动力。并将其转换为液压或气压来驱动转向轮偏转。从而达到汽车转向更加灵活省力的目的。也就是说，汽车在停车或低速行驶时转向，动力转向装置能够提供较大的转向助力．使操纵力减小(转向轻便)，汽车在高速行驶时转向助力较小，使操纵力增大(转向沉重)，避免方向“发飘”。     

基于基础知识进行的转向传动轴运动布置校核

运用CATIA三维数字模型"DMU Kinematics"模块,分别对转向管柱及转向传动轴相关件进行约束,获得转向传动轴运动模型及转向传动半轴运动包络、转向传动轴当量夹角,用于验证转向传动轴与周边件间隙及其力矩波动是否符合设计要求,进而为布置设计转向传动轴十字轴位置提供理论依据。     

New approaches to enhance active steering system functionalities: preliminary results

An important development of the steering systems in general is active steering systems like active front steering and steer-by-wire systems. In this paper the current functional possibilities in application of active steering systems are explored. A new approach and additional functionalities are presented that can be implemented to the active steering systems without additional hardware such as new sensors and electronic control units. Commercial active steering systems are controlling the steering angle depending on the driving situation only. This paper introduce methods for enhancing active steering system functionalities depending not only on the driving situation but also vehicle parameters like vehicle mass, tyre and road condition. In this regard, adaptation of the steering ratio as a function of above mentioned vehicle parameters is presented with examples. With some selected vehicle parameter changes, the reduction of the undesired influences on vehicle dynamics of these parameter changes has been demonstrated theoretically with simulations and with real-time driving measurements.     

转向路感控制系统在汽车上的应用

本文介绍一种汽车电液主动转向路感控制系统,提出一种控制策略,通过估算车辆状态信息,分别在执行或不执行主动转向干预时,进行路感控制,保证行驶稳定性。     

Theory and experimental research on six-track steering vehicles

The structural characteristics and steering behaviour of a six-track vehicle are described in this paper. Kinematic analysis for skid steering of a six-track vehicle under steady-state conditions on firm ground is conducted, with the relationship between thrust force and speed instantaneous centre of the track–terrain interface taken into consideration. A mechanical model for steady steering of a six-track vehicle is also presented based on the kinematic analysis. In this model, the steering inaccuracy and efficiency are defined to evaluate steering performance. The steering performance of a six-track vehicle is numerically simulated to analyse the effect of the structural parameters and deflection angles on tracks. A virtual prototype model is established based on the multi-body dynamics software RecurDyn for steering simulation and the findings coincide well with theoretical results. The theory and the virtual prototype simulations presented are verified by a power test of a bucket-wheel excavator. The method for analysing the steering performance of a six-track vehicle proposed in this paper provides a basis for designing a six-track vehicle.     

Nonlinear PI front and rear steering control in four wheel steering vehicles

Vehicle steering dynamics show resonances, which depend on the longitudinal speed, unstable equilibrium points and limited stability regions depending on the constant steering wheel angle, longitudinal speed and car parameters.

The main contribution of this paper is to show that a combined decentralized proportional active front steering control and proportional-integral active rear steering control from the yaw rate tracking error can assign the eigenvalues of the linearised single track steering dynamics, without lateral speed measurements, using a standard single track car model with nonlinear tire characteristics and a non-linear first-order reference model for the yaw rate dynamics driven by the driver steering wheel input. By choosing a suitable nonlinear reference model it is shown that the responses to driver step inputs tend to zero (or reduced) lateral speed for any value of longitudinal speed: in this case the resulting controlled vehicle static gain from driver input to yaw rate differs from the uncontrolled one at higher speed. The closed loop system shows the advantages of both active front and rear steering control: higher controllability, enlarged bandwidth for the yaw rate dynamics, suppressed resonances, new stable cornering manoeuvres, enlarged stability regions, reduced lateral speed and improved manoeuvrability; in addition comfort is improved since the phase lag between lateral acceleration and yaw rate is reduced.

