基于相对灵敏度分析的客车车架轻量化

以某客车车架为研究对象,进行模态分析并与试验模态比较,验证了有限元模型的准确性;进行刚度分析,验证了该车架弯曲刚度和扭转刚度符合设计要求。在此基础上,考虑车架结构件板厚对其低阶模态参数及质量的影响,对主要部件的板厚进行频率灵敏度和质量灵敏度分析。引入相对灵敏度,提取相对灵敏度较大的部件以板厚为设计变量进行优化分析。优化结果表明：车架固有频率降低,同时车架的质量也减少,达到了轻量化的目的。     

A Procedure for Optimization of Truck Suspensions

The purpose of this paper is to develop a procedure based on covariance analysis and nonlinear programming techniques which can be used for the parameter selection of optimum truck suspensions. The procedure is applied to explore the differences in parameter selection caused by the changes in the frequency content of the road input or by changes in the criteria for optimization. The equations of motion for a tractor-semitrailer truck are cast in state space form. The road excitations are represented by the output of a white noise excited shaping filter taking into consideration the time delays between the different vehicle axles. Shape filters to represent human perception of vibration in both the vertical and longitudinal directions in the time domain are presented and realized in terms of state variables. The suspension parameters of the road-vehicle-human body system are optimized using a direct search algorithm.     

A Procedure for Optimization of Truck Suspensions

SUMMARY

The purpose of this paper is to develop a procedure based on covariance analysis and nonlinear programming techniques which can be used for the parameter selection of optimum truck suspensions. The procedure is applied to explore the differences in parameter selection caused by the changes in the frequency content of the road input or by changes in the criteria for optimization. The equations of motion for a tractor-semitrailer truck are cast in state space form. The road excitations are represented by the output of a white noise excited shaping filter taking into consideration the time delays between the different vehicle axles. Shape filters to represent human perception of vibration in both the vertical and longitudinal directions in the time domain are presented and realized in terms of state variables. The suspension parameters of the road-vehicle-human body system are optimized using a direct search algorithm.     

Effect of Connecting the Front and Rear Air Suspensions of a Vehicle on the Transmissibility of Road Undulation Inputs

Airsprings have been used for vehicle suspensions over the last 40 years. They are mostly used as independent suspensions. Analysis of air springs available in literature is mostly limited to a single-degree-of-freedom system or a two-degrees-of-freedom system only in the translation mode. This paper deals with a model of a vehicle where the front and the rear springs are connected by a capillary tube. A two-degrees-of-freedom model having motion in bounce and pitch mode is presented. Equations of mass flow are linearized on the assumption of small variations in volume and pressure. Expressions for the transmissibility and the phase angle in the bounce and the pitch mode are derived. Road inputs to the front and the rear axles are assumed to be identical except for a phase difference between them. The effect of the capillary flow coefficient and that of the phase angle between the front and the rear axle excitation are studied. It is shown that an optimum value of the capillary flow coefficient exists which minimizes the transmissibility of motion in both modes over the entire frequency range. It is also observed that a phase angle of 180 degrees presents ideal transmissibility characteristics. Thus, a promising application of air springs for a vehicle suspension is presented.     

发动机-悬置系统的能量法解耦及优化设计

本文通过发动机-悬置系统的能量分布得到系统解耦的能量指标,并以该能量指标为优化设计目标。以系统的固有频率为约束条件,应用DSFD算法对系统进行优化计算。所编制的优化设计程序具有计算可靠、收敛速度快的特点。为便于程序应用,本文指出了系统能量解耦目标、频率约束及设计变量等因素对优化计算的影响。对某一轻型货车发动机-悬置系统的优化计算表明,仅通过悬置刚度参数的调整即可使系统的解耦水平明显提高。     

Effect of Connecting the Front and Rear Air Suspensions of a Vehicle on the Transmissibility of Road Undulation Inputs

