基于少量探测车的城市路段平均行程时间估计

与传统的固定式采集系统(感应线圈等)比较,探测车系统具有直接采集行程时间、时空覆盖范围广等优点.研究少量探测车情况下的路段行程时间估计问题对降低探测车系统的运营费用具有重要意义.在发现停车组和非停车组的行程时间均值、非停车组所占百分比等3个参数之间关联关系的基础上,提出了在极小样本情况下估计城市路段平均行程时间的方法.基于微观交通仿真的比较分析显示,该方法优于通过样本均值估计平均路段行程时间的方法,特别是当交通状况处于拥挤情况下其优势更为明显.     

基于行程质量的随机用户平衡分配模型

提出行程质量的概念以描述出行者在不确定环境下的路径选择准则。将行程质量定义为行程时间和行程时间可靠性的线性加权和,综合了影响路径选择的两个不同的重要因素:行程时间和行程时间可靠性。假定在路段通行能力随机变化的情况下出行者以估计行程质量费用最小作为路径选择的标准,建立了基于行程质量的随机用户平衡分配模型。证明了模型解的等价性和唯一性,给出了求解模型的MSA算法。在一个小型测试网络上的计算结果表明:模型能够反映出行者在随机路网中的路径选择行为。     

基于锥形流量延误函数的公交行程时间模型

针对交通规划软件常用的BPR公交流量延误函数在饱和度接近或大于1时,计算值与实际值相差急剧增大的不足,提出一种锥形流量延误函数,并分析了其对公交行程时间的影响,进而通过等式关系实现模型在交通仿真软件EMME/3中的实用化.相关的案例分析显示,在公交行程时间拟合方面,锥形流量延误模型较传统的BPR曲线模型误差均值降低5.57％,误差的波动降低50.60％,效果显著.     

基于RFID电子车牌数据的公交行程时间预测方法

为了给公交优先信号配时系统提供足够的"思考"时间和准确的控制依据,基于重庆市RFID电子车牌数据提出了一种采用自适应渐消卡尔曼滤波和小波神经网络组合模型动态预测公交行程时间的方法。综合分析公交行程时间的动态和静态影响因素,选取的模型输入参量为标准车流量、路段车辆平均行程时间、平均车速离散性和前班次公交行程时间。利用RFID电子车牌系统采集重庆市鹅公岩大桥路段车辆行驶数据,选取3 000组实际运行数据完成公交行程时间预测模型的训练,另筛选50组数据验证模型的有效性和准确性。研究结果表明：组合模型可动态自适应预测公交行程时间,预测值平均相对误差为3.23%,绝对误差集中在8 s左右,明显优于2种单一模型和基于传统GPS数据的公交行程时间预测模型,可认为选择RFID电子车牌数据作为组合模型的输入,能够明显改善模型预测精度;组合模型预测值的残差分布更为集中、鲁棒性较好,泛化能力强。选择平均绝对误差值、均方根误差值和平均绝对百分比误差作为模型评价指标,结果进一步表明,组合模型的综合预测效果明显优于单一的自适应渐消卡尔曼滤波和小波神经网络。研究方案可为先进公交信息化系统提供良好的技术支撑。     

包含出入口匝道的高速公路路段行程时间估计方法

针对高速公路路段是否包含出入口匝道的特征,提出了1种行程时间估计改进方法。根据不同类型路段流量变化及影响范围,通过匝道物理位置对传统半距离法中路段行程时间的取值进行优化,获得了适应于匝道引起流量不均衡的行程时间估计方法。以南京机场高速公路为背景,通过Vissim仿真所得地点速度值,结合路段行程时间真实值,检验所提方法的性能。实验结果表明:当路段出入匝道的流量均衡时,所提方法较半距离法的精度提高3.71%,较空间线性插值法精度提高4.59%,当出入匝道的流量相差较大时,所提方法较半距离法的精度提高16.27%,较空间线性插值法精度提高17.29%。结果验证了改进方法较半距离法和空间线性插值法更具优越性。      

基于探测车数据的路段行程时间估计

利用探测车数据进行路段行程时间估计面临着两类误差：采样误差和非采样误差,从而导致估计结果精度不高和可靠性差。在回顾已有估计方法的基础上,有针对性地引入了自适应式卡尔曼滤波,建立了相应的状态方程和观测方程,利用相似时间特征的历史数据标定了状态转移系数,并对滤波进行了求解。以实际数据对估计方法进行了验证,平均相对误差为13.13%。研究表明,自适应式卡尔曼滤波能够应用到基于探测车数据的路段行程时间估计中来,并具有估计精度高、收敛速度快、参数少、对初值不敏感等优点。     

