灰色BP网络串联式组合模型在铁路客货运输量预测中的应用

针对铁路客货运输量发展趋势的研究,建立一种基于灰色理论和BP神经网络的串联式组合预测模型。该模型首先用同一组数据序列建立不同参数的灰色方程,然后用各灰色方程分别预测,最后将各灰色方程预测的结果进行BP神经网络非线性组合,形成串联式组合预测模型。对湖南省铁路客货运量进行分析预测,结果表明:该组合模型预测的准确性高于单独使用灰色模型的准确性,是一种可靠有效的预测方法。     

基于组合预测模型的铁路客运量预测研究

为提高铁路客运量的预测精度,对组合预测模型的权重分配方法及组合方式的预测效果进行研究。综合考虑预测误差及其均方差的影响,构建基于Logit模型的权重分配模型以解决组合预测模型的权重分配问题,并提出模型求解算法。以北京市铁路客运量预测为例,研究BP神经网络、霍尔特线性趋势指数平滑法和ARIMA模型的多种组合方案的预测效果,并验证基于Logit模型的权重分配模型的优势。研究结果表明：线性与非线性预测模型组合的预测精度优于线性与线性预测模型的组合,其中,B-H-A模型的组合预测效果最好,误差低至0.606%。另外,通过与等分权重法对比,基于Logit模型的权重分配模型赋值的权重能提高组合预测模型的预测精度,且适用性更好。     

基于组合预测方法的公路客运量预测

公路客运量预测是为了超前掌握公路客运量的发展趋势、特征和规律,有助于公路网的规划建设和管理。文章使用基于时间序列和回归分析的组合预测方法,对公路客运量进行预测。首先,分别使用单项预测方法进行客运量预测;其次,在对倒数权系数与合作对策权系数确定法进行改进的基础上,根据单项预测方法或者给予预权的组合预测方法的预测结果的平均预测误差绝对值和平均预测误差平方对预测组合的权重系数进行确定,并进行组合预测;最后,根据预测有效性判断标准,分别对比不同单预测方法之间、基于不同权系数确定方法的组合预测方法之间以及组合预测和单项预测方法之间的预测有效性。对比分析结果表明,组合预测方法预测结果的有效性较多数单项预测方法更优。     

CDUBGM-Markov模型在铁路客运量预测中的应用

文章在传统的灰色模型和马尔柯夫模型的基础上,提出了动态无偏灰色马尔柯夫模型,阐述了该模型的建立方法,并采用这三种模型对我国铁路客运量进行了预测,对比结果表明动态无偏灰色马尔柯夫模型的拟合效果较好,预测精度较高,是一种行之有效的预测方法。     

基于灰色理论的水路客运量预测模型

本文运用灰色系统理论,建立了基于灰色理论的水路客运量预测模型,利用模型进行了预测,并对模型进行了精度检验。从对我国水路客运量预测的结果来看,对历史实际值拟合得比较好,表明了模型具有较高的可靠性和实用性,对我国的水路客运及相关行业的发展能够起到一定的导向作用。     

自适应神经网络在公路客运量预测方面的应用

针对城市公路客运量具有模糊、不易预测的特点,采用自适应神经网络模型,选择适当的参数,分析城市公路客运量与人口、GDP之间的关系,并利用它们之间的关系对城市公路客运量进行预测,取得了比较好的结果.     

基于SVM-BP神经网络组合模型的高速公路出口流量预测

为了给高速公路交通流精准预测提供更准确的方法,本文利用济南西高速公路出口早晚高峰流量数据,采用SVM-BP神经网络组合模型进行短时交通流预测,并对单一的SVM（支持向量机）模型、BP神经网络模型和组合模型的预测精度进行比较和实证分析。当样本数量小于或等于120时,结果表明：(1)误差对比：当样本数量大于22时,由于预测集与训练集数据分布本身存在差异且SVM模型训练完成后过于复杂导致三种模型的误差逐渐变大。(2)预测精度：组合模型>BP神经网络>SVM,组合模型的平均绝对误差（MAE）提高了6.85%,远高于其他单一模型,验证了组合模型的有效性。     

基于PCA-BP神经网络的铁路客运量预测模型研究

本文分析铁路客运量影响因素,利用主成分分析(PCA)消除原始铁路客运量影响因素之间的相关性,将主成分分析结果作为BP神经网络的输入,并通过增加动量项、输入数据处理、调整学习速率优化BP神经网络,提出基于PCA-BP神经网络的铁路客运量预测模型。实例研究表明,与BP神经网络相比,PCABP神经网络能有效提高铁路客运量预测精度。     