SUMMARY

Airsprings have been used for vehicle suspensions over the last 40 years. They are mostly used as independent suspensions. Analysis of air springs available in literature is mostly limited to a single-degree-of-freedom system or a two-degrees-of-freedom system only in the translation mode. This paper deals with a model of a vehicle where the front and the rear springs are connected by a capillary tube. A two-degrees-of-freedom model having motion in bounce and pitch mode is presented. Equations of mass flow are linearized on the assumption of small variations in volume and pressure. Expressions for the transmissibility and the phase angle in the bounce and the pitch mode are derived. Road inputs to the front and the rear axles are assumed to be identical except for a phase difference between them. The effect of the capillary flow coefficient and that of the phase angle between the front and the rear axle excitation are studied. It is shown that an optimum value of the capillary flow coefficient exists which minimizes the transmissibility of motion in both modes over the entire frequency range. It is also observed that a phase angle of 180 degrees presents ideal transmissibility characteristics. Thus, a promising application of air springs for a vehicle suspension is presented.     

基于改进图分解法的多材料车身结构优化设计方法

针对概念设计阶段的车身结构轻量化设计,提出了一种可实现车身多材料结构设计的分层迭代优化方法。该优化方法的设计变量中,除常见的板厚、材料外,还包括装配设计中的拓扑连接,以实现“将合适的材料用在合适的部位”的要求。分层迭代优化的第1层以拓扑连接为设计变量,采用图分解和NSGA-II对车身装配拓扑结构进行多目标优化,最大化车身弯扭刚度和1阶固有频率;第2层对板厚和材料进行多目标优化,最小化车身质量和材料成本。最终采用基于模糊集合的评分公式选定综合最优解,实现了考虑成本的车身结构轻量化设计。     

A robust optimization for the frequency and decoupling ratio of a powertrain mounting system based on interval analysis

This paper presents a robust optimization method to decrease the variations in the performance of the designed system caused by the unavoidable manufacturing, installation or measurement errors of the design variables. Generally, it is difficult and costly to determine statistical information with sufficient precision for uncertain design variables; in this study, interval numbers are used to describe the uncertain design variables, and only the bounds of these variables are required. An improved interval truncation method is presented for estimating the variation ranges of the system performances. The robustness estimations of the system performances are incorporated into the optimization formulation to obtain the nominal design variables, which could make the system performances relatively robust; therefore, the design robustness is estimated and improved in the optimization iteration process. The robust optimization method is applied to a general powertrain mounting system (PMS) to improve the design robustness of the PMS decoupling layout and frequency allocation. The optimization results show that the robust optimization method could effectively increase the decoupling ratios in the interested vertical and pitch directions, and the frequency allocation is more robust than that obtained using the traditional deterministic optimization.     

Robust optimization design method for powertrain mounting systems based on six sigma quality control criteria

This paper presents a robust optimization design method based on Six Sigma quality control criteria to improve the design of a powertrain mounting system (PMS). The powertrain is modeled as a rigid body having six degrees of freedom (DOF) connected to a rigid base by four rubber mounts, and each mount is simplified as a three-dimensional spring-damper element in its local coordinate system (LCS). The calculation method based on energy decoupling is used to estimate the decoupling ratios of a PMS. The location and static stiffness of each mount and the orientations of the two anti-torsion mounts are selected as uncertain design variables, and the nominal values of these design variables are optimized to obtain a robust Six Sigma design for a PMS. The uncertain design variables are characterized by a perturbation or percent variation around their nominal values. The generalized reduced gradient (LSGRG2) optimization method is employed to solve the robust optimization problem, and a second-order Taylor series expansion is used to estimate the statistical properties of the performance constraints and objectives. The optimization results show that the robust design ensures good robustness or high reliability for the natural frequencies, decoupling ratios, and frequency separation constraints of a PMS.     

