Wave Scattering by Porous Bottom Undulation in a Two Layered Channel

The scattering of plane surface waves by bottom undulations in channel flow consisting of two layers is investigated by assuming that the bed of the channel is composed of porous material. The upper surface of the fluid is bounded by a rigid lid and the channel is unbounded in the horizontal directions. There exists only one wave mode corresponding to an internal wave. For small undulations, a simplified perturbation analysis is used to obtain first order reflection and transmission coefficients in terms of integrals involving the shape function describing the bottom. For sinusoidal bottom undulations and exponentially decaying bottom topography, the first order coefficients are computed. In the case of sinusoidal bottom the first order transmission coefficient is found to vanish identically. The numerical results are depicted graphically in a number of figures.     

The Current Situation of the Study on Twisted Tape Inserts in Pipe Exchangers

Heat transfer enhancement is used in many applications including heat exchangers, air conditioning, and refrigeration systems; hence many researchers have conducted experimental and numerical researches on heat transfer enhancement and have developed various techniques and methods. As a passive heat transfer technique, twisted tapes are widely used in various industries for their cost savings, lower maintenance requirements and the fact that they are easily set up. This paper introduces the principle of heat transfer enhancement of twisted tapes and reviews some of the experimental works done by researchers on this technique in recent years. The variously modified twisted tape inserts are widely researched and used to enhance heat transfer efficiency for heat exchangers. Twisted tapes perform better in low Re conditions and in square tubes. However, they could also cause higher pressure drops. Twisted tapes have great potential and profound implications if they can be used in traditional heat exchangers. Besides this, some correlations between the Nusselt number and friction factors are presented in this paper.     

海床对海洋管道涡旋脱落和受力系数的影响（英文）

The effect of rigid bed proximity on flow parameters and hydrodynamic loads in offshore pipelines exposed to turbulent flow is investigated numerically. The Galerkin finite volume method is employed to solve the unsteady incompressible 2 D Navier–Stokes equations. The large eddy simulation turbulence model is solved using the artificial compressibility method and dual time-stepping approach. The proposed algorithm is developed for a wide range of turbulent flows with Reynolds numbers of 9500 to 1.5×104. Evaluation of the developed numerical model shows that the proposed technique is capable of properly predicting hydrodynamic forces and simulating the flow pattern. The obtained results show that the lift and drag coefficients are strongly affected by the gap ratio. The mean drag coefficient slightly increases as the gap ratio increases, although the mean lift coefficient rapidly decreases. The vortex shedding suppression happen at the gap ratio of less than 0.2.     

Flow Past an Accumulator Unit of an Underwater Energy Storage System:Three Touching Balloons in a Floral Configuration

An LES simulation of flow over an accumulator unit of an underwater compressed air energy storage facility was conducted. The accumulator unit consists of three touching underwater balloons arranged in a floral configuration. The structure of the flow was examined via three dimensional iso surfaces of the Q criterion. Vortical cores were observed on the leeward surface of the balloons. The swirling tube flows generated by these vortical cores were depicted through three dimensional path lines. The flow dynamics were visualized via time series snapshots of two dimensional vorticity contours perpendicular to the flow direction; revealing the turbulent swinging motions of the aforementioned shedding-swirling tube flows. The time history of the hydrodynamic loading was presented in terms of lift and drag coefficients. Drag coefficient of each individual balloon in the floral configuration was smaller than that of a single balloon. It was found that the total drag coefficient of the floral unit of three touching balloons, i.e. summation of the drag coefficients of the balloons, is not too much larger than that of a single balloon whereas it provides three times the storage capacity. In addition to its practical significance in designing appropriate foundation and supports, the instantaneous hydrodynamic loading was used to determine the frequency of the turbulent swirling-swinging motions of the shedding vortex tubes; the Strouhal number was found to be larger than that of a single sphere at the same Reynolds number.     