基于主成分分析法的公路客运量预测模型分析

文章基于主成分分析的基本理论与模型,采用SPSS软件,对影响四川省公路客运量的相关因素进行主成分分析,克服多重共线性的问题,构建出四川省公路客运量预测模型。根据预测结果显示,该模型具有较高的精度,适用于影响因素指标较为明确的短期客运量预测,能够满足四川省目前公路客运量预测的需要,对四川地区的公路旅客运输发展也有着一定的指导作用,具有一定的科学性与有效性。     

隧道变形预测的灰色与回归模型对比分析

模型预测法是目前常用的隧道围岩变形预测的方法之一。文章结合广梧高速公路茶林顶隧道工程实例,建立GM（1,1）灰色模型、GM（2,1）灰色模型和双曲函数回归模型分别对隧道围岩变形进行预测,并对各模型的预测情况进行对比分析。结果表明,不论是从短期还是从长期看,GM（1,1）灰色模型都体现了优越的模拟和预测效果,且建立预测模型时不需要大量的统计数据,可应用于工程实际。     

GM模型和Markov模型在公路客运量预测中的综合运用

文章在应用灰色理论构建的GM预测模型基础上,以Markov模型为修正方法,建立GM—Markov模型,并以陕西省2003—2012年公路客运量为基础数据对上述理论进行实例验证。结果表明：与实际客运量相比,GM模型的相对误差为11．08％,而GM—Markov模型的相对误差仅为5．61％,GM—Markov模型拟合精度较高,更加贴近实际情况。     

A novel passenger flow prediction model using deep learning methods

Currently, deep learning has been successfully applied in many fields and achieved amazing results. Meanwhile, big data has revolutionized the transportation industry over the past several years. These two hot topics have inspired us to reconsider the traditional issue of passenger flow prediction. As a special structure of deep neural network (DNN), an autoencoder can deeply and abstractly extract the nonlinear features embedded in the input without any labels. By exploiting its remarkable capabilities, a novel hourly passenger flow prediction model using deep learning methods is proposed in this paper. Temporal features including the day of a week, the hour of a day, and holidays, the scenario features including inbound and outbound, and tickets and cards, and the passenger flow features including the previous average passenger flow and real-time passenger flow, are defined as the input features. These features are combined and trained as different stacked autoencoders (SAE) in the first stage. Then, the pre-trained SAE are further used to initialize the supervised DNN with the real-time passenger flow as the label data in the second stage. The hybrid model (SAE-DNN) is applied and evaluated with a case study of passenger flow prediction for four bus rapid transit (BRT) stations of Xiamen in the third stage. The experimental results show that the proposed method has the capability to provide a more accurate and universal passenger flow prediction model for different BRT stations with different passenger flow profiles.     

基于SPSS主成分分析法在公路客运量预测中的应用

分析选取影响公路客运量的主要因素,基于SPSS统计软件对各因素进行主成分分析,将众多相关因素简化为少数不相关因素,消除由于变量过多导致的多重共线性影响,构建了河南省公路客运量预测模型。实例证明,该模型具有较高的精度,能够满足河南省公路客运量预测的需要。     

Validation of a schedule‐based capacity restraint transit assignment model for a large‐scale network

This paper describes the application of a capacity restraint trip assignment algorithm to a real, large‐scale transit network and the validation of the results. Unlike the conventional frequency‐based approach, the network formulation of the proposed model is dynamic and schedule‐based. Transit vehicles are assumed to operate to a set of pre‐determined schedules. Passengers are assumed to select paths based on a generalized cost function including in‐vehicle and out‐of‐vehicle time and line change penalty. The time‐varying passenger demand is loaded onto the network by a time increment simulation method, which ensures that the capacity restraint of each vehicle during passenger boarding is strictly observed. The optimal‐path and path‐loading algorithms are applied iteratively by the method of successive averages until the network converges to the predictive dynamic user equilibrium. The Hong Kong Mass Transit Railway network is used to validate the model results. The potential applications of the model are also discussed.     