Development of a bushing with an active compliance chamber for variable displacement engines

In this paper a novel active compliance chamber is designed, which can be used to control the dynamic stiffness of a common hydraulic bushing. This chamber offers a simple and cost-effective solution for the variable displacement engine (VDE) isolation problem. A VDE system requires a soft bushing for the half cylinder mode and a regular one for normal engine operations. A magnetic actuator is used to produce mechanical pulses. The linearisation technique is used for simplifying the nonlinear equation of motion. Different current sources are used to feed the magnetic actuator. The pressure inside the chamber follows linearly the current input signal. The phase shift in various current inputs is used in the form of the transfer functions to create the required pressure response pattern in the frequency domain. Since the dynamic stiffness of a conventional hydraulic bushing is a direct function of the pressure inside it, the active compliance chamber can be used to alter the pressure and consequently produce the required dynamic stiffness response. As a result, it can address the engine vibration problem for VDE situation.     

灵敏度分析方法在车身轻量化中的应用

建立了某轿车车身有限元模型,由有限元分析求得车身固有频率与刚度值,并通过模态试验验证了该模型的合理性.根据车身构件的灵敏度分析结果选择设计变量,在提高车身刚度和动态性能的前提下,以轻量化为目标优化车身构件厚度,使车身总质鼍减轻了9.7%;刚度和固有频率也都有所提高.     

Nonlinearity in the vertical transmissibility of seating: the role of the human body apparent mass and seat dynamic stiffness

The efficiency of a seat in reducing vibration depends on the characteristics of the vibration, the dynamic characteristics of the seat, and the dynamic characteristics of the person sitting on the seat. However, it is not known whether seat cushions influence the dynamic response of the human body, whether the human body influences the dynamic response of seat cushions, or the relative importance of human body nonlinearity and seat nonlinearity in causing nonlinearity in measures of seat transmissibility. This study was designed to investigate the nonlinearity of the coupled seat and human body systems and to compare the apparent mass of the human body supported on rigid and foam seats. A frequency domain model was used to identify the dynamic parameters of seat foams and investigate their dependence on the subject-sitting weight and hip breadth. With 15 subjects, the force and acceleration at the seat base and acceleration at the subject interface were measured during random vertical vibration excitation (0.25–25 Hz) at each of five vibration magnitudes, (0.25–1.6 ms^?2 r.m.s.) with four seating conditions (rigid flat seat and three foam cushions). The measurements are presented in terms of the subject's apparent mass on the rigid and foam seat surfaces, and the transmissibility and dynamic stiffness of each of the foam cushions. Both the human body and the foams showed nonlinear softening behaviour, which resulted in nonlinear cushion transmissibility. The apparent masses of subjects sitting on the rigid seat and on foam cushions were similar, but with an apparent increase in damping when sitting on the foams. The foam dynamic stiffness showed complex correlations with characteristics of the human body, which differed between foams. The nonlinearities in cushion transmissibilities, expressed in terms of changes in resonance frequencies and moduli, were more dependent on human body nonlinearity than on cushion nonlinearity.     

多连杆后悬副车架结构及衬套优化设计

结合某车型开发工作,针对该车型所采用的新型四连杆后悬架系统,采用先进的多学科优化技术对后桥结构及衬套刚度进行全面优化设计,并对遗传算法、模拟退火及混合多梯度探测等多目标优化算法在该系统中的应用进行了详细的对比论证。     

基于灵敏度分析的轿车车身质量优化研究

以某型轿车为例,建立车身有限元分析模型,对模型进行了试验验证。综合考虑零件厚度对车身质量与刚度的影响,利用灵敏度分析方法确定优化设计变量。以白车身质量最小为目标函数,在保证车身刚度和模态性能的前提下,进行车身质量优化。在车身质量减轻了6.25%的同时,车身刚度和主要模态频率也获得了不同程度的提高。     

全承载式大客车车身结构多目标优化

建立了全承载式大客车车身骨架的有限元模型,对车身骨架结构进行了振动模态和静力学分析.然后对车身骨架结构进行设计参数灵敏度分析,得出车身骨架扭转刚度和一阶扭转频率对各部件设计参数的灵敏度.在此基础上,以车身骨架杆件厚度为设计变量,通过两阶段结构优化设计,在整车骨架质量增加很少的条件下,提高了整车结构的扭转刚度和一阶扭转频率值;同时,一轮悬空工况下的整车结构应力峰值明显下降,应力分布更加均匀,整车骨架结构设计更为合理.     