具有化学废热回收功能的船舶推进系统效率分析（英文）

One of the basic ways to reduce polluting emissions of ship power plants is application of innovative devices for on-board energy generation by means of secondary energy resources. The combined gas turbine and diesel engine plant with thermochemical recuperation of the heat of secondary energy resources has been considered. It is suggested to conduct the study with the help of mathematical modeling methods. The model takes into account basic physical correlations, material and thermal balances, phase equilibrium, and heat and mass transfer processes. The paper provides the results of mathematical modeling of the processes in a gas turbine and diesel engine power plant with thermochemical recuperation of the gas turbine exhaust gas heat by converting a hydrocarbon fuel. In such a plant, it is possible to reduce the specific fuel consumption of the diesel engine by 20%. The waste heat potential in a gas turbine can provide efficient hydrocarbon fuel conversion at the ratio of powers of the diesel and gas turbine engines being up to 6. When the diesel engine and gas turbine operate simultaneously with the use of the LNG vapor conversion products, the efficiency coefficient of the plant increases by 4%–5%.     

Constructal design of tree-shaped microchannel disc heat sink with wavy walls北大核心CSCD

［Objective］To meet the efficient thermal management needs of electronic devices such as ships and underwater vehicles, this study focuses on the constructal design of a tree-shaped microchannel disc heat sink with wavy walls. ［Method］A design prototype of the heat sink with wavy walls is first proposed. Based on constructal theory, the amplitude and wavelength of the wavy walls are designed under the constraints of fixed heat sink volume and fixed microchannel volume by maximizing the comprehensive performance evaluation criteria (PEC) while considering both heat transfer and flow pressure drop. ［Results］The results show that the wavy walls increase the heat transfer surface areas and generate vortices in their cavities, effectively reducing the maximum temperature. When the inlet Reynolds number is fixed at 700, 900 or 1100 respectively, the maximum temperature is reduced by 13.5 K by increasing the amplitude of the wavy walls, while the pressure drop increases significantly; and the maximum temperature is reduced by 4.7 K by reducing the wavelength of the wavy walls, while the pressure drop increases slightly. There are optimal amplitudes that raise the comprehensive performance evaluation criteria to extreme values for given larger wavelengths, while the comprehensive performance evaluation criteria increase monotonously as the amplitude increases for given smaller wavelengths. ［Conclusion］Wavy walls can significantly improve the thermal performance of tree-shaped microchannel disc heat sinks, and the use of constructal design can realize optimal geometric constructs with optimal comprehensive performance evaluation criteria. © 2023 Authors. All rights reserved.     

经过海峡的双层流体由底部波动产生的斜向波散射问题研究(英文)

The problem of oblique wave(internal wave) propagation over a small deformation in a channel flow consisting of two layers was considered.The upper fluid was assumed to be bounded above by a rigid lid,which is an approximation for the free surface,and the lower one was bounded below by an impermeable bottom surface having a small deformation;the channel was unbounded in the horizontal directions.Assuming irrotational motion,the perturbation technique was employed to calculate the first-order corrections of the velocity potential in the two fluids by using Green’s integral theorem suitably with the introduction of appropriate Green’s functions.Those functions help in calculating the reflection and transmission coefficients in terms of integrals involving the shape function representing the bottom deformation.Three-dimensional linear water wave theory was utilized for formulating the relevant boundary value problem.Two special examples of bottom deformation were considered to validate the results.Consideration of a patch of sinusoidal ripples(having the same wave number) shows that the reflection coefficient is an oscillatory function of the ratio of twice the x-component of the wave number to the ripple wave number.When this ratio approaches one,the theory predicts a resonant interaction between the bed and the interface,and the reflection coefficient becomes a multiple of the number of ripples.High reflection of incident wave energy occurs if this number is large.Similar results were observed for a patch of sinusoidal ripples having different wave numbers.It was also observed that for small angles of incidence,the reflected energy is greater compared to other angles of incidence up to.These theoretical observations are supported by graphical results.     

Phase change analysis of an underwater glider propelled by the ocean's thermal energy

The phase change characteristic of the power source of an underwater glider propelled by the ocean's thermal energy is the key factor in glider attitude control. A numerical model has been established based on the enthalpy method to analyze the phase change heat transfer process under convective boundary conditions. Phase change is not an isothermal process,but one that occurs at a range of temperature. The total melting time of the material is very sensitive to the surrounding temperature. When the temperature of the surroundings decreases 8 degrees,the total melting time increases 1.8 times. But variations in surrounding temperature have little effect on the initial temperature of phase change,and the slope of the temperature time history curve remains the same. However,the temperature at which phase change is completed decreases significantly. Our research shows that the phase change process is also affected by container size,boundary conditions,and the power source's cross sectional area. Materials stored in 3 cylindrical containers with a diameter of 38mm needed the shortest phase change time. Our conclusions should be helpful in effective design of underwater glider power systems.     