For the designed control law a robustness analysis is presented with respect to system failures, driver step inputs and critical car parameters such as mass, moment of inertia and front and rear cornering stiffness coefficients. Several simulations are carried out on a higher order experimentally validated nonlinear dynamical model to confirm the analysis and to explore the robustness with respect to unmodelled dynamics.     

Nonlinear PI front and rear steering control in four wheel steering vehicles

Vehicle steering dynamics show resonances, which depend on the longitudinal speed, unstable equilibrium points and limited stability regions depending on the constant steering wheel angle, longitudinal speed and car parameters.

The main contribution of this paper is to show that a combined decentralized proportional active front steering control and proportional-integral active rear steering control from the yaw rate tracking error can assign the eigenvalues of the linearised single track steering dynamics, without lateral speed measurements, using a standard single track car model with nonlinear tire characteristics and a non-linear first-order reference model for the yaw rate dynamics driven by the driver steering wheel input. By choosing a suitable nonlinear reference model it is shown that the responses to driver step inputs tend to zero (or reduced) lateral speed for any value of longitudinal speed: in this case the resulting controlled vehicle static gain from driver input to yaw rate differs from the uncontrolled one at higher speed. The closed loop system shows the advantages of both active front and rear steering control: higher controllability, enlarged bandwidth for the yaw rate dynamics, suppressed resonances, new stable cornering manoeuvres, enlarged stability regions, reduced lateral speed and improved manoeuvrability; in addition comfort is improved since the phase lag between lateral acceleration and yaw rate is reduced.

For the designed control law a robustness analysis is presented with respect to system failures, driver step inputs and critical car parameters such as mass, moment of inertia and front and rear cornering stiffness coefficients. Several simulations are carried out on a higher order experimentally validated nonlinear dynamical model to confirm the analysis and to explore the robustness with respect to unmodelled dynamics.     

不同转向模式的多轴转向车辆性能分析

为解决重型车辆转向时的低速机动性和高速稳定性的问题,提出了多轴动态转向技术,并以三轴车辆为研究对象进行分析。首先建立多轴转向的二自由度车辆模型以及运动微分方程,为提高车辆的稳定性,以零质心侧偏角为目标,推导各轴间的转角比例系数及有关的状态空间矩阵、传递函数,使用MATLAB软件对不同转向模式下的操纵稳定性进行了稳态响应、瞬态响应以及频域响应的仿真。通过分析比较,说明采用多轴动态转向技术,车辆在转向时具有低速机动性高、高速稳定性好的特点。     

汽车助力转向技术及其控制策略的研究

汽车转向系统发展至今,已经历了机械转向、液压助力转向、电控液压转向、电动助力转向、主动转向、后轮随动转向、线控转向和操纵手柄式转向等形式。本文对各种助力转向系统技术及控制策略进行研究,为转向系统的进一步研究提供理论基础。     

Automatic path-tracking controller of a four-wheel steering vehicle

The present paper proposes an automatic path-tracking controller of a four-wheel steering (4WS) vehicle based on the sliding mode control theory. The controller has an advantage in that the front- and rear-wheel steering can be decoupled at the front and rear control points, which are defined as centres of percussion with respect to the rear and front wheels, respectively. Numerical simulations using a 27-degree-of-freedom vehicle model demonstrated the following characteristics: (1) the automatic 4WS controller has a more stable and more precise path-tracking capability than the 2WS controller, and (2) the automatic 4WS controller has robust stability against system uncertainties such as cornering power perturbation, path radius fluctuation, and cross-wind disturbance.     

SX3400型自卸汽车转向梯形及杆系的设计与计算

为确保汽车转向时各车轮的转向达到纯滚动而无滑动,使各车轮的转角有统一的瞬时转向中心,以SX3400型自卸汽车为例,对其转向梯形及杆系进行设计与计算。结果表明,SX3400型自卸汽车转向系设计合理,既减少了轮胎的磨损,又减轻了转向阻力,提高了汽车的机动性。