双燃料船机舱火灾爆炸故障树分析（英文）

In recent years, China's increased interest in environmental protection has led to a promotion of energy-efficient dual fuel(diesel/natural gas) ships in Chinese inland rivers. A natural gas as ship fuel may pose dangers of fire and explosion if a gas leak occurs. If explosions or fires occur in the engine rooms of a ship, heavy damage and losses will be incurred. In this paper, a fault tree model is presented that considers both fires and explosions in a dual fuel ship; in this model, dual fuel engine rooms are the top events. All the basic events along with the minimum cut sets are obtained through the analysis.The primary factors that affect accidents involving fires and explosions are determined by calculating the degree of structure importance of the basic events.According to these results, corresponding measures are proposed to ensure and improve the safety and reliability of Chinese inland dual fuel ships.     

Fault tree analysis of fire and explosion accidents for dual fuel (diesel/natural gas) ship engine rooms

In recent years, China’s increased interest in environmental protection has led to a promotion of energy-efficient dual fuel (diesel/natural gas) ships in Chinese inland rivers. A natural gas as ship fuel may pose dangers of fire and explosion if a gas leak occurs. If explosions or fires occur in the engine rooms of a ship, heavy damage and losses will be incurred. In this paper, a fault tree model is presented that considers both fires and explosions in a dual fuel ship; in this model, dual fuel engine rooms are the top events. All the basic events along with the minimum cut sets are obtained through the analysis. The primary factors that affect accidents involving fires and explosions are determined by calculating the degree of structure importance of the basic events. According to these results, corresponding measures are proposed to ensure and improve the safety and reliability of Chinese inland dual fuel ships.     

浅水干式沉箱水下生产系统爆炸风险分析

浅水干式沉箱水下生产作为一种全新海上油气田开发模式，为浅水受限海域开发提供科学的解决方案。采用危险源辨识(Hazard Identification, HAZID)分析，识别干式沉箱水下方案的危险因素。引入定量爆炸风险分析，对干式沉箱潜在的烃类气体泄漏及爆炸风险进行分析。浅水干式沉箱水下生产系统最大爆炸超压为0.017 8 bar,对应累计概率为2.78×10⁷/a,从风险角度来看，爆炸超压值和概率在可接受范围内。分析方法可准确评估浅水干式沉箱水下生产系统各设施的风险水平，研究内容可为干式沉箱防爆设计及运维阶段的人员救生、逃生工作提供参考依据。     

美国海军潜艇舱室液压系统泄漏火灾风险研究进展

本文针对潜艇舱室液压油泄漏后的火灾风险研究,概述了美国海军所开展的一系列研究工作。为开展这项专项研究,美国利用根据核潜艇艏部舱室搭建的“沙德威尔/688”测试平台,对火灾、爆炸和其它相关风险进行了试验研究,取得大量成果,同时基于实测数据验证了针对性开发的潜艇舱室火灾预测软件的准确性。文章结合我国该领域的研究进展,指出液压油泄漏火灾风险控制思路和未来发展方向。相关研究对我国开展潜艇及其它船舶和密闭环境火灾风险控制研究具有指导意义。     

海洋油气设施完整性管理产业的探索

随着海上油气资源的开发,其风险管控与安全管理日益重要,海洋油气设施完整性管理产业应运而生。海洋油气设施完整性管理产业作为一个崭新的行业,不仅需要良好的技术支撑,更需要先进的管理理念来保证这一行业的形成和发展。本文旨在分析海洋油气产业风险管控与安全管理形势的基础上,通过引进项目管理理论与企业管理理念、结合海洋油气产业的已有管理理念,对这一新兴产业的管理策略、生产组织形式等进行基本的探索研究。     

定性安全完整性分析法在海上油气装置设计中的应用

详述了一种应用于海上油气装置设计阶段的定性安全完整性等级选择方法。结合具体实例，介绍了如何实现安全完整性等级选择的过程。同时，介绍了定性安全完整性等级选择方法的优缺点。     

油气泄漏灾害下海洋平台风险评估及安全措施研究

油气泄漏引起的火灾和爆炸事故是海洋平台主要风险之一。为了提高海洋平台作业环境的安全性,以辽河1号海洋平台为研究背景,用事件树(Event Tree)方法和ALARP(As Low As Reasonable Practicable)评价标准为依据,以挪威船级社(DNV)风险分析软件SAFETI为计算工具,对油气泄漏灾害下海洋平台进行定量风险评估,并对影响事故风险的因素进行了研究,提出了火灾和爆炸灾害下海洋平台危险区域的防护措施,得到了较好的效果。     