枢纽机场航线网络优化研究

枢纽机场航线网络优化主要解决由于航线网络结构与功能定位不匹配而导致的机场连通性低、航线网络同质化竞争严重、运行效率低下的问题。通过改进引力模型对城市对间的客流量进行预测,以此为预测的客流量为依据之一,以提高机场连通性为目的,构建航线网络优化模型,并进行求解。实现提高枢纽机场连通性、构建符合功能定位的层级网络的目标。并以位于我国中部,具有"连接南北,贯穿东西"地理优势的西安咸阳国际机场为例进行分析。由于国际航线受客观因素较多,本文主要研究国内客运航线,国际及货运不在本文研究之列。     

A case study on the coordination of last trains for the Beijing subway network

Passengers may make several transfers between different lines to reach their destinations in urban railway transit networks. Coordination of last trains in feeding lines and connecting lines at transfer stations is especially important because it is the last chance for many travellers to transfer. In this paper, a mathematical method is used to reveal the relationships between passenger transfer connection time (PTCT) and passenger transfer waiting time (PTWT). A last-train network transfer model (LNTM) is established to maximize passenger transfer connection headways (PTCH), which reflect last-train connections and transfer waiting time. Additionally, a genetic algorithm (GA) is developed based upon this LNTM model and used to test a numerical example to verify its effectiveness. Finally, the Beijing subway network is taken as a case study. The results of the numerical example show that the model improves five connections and reduces to zero the number of cases when a feeder train arrives within one headway’s time after the connecting train departed.     

基于交通渗流理论的城市轨道交通网络动态服务瓶颈识别

为准确把握轨道交通网络化运营的新态势和新要求,力求轨道交通系统在大客流下做到运输能力和服务水平的供需匹配,需对轨道交通网络的关键瓶颈进行有效识别和疏解。本文借鉴交通渗流理论,提出了限制网络整体服务水平和连通效能的动态服务瓶颈的识别方法,该方法综合考虑了城市轨道交通系统的网络特性、客流特性和服务特性。其中针对区间服务水平状态,该方法提出了定量评定的复合指标模型。以成都地铁线网为案例,基于实际客流运营数据,构建动态网络,识别服务瓶颈,验证了方法的适用性和准确性,对城市轨道交通系统运营管理有实际指导意义。     

基于形貌特征的CO2腐蚀速率预测方法

针对CO2腐蚀过程复杂，难以利用实测数据有效预测腐蚀速率问题，文中以腐蚀形貌图像为对象，利用支持向量机（SVM）构建预测模型，实现对CO2腐蚀速率的预测。对N80钢的CO2腐蚀图像进行灰度处理、灰度增强及二值化处理，提取蚀孔数目和孔蚀面积。经计算获得孔蚀密度及孔蚀率，结合工作温度及CO2分压作为腐蚀速率预测的四维特征向量。以SVM构建预测模型，经测试，可准确预测CO2腐蚀速率，并与神经网络预测结果进行对比，验证了该方法的优越性。     

Using automatic passenger counter data in bus arrival time prediction

Artificial neural networks have been used in a variety of prediction models because of their flexibility in modeling complicated systems. Using the automatic passenger counter data collected by New Jersey Transit, a model based on a neural network was developed to predict bus arrival times. Test runs showed that the predicted travel times generated by the models are reasonably close to the actual arrival times.     

Short-term speed predictions exploiting big data on large urban road networks

Big data from floating cars supply a frequent, ubiquitous sampling of traffic conditions on the road network and provide great opportunities for enhanced short-term traffic predictions based on real-time information on the whole network. Two network-based machine learning models, a Bayesian network and a neural network, are formulated with a double star framework that reflects time and space correlation among traffic variables and because of its modular structure is suitable for an automatic implementation on large road networks. Among different mono-dimensional time-series models, a seasonal autoregressive moving average model (SARMA) is selected for comparison. The time-series model is also used in a hybrid modeling framework to provide the Bayesian network with an a priori estimation of the predicted speed, which is then corrected exploiting the information collected on other links. A large floating car data set on a sub-area of the road network of Rome is used for validation. To account for the variable accuracy of the speed estimated from floating car data, a new error indicator is introduced that relates accuracy of prediction to accuracy of measure. Validation results highlighted that the spatial architecture of the Bayesian network is advantageous in standard conditions, where a priori knowledge is more significant, while mono-dimensional time series revealed to be more valuable in the few cases of non-recurrent congestion conditions observed in the data set. The results obtained suggested introducing a supervisor framework that selects the most suitable prediction depending on the detected traffic regimes.