高速公路交通状态预测的多源数据融合研究

针对目前高速公路交通状态预测大量使用单一数据源的不足,通过对收费站抽样刷卡数据与浮动车GPS数据的预处理,得到体现同一时间和同一空间的交通状态多源数据;采用极限学习机算法对高速公路交通状态进行预测和估计,并用行程时间指数TTI对道路交通状态进行估计;以广州机场高速公路南线为例,对比分析结果表明,采用多源数据融合模型得出的行程时间均方根误差和平均绝对百分比误差均小于单一数据源模型,且极限学习机在数据准确性与稳定性上均有良好效果,优化率分别为80.6%、53.7%。     

考虑拥堵成本的机场路网可靠性测算方法

为解决传统行程时间可靠性测算算法应用于机场路网的不足,即未考虑实际路网运行情况以及机场旅客出行成本问题,分别引入路段拥堵修正因子以及成本因子,构建机场路网行程时间可靠性测算模型,并且引入路网标准速度,用最小误差平方和的方法对改进后的测算方法进行验证.以南京禄口国际机场集疏运路网为例,改进后的路网行程时间可靠性测算结果与实际路网标准速度的最小误差平方和,即LSE的值为0.57,比传统的测算结果小0.03,说明改进后的测算结果更接近实际路网行程时间可靠性.测算出南京禄口机场集疏运公路路段行程时间可靠性在0.69~0.89内,路网行程时间可靠性测算结果在0.65~0.78内,机场集疏运路网行程时间可靠性存在分布不均,核心路段行程时间可靠性低等现象.改进的测算方法,在一定程度上解决传统路网行程时间可靠性测算算法与实际路况脱节的问题.      

考虑收费影响的公路路段行程时间函数研究

研究了道路收费对路段行程时间函数的影响 ,将这种影响分为收费过程对路段行程时间函数的影响和收费额对路段行程时间函数的影响 ,应用排队论和交通流理论推导出计入道路收费影响的新的公路路段行程时间函数模型 ,该模型考虑了三个方面的时间 :收费过程附加的行程时间、收费额转换时间以及道路路段行程时间。新的路段行程时间函数模型克服了传统的路段行程时间函数模型没有考虑道路收费的影响的局限性。     

基于路段变异系数的路径行程时间可靠度评价

为了给出行者提供更准确的候选路径的行程时间可靠度,并克服缺乏完整观测样本的局限,介绍了一种符合对数正态分布假设和基于路段行程时间变异系数的路径行程时间可靠度评价方法,并解析了早到指数和迟到指数这2个符合概率特征的新指标.分别在仿真的城市信号灯路网和乌鲁木齐市内环快速路开展实证研究,验证该方法在城市道路上的路径行程时间可靠度估计的适应性.仿真结果证明,应用乌鲁木齐市少量浮动车数据的估计结果显示该方法简单实用,但是评价结果对各路段之间行程时间方差的差异程度较敏感,该方法易于夸大城市信控道路上的路径行程时间的不确定性.     

Urban travel time reliability at different traffic conditions

The decision making of travelers for route choice and departure time choice depends on the expected travel time and its reliability. A common understanding of reliability is that it is related to several statistical properties of the travel time distribution, especially to the standard deviation of the travel time and also to the skewness. For an important corridor in Changsha (P.R. China) the travel time reliability has been evaluated and a linear model is proposed for the relationship between travel time, standard deviation, skewness, and some other traffic characteristics. Statistical analysis is done for both simulation data from a delay distribution model and for real life data from automated number plate recognition (ANPR) cameras. ANPR data give unbiased travel time data, which is more representative than probe vehicles. The relationship between the mean travel time and its standard deviation is verified with an analytical model for travel time distributions as well as with the ANPR travel times. Average travel time and the standard deviation are linearly correlated for single links as well as corridors. Other influence factors are related to skewness and travel time standard deviations, such as vehicle density and degree of saturation. Skewness appears to be less well to explain from traffic characteristics than the standard deviation is.     