一种远海油气作业后勤保障的浮式码头概念设计

提出一种基于浮式码头的后勤保障设计，以保障远海油气作业。根据油气作业后勤保障的基本功能需求，对浮式码头的功能体系进行设计，并初步确定主尺度。根据功能模块化体积限制，对船舶进行概念设计，确定浮式码头的主要特性。分析浮式码头的稳定性和系泊要求，对浮式码头概念设计进行数值模型验证。结果表明，浮式码头概念设计可满足我国远海油气作业需求，有望形成一种新型远海油气作业后勤保障的新模式。     

FPSO关键系统风险分析(英文)

Risk analysis of key systems have become a growing topic late of because of the development of offshore structures. Equipment failures of offloading system and fire accidents were analyzed based on the floating production, storage and offloading (FPSO) features. Fault tree analysis (FTA), and failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) methods were examined based on information already researched on modules of relex reliability studio (RRS). Equipment failures were also analyzed qualitatively by establishing a fault tree and Boolean structure function based on the shortage of failure cases, statistical data, and risk control measures examined. Failure modes of fire accident were classified according to the different areas of fire occurrences during the FMEA process, using risk priority number (RPN) methods to evaluate their severity rank. The qualitative analysis of FTA gave the basic insight of forming the failure modes of FPSO offloading, and the fire FMEA gave the priorities and suggested processes. The research has practical importance for the security analysis problems of FPSO.     

Numerical investigation of concrete-filled double skin steel tubular (CFDST) structure subjected to underwater explosion loading

With the increasing applications in the offshore industry such as oil and gas jackets, submarine pipelines and wind turbine foundations, concrete-filled double skin steel tubular (CFDST) structures are encountering the ever-increasing risk of threats to underwater explosions (UNDEX). This study presents a systematical investigation on the structural behaviors and design recommendations of the CFDST structures subjected to UNDEX loadings through finite element analysis (FEA) approaches. Finite element models have been developed, where the non-linear material properties of the constitutive steel and concrete parts and the composite actions in-between have been considered. The FEA models are verified against the experimentally determined shock wave pressure history, the deformation shapes, and the residual strength. The full-range analyses were firstly carried out on the structural responses of CFDST structures, including the typical damage patterns and residual strength of the specimen after UNDEX. Then, the parametric studies show that the cross-section hollow ratio, charge weight, and explosion distance play great roles in determining the residual strengths. Thereafter, damage indexes considering the parameter of the hollow ratio and the scaled explosion distance has been formulated, and design recommendations have been suggested accordingly.     

基于本质安全的深海浮式生产装置泄漏风险控制模型研究

由于各种原因导致的海上油气泄漏会引发火灾、爆炸、环境污染等重大事故发生。为此,建立基于本质安全原理和过程预防屏障分析的深海油气生产装置泄漏风险控制模型。首先采用基于本质安全方法的设计从根本上避免或消除风险,之后在各个工程阶段采取层层预防屏障对初始泄漏风险事件加以控制或减缓。将上述原理和方法应用于深海浮式生产装置,遏制了泄漏风险升级,达到了最佳的风险控制目标,实例分析证明了其正确性和可操作性。     

Blast loaded plates

Plates form one of the basic elements of structures. Land-based structures may be subjected to air blast loads during combat environment or terrorist attack, while marine structures may be subjected to either air blast by the attack of a missile above the water surface or an underwater explosion by the attack of a torpedo or a mine or a depth charge and an aircraft structure may be subjected to an in-flight attack by on-board explosive devices. Furthermore, gas explosion occurs in offshore installations and industries. This review focuses on the phenomenological evolution of blast damage of plates.     

海洋平台七氟丙烷灭火系统的工程计算与设计

以中国国家标准和美国国家消防协会标准为基础，进行了海洋平台的七氟丙烷气体灭火系统的工程计算和设计；阐述了平台上应用七氟丙烷系统的可行性和灭火机理，针对平台特点选择分体式全淹没式系统；确定了不同电气房间所需的七氟丙烷浓度和喷放时间，计算不同防护区所需要的七氟丙烷灭火剂量；初选输送管线的管径和喷头数量并进行详细的水力计算，根据水力计算结果确定储瓶的充装量和管网的合理性，并根据得到的喷头入口压力计算喷头的等效孔口面积和喷头规格；最后设计计算密闭防护区的泄压口及其面积以及探讨其他一些七氟丙烷灭火系统工程设计中须解决的重点问题。     

小型液货船惰性气体系统最新动向

防止油船和化学品船火灾及爆炸事故一直是IMO关注的问题,同时也是油轮公司和化学品船公司日常安全管理的重点之一。液货船(包括油船、化学品船和液化气体船)在海上航行或在货物操作期间,可能发生各种不可预测的因素,存在着很多巨大的火灾或爆炸危险性。为确保安全,避免航行及货物操作期间各种不可预测因素的影响,只有在液货船,如油船上安装惰性气体系统,并对船员作全面培训,才能减少甚至防止事故的发生。     