Phase change analysis of an underwater glider propelled by the ocean＇s thermal energy

The phase change characteristic of the power source of an underwater glider propelled by the ocean＇s thermal energy is the key factor in glider attitude control. A numerical model has been established based on the enthalpy method to analyze the phase change heat transfer process under convective boundary conditions. Phase change is not an isothermal process, but one that occurs at a range of temperature. The total melting time of the material is very sensitive to the surrounding temperature. When the temperature of the surroundings decreases 8 degrees, the total melting time increases 1.8 times. But variations in surrounding temperature have little effect on the initial temperature of phase change, and the slope of the temperature time history curve remains the same. However, the temperature at which phase change is completed decreases significantly. Our research shows that the phase change process is also affected by container size, boundary conditions, and the power source＇s cross sectional area. Materials stored in 3 cylindrical containers with a diameter of 38ram needed the shortest phase change time. Our conclusions should be helpful in effective design of underwater glider power systems.     

Diffraction of oblique water waves by small uneven channel-bed in a two-layer fluid

Obliquely incident water wave scattering by an uneven channel-bed in the form of a small bottom undulation in a two-layer fluid is investigated within the frame work of three-dimensional linear water wave theory. The upper fluid is assumed to be bounded above by a rigid lid, while the lower one is bounded below by a bottom surface having a small deformation and the channel is unbounded in the horizontal directions. Assuming irrotational motion, perturbation technique is employed to calculate the first-order corrections to the velocity potentials in the two fluids by using Fourier transform approximately, and also to calculate the reflection and transmission coefficients in terms of integrals involving the shape function representing the bottom deformation. Consideration of a patch of sinusoidal ripples shows that the reflection coefficient is an oscillatory function of the ratio of twice the component of the wave number along x-axis and the ripple wave number. When this ratio approaches one, the theory predicts a resonant interaction between the bed and interface, and the reflection coefficient becomes a multiple of the number of ripples. High reflection of incident wave energy occurs if this number is large.     

汽轮机鼓形齿联轴器润滑油流动特性研究

鼓形齿联轴器是船舶汽轮机组轴系连接中的重要部套件,鼓形齿啮合时产生较大热量,实际运行时需通入润滑油对齿间区域进行冷却以保障鼓形齿不被烧至胶合。本文针对某汽轮机鼓形齿联轴器,对机组联轴器喷油管出口至联轴器油冷通道出口区域的流动特性进行了详细分析,研究了其润滑油冷却齿面的物理原理;并对两种不同油冷流道结构在不同喷油管进口流量下的齿面对流传热特性进行了研究,发现提高联轴器喷油管的进口流量对联轴器齿间冷却效果提升均较为显著,且改进设计的油冷流道中鼓形齿面平均对流传热系数高于原始流道约25%,冷却效果提升显著。     

水下航行器小通道内蒸汽换热实验研究

为研究水下航行器小通道内的蒸汽换热特性,对采用矩形通道设计的冷凝通道进行实验研究,分析不同蒸汽入口温度对通道换热特性的影响。实验结果表明：矩形小通道具有较好的冷凝换热效果,通道总平均换热量、热流密度以及通道出口冷凝液温度均随通道入口蒸汽温度升高而升高。但总传热系数和蒸汽侧换热系数随通道入口蒸汽温度升高而降低。最后在实验数据基础上,将实验值与仿真值进行对比分析,修正仿真模型,确定过热蒸汽冷凝成水的过程中相变点位置,为后续闭式循环动力系统壳体冷凝器的设计提供依据和参考。     

核动力装置中两相相间换热边界限制对于换热计算的影响分析

在开发系统程序时,经常发现相间换热系数过大导致程序计算两相流动时出现物性错误,从而导致计算失败。因此采用RELAP5使用的相间换热系数限制关系式对相间换热系数进行限制,采用水平环形雾状流、垂直环形雾状流2种工况进行计算,计算结果表明,单纯的采用RELAP5使用的相间换热系数限制关系式并不能使计算稳定,必须减小该相间换热系数限制关系式的最大值才能使得计算稳定。同时,不同空泡份额下能够稳定计算两相流动的相间换热系数最大值限制不相同,且相间换热系数值的大小对空泡份额的计算有很大影响。     