Travel time statistical modeling with the Halphen distribution family

ABSTRACT

This article introduces the Halphen distribution family for modeling travel time distributions and their reliability on single road links. This probability family originally used in hydrology has a set of relevant characteristics. It is composed of three probability distribution functions for which the mathematical properties are described here. The article uses a graphical representation, the δ-Moment Ratio Diagram (δ-MRD). This tool allows characterizing travel time reliability as well as selecting best distribution candidates within the fitting processes, by considering empirical data sets. A systematic methodology is developed to take advantage of both aspects. From maximum log-likelihood estimation, it is shown that Halphen distributions are among the best state-of-the-art solutions for the travel time modeling purpose. This global framework is validated using two empirical data sets: an urban data set gathered in Portland, Oregon (USA), and a periurban data set from Lyon (France). The model calibration is eased through the use of the δ-MRD; this property opens new research directions about the mapping between traffic states and statistical modeling. It comes from all these considerations that the Halphen family is suitable to describe accurately the travel time dynamics on single links. Therefore, it could be part of a decision support system for practitioners interested in travel time variability.     

Estimation of delay variability at signalized intersections for urban arterial performance evaluation

Urban arterial performance evaluation has been broadly studied, with the major focus on average travel time estimation. However, in view of the stochastic nature of interrupted flow, the ability to capture the characteristics of travel time variability has become a critical step in determining arterial level of service (LOS). This article first presents a stochastic approach that integrates classic cumulative curves and probability theories in order to investigate delay variability at signalized intersections, as a dominant part of the link travel time variability. This serves as a basis for arterial travel time estimation, which can be obtained through a convolution of individual link travel time distributions. The proposed approach is then applied in the estimation of travel time along one arterial in Shanghai, China, with abundant automatic vehicle identification (AVI) data sources. The travel time variability is evaluated thoroughly at 30-min intervals, with promising results achieved in comparison to the field measurements. In addition, the estimated travel time distributions are utilized to illustrate the probability of multiple LOS ranges, namely, reliability LOS. The results provide insights into how we might achieve a more reliable and informative understanding of arterial performance.     

Bus travel time modelling using GPS probe and smart card data: A probabilistic approach considering link travel time and station dwell time

Abstract

Path travel time estimation for buses is critical to public transit operation and passenger information system. State-of-the-art methods for estimating path travel time are usually focused on single vehicle with a limited number of road segments, thereby neglecting the interaction among multiple buses, boarding behavior, and traffic flow. This study models path travel time for buses considering link travel time and station dwell time. First, we fit link travel time to shifted lognormal distributions as in previous studies. Then, we propose a probabilistic model to capture interactions among buses in the bus bay as a first-in-first-out queue, with every bus sharing the same set of behaviors: queuing to enter the bus bay, loading/unloading passengers, and merging into traffic flow on the main road. Finally, path travel time distribution is estimated by statistically summarizing link travel time distributions and station dwell time distributions. The path travel time of a bus line in Hangzhou is analyzed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed model. Results show that the model-based estimated path travel time distribution resembles the observed distribution well. Based on the calculation of path travel time, link travel time reliability is identified as the main factor affecting path travel time reliability.     

基于实时交通信息的行程时间估算及路径选择分析

路段行程时间的估计和预测是诱导系统的关键技术之一。由于路网参数不断变化,路段行程时间的估计必须满足实时性的要求。以城市交通控制系统的基本设施为基础,根据我国城市交通目前的发展状况,分析了影响路段行程时间的各种因素和路段行程时间的组成。利用设置在路段上的车辆自动检测装置搜集到的实时交通流信息,并结合随机服务系统的相关理论建立了城市道路路段行程时间的动态计算模型,提出了一种具有真实最短路径意义的实时动态最短路径选择的方法。     

城市交通流诱导系统中的路段行程时间间接预测方法研究

在阐述综合路段行程时间间接预测模型思想的基础上，提出了基于排队论及基于交通模拟的行程时间间接预测模型，并按照人工调查数据验证模型的精度，给出了相对误差图，以说明模型算法的有效性。     

信息对出行时间的影响研究

在一个不确定性交通网络上,考虑不同风险厌恶程度出行者的出行时间受交通信息的影响,采用出行时间及对出行时间不确定性的偏爱程度建立期望效用函数,研究信息环境下与非信息环境下的期望出行时间,得到如下结论:(1)信息的提供将减少所有出行者的期望出行时间;(2)在信息环境下,风险厌恶程度高的出行者期望出行时间的减少比风险厌恶程度低的出行者期望出行时间减少更显著。并用算例对模型结论加以验证。