浮式采油、储油和卸油装置管理现状研究与建议

随着海洋石油开发步伐的加大,浮式采油、储油和卸油装置及其简易装置--浮式储油船规模急剧扩大,世界各国对其管理各有特点.且存在着诸多不合理因素.针对国内外管理浮式生产储油装置的复杂现状,列举了美国、英国、挪威、澳大利亚等国对浮式储油装置的主要管理做法,通过对比,分析研究了国内外在法律适用、行政管理执法和海上应急处置方面所存在的不足,就如何促进浮式储油装置的合理化、规范化管理,提出科学定义浮式储油装置、统一适用国内相关专业法规和国际海事组织(IMO,International Maritime Organization)制定的相关公约以及分功能联合管理的建议.     

Characteristics of gas explosion loads and structural responses of blast wall on FPSO

Gas explosions generally cause catastrophic damage to surrounding structures and humans. The application of blast wall can effectively prevent the damage. The uniform explosion load is widely used in assessing structural response, but it cannot represent the non-uniform characteristic of actual explosion pressures. The main contents of this paper are to study the effect of gas cloud characteristics on explosion pressure distribution, and analyze the effect of non-uniform loads on structural responses. The results reveal that the explosion loads have strongly spatial inhomogeneous when explosion scenarios have large sized cloud or long combustion distance. By establishing the overpressure-probability exceedance curves for uniform loading method and distributed loading method, based on the given accident frequency several design loads are determined. The structural responses of blast wall under design loads are assessed based on explosion evaluation acceptance criteria. It can be seen that the use of uniform loading method underestimates the structural response and misjudges the deformation pattern compared to actual explosion loads. Global and local explosion pressures should be considered simultaneously in the design specification. The overpressure-probability exceedance curves for non-uniform explosion pressures are recommended to establish the design load for blast wall.     

柴油—LNG动力船舶燃料加注燃爆风险分析预测

将液化天然气(LNG)用作船用燃料,可降低运输成本,且节能环保。但在生产及储运过程中存在火灾爆炸的风险。本文着重对LNG双燃料动力船舶加注过程的风险进行了分析。运用事故树分析方法,对加注过程中的风险进行识别并进行定性分析;根据泄漏概率和相关统计公式求得了燃料加注过程中管系发生泄漏的概率;对加注过程发生泄漏事故的后果进行了预测,包括利用高斯模型对加注过程管系泄漏事故时可燃气体浓度在5%-15%的半径范围进行预测,运用池火模型计算加注过程LNG 泄漏形成池火的热辐射危险距离;采用TNT当量法和超压准则对加注过程气罐泄漏发生蒸气云爆炸的危害范围进行预测。     

Allision risk analysis of offshore petroleum installations on the Norwegian Continental Shelf—an empirical study of vessel traffic patterns

The Norwegian Petroleum Safety Authority (PSA) requires offshore petroleum operators on the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS) to perform risk assessments of impacts (allisions) between passing ships and offshore installations. These risk assessments provide a basis for defining the allision accidental load that the installation shall be designed for. Even though the risk of allision is small, the potential consequences can be catastrophic. In a worst-case scenario, an allision may result in the total loss of an installation. The ageing industry standard allision risk model, COLLIDE, calculates the risk of impacts between passing (non-field-related) ships and installations based on Automatic Identification System (AIS) data. Both the COLLIDE risk model and a new Bayesian allision risk model currently under development are highly sensitive to variations in vessels’ passing distances, especially close proximity passings. Allision risk assessments are typically performed during the design and development phase of an installation, which means that historical AIS data are used “as is”, disregarding future changes to the traffic pattern when the new installation is placed on a location. This article presents an empirical study of one of the most important variables used to calculate the risk of allision from passing vessels, namely passing distance. The study shows that merchant vessels alter course to achieve a safe passing distance to new surface offshore petroleum installations. This indicates that the results of current allision risk assessments are overly conservative.     

深水钢悬链线立管(SCR)安装分析研究

海管(立管)是海底生产系统和浮武装置之间的关键连接.随着海洋油气开发水深的不断增加,对海管(立管)自身以及辅助施工设备的性能都提出了更高要求,施工及正常作业的安全保证愈加重要.基于立管分析软件Orcaflex,针对项目中的SCR立管进行了安装分析,并依据规范进行应力、应变校核,可为深水安装分析及方案的确定提供一定的技术参考和理论支持.     

FPSO池火灾分析

结合现役FPSO海洋平台,基于FDS软件,编写海洋平台上部结构池火灾模拟程序。对海洋平台上部结构在不同风速下池火灾的火焰形态进行对比,对温度场进行分析,并探究不同火场的热辐射通量分布规律。分析结果对海洋平台进行火灾风险评估具有一定的工程指导意义。