船用锅炉蒸汽余热吸附式空调的试验研究

吸附空调系统船用的关键是其供冷量能否适应船舶空调舱室热负荷的变化。在实验室中建立了由锅炉低压蒸汽驱动的五吸附床,制冷系统使用氨-复合吸附剂。根据夏季典型空调工况下计算的热负荷,实验研究了制冷系统供冷量与空调负荷变化之间的适配性。结果表明:系统供冷量除受循环冷却水和蒸汽的流量、温度的影响外,还受吸附床加热和冷却时间的影响;必须通过优化吸附床结构、调整吸附床的吸脱附时间,才能使蒸汽驱动的吸附制冷系统实用化。     

复杂船舶围壁传热系数取值探讨

采用数值模拟软件对几种复杂船舶围壁进行稳态传热计算,并将计算所得围壁传热系数与相关标准提供的计算值进行对比.结果表明,采用数值方法计算得到的复杂船舶围壁传热系数与相关标准提供的参考值相比差异很大.计算结果也表明：空气层厚度对船舶甲板围壁的传热系数影响较大,而对垂直围壁的传热系数影响较小;隔热材料的导热系数对垂直围壁的传热系数影响较大,而对甲板围壁传热系数的影响较小.相关标准直接笼统地给出了各种类型船舶围壁的传热系数,而对围壁空气层厚度及隔热材料导热系数等未作详细说明,在对围壁传热量进行计算时采用标准推荐的传热系数会出现较大偏差,建议针对具体的船舶围壁,通过数值模拟或实验来获取围壁传热系数.     

燃料电池系统膜增湿器传热传质性能研究

对大功率常压燃料电池系统膜增湿器的传热传质性能进行实验研究,确定了影响膜增湿器性能的主要因素,建立膜增湿器传热传质数学模型,仿真研究了这些因素对膜增湿器性能的影响机制.研究表明,降低增湿器操作压力,增大空气流量,提高进气温度有利于提高扩散系数;减小空气流量和降低干空气进口温度有利于降低膜内水含量梯度.     

焊接温度场中复合换热系数的分析

在焊接温度场的模拟中,换热系数与焊件的冷却过程密切相关.根据传热学的相似理论,计算随时间变化的对流和辐射系数,将其转换为复合换热系数,实时地加入到温度场的计算过程中去,模拟得到焊件在空气中自然冷却时的温度场.与采用恒定换热系数得到的结果比较,文中提出的确定和施加换热系数的方法更为合理.     

海水-冰晶两相流非等温流动及传热研究

船舶在冰区航行时,存在冰晶颗粒混合海水流入船舶冷却系统现象。基于颗粒动力学理论,建立适用于海水-冰晶两相流的欧拉-欧拉双流体模型,耦合相间传热传质模型对海水-冰晶两相流在水平直管内流动及传热特性数值模拟。研究表明,冰晶颗粒流动过程中,在管道上部位置R=8~10mm处冰晶体积分数达到最大值,且随着速度增加而增大;当入口含冰率(IPF)为4%时,冰晶速度的最大值出现在管道中心轴线上方。当入口速度为1.0~3.0 m·s-1,含冰率4%~30%时,局部传热系数随入口速度及含冰率增大而增加。     

船用柴油机冷轧翅片管中冷器

本文介绍了一种以冷轧翅片管为冷却元件的新型船用柴油机中冷器。中冷器试验台试验和柴油机应用试验的结果表明这种冷却元件具有较高的传热系数。空气阻力损失也在要求的范围内．可完全满足柴油机设计要求。同时还提出了中冷器的区分应以冷却元件传热面积与其传热系数之积，而不是以冷却元件传热面积为标准的原则。     

流体扰动对不同排列方式下翅片套管换热器换热性能的影响

翅片排列方式影响换热器的换热系数．以翅片排列顺序不同的错列式和直列式翅片换热器作为研究对象,采用数值分析手段,分析并比较不同翅片排列方式的套管换热器与光管换热器的换热系数．研究结果表明,翅片换热器换热系数比光管套管换热器换热系数分别提高了87.8％与98.2％,同时压降分别增加了35.1％和37.6％．错列式翅片换热器比直列式翅片换热器换热系数提高了5.2％．