悬架衬套安装方向优化设计

基于ADAMS和iSIGHT软件,提出了对悬架衬套安装方向进行优化设计的方法及流程.通过调整悬架衬套安装方向来改变悬架导向杆系的受力,从而使悬架弹性运动学特性满足特定要求.以某一轿车麦弗逊前悬架为例,通过优化前、后结果的对比分析可知,采用优化后的衬套安装方向,悬架弹性运动学特性参数得到改善,验证了 .该优化方法的有效性.     

A Feasibility Study on Indirect Identification of Transmission Forces through Rubber Bushing in Vehicle Suspension System by Using Vibration Signals Measured on Links

This paper presents a feasibility study on using the rubber bushing itself as a sensor for the identification of transmission forces in vehicle suspension systems. The method starts from the idea that the transmission forces can be related to the deformation of the rubber bushing by an appropriate model and the deformation of the rubber bushing can be obtained by estimation of the relative vibration across the bushing. Simple theories are presented to deal with modeling of a given geometry of rubber bushing by a concentric spring and damper, correlating of measurements of the vibration on the links to the stiffness and damping parameters, and selection of the vibration measurement positions. Importance of the measurement position selection in relation to the measurement noise is illustrated by simulation studies. Then, validity of the proposed indirect approach will be shown by applications to a rear suspension system of dual link type.     

GL6466轻型客车车身结构轻量化优化研究

用梁单元建立了GL6466型轻型客车车身骨架有限元模型,并验证了模型准确性.以车身总质量为目标函数,选取车身骨架主要型材的截面参数为设计变量,以车身弯曲刚度和扭转刚度、关键部位应力、1阶扭转固有频率为约束条件,进行灵敏度分析.根据灵敏度分析结果确定优化设计变量,对该轻型客车车身结构进行优化后,车身总质量减轻8.1％,而...     

发动机悬置支架模态提升与轻量化设计

发动机悬置支架是动力总成系统中的重要零部件,对于汽车的NVH性能有着重要影响。文章基于某款皮卡车的动力总成悬置车身端支架一阶模态频率不达标的问题,提出优化方案,通过拓扑优化对结构进行减重分析,优化后车身端悬置支架结构不仅模态频率达到了设计要求,还实现了该悬置支架的轻量化设计。计算结果表明了本分析优化方法的有效性,该研究对于车身端悬置支架及车身上其他零部件设计都具有一定的参考意义。     

Application of Sensitivity Methods to Analysis and Synthesis of Vehicle Dynamic Systems

The development and application of sensitivity methods for determining the effects of parameter changes on the response of vehicle dynamic systems is presented. The procedures shown can be used to enhance the analysis and synthesis processes of virtually any road or rail vehicle system regardless of its complexity. The parametric sensitivity of vehicle models in time domain, steady state models and vehicle models in frequency domain can be investigated using different types of sensitivity functions, both dimensional and dimensionless including first order standard, percentage, logarithmic, second order standard, and logarithmic and percentage sensitivity measures. These sensitivity functions and measures are determined as functions of partial derivatives of system variables taken with respect to system parameters. In the case of sensitivity functions in the frequency domain the variable values are computed as either the magnitude or phase angle of a complex element of the transfer function matrix. The methods presented enable to determine the influence of all system primary (constant) and secondary (non-constant) parameters on system primary and secondary variables. The primary variables are state variables or elements of the transfer function matrix and the secondary variables may be any functions of primary variables and system parameters. Typical secondary system parameters which can be examined include initial conditions, time variant coefficients, natural frequencies, loads, and typical secondary variables are forces, weight transfers, stability factors and energy components. The analysis of sensitivity results obtained for three vehicle handling models in both linear and nonlinear regimes of vehicle performance and utilizing various types of sensitivity functions is also presented.