基于局部线性模型树的高压共轨柴油机排放模型

为研究面向闭环控制的柴油机在线排放模型,以1台高压共轨、涡轮增压中冷柴油机的转速、扭矩、空燃比、燃烧始点、燃烧重心、燃烧终点、最高燃烧温度、最大缸内压力等运转和燃烧的各项参数为基础,运用局部线性模型树对排放物HC,CO,CO2,NOx和烟度进行了仿真研究。研究结果表明,以转速、扭矩、空燃比为输入时,CO,CO2,NOx的仿真结果与试验值具有较好的一致性,以转速、扭矩、空燃比、燃烧重心为输入时,HC、烟度的仿真结果与试验值具有较好的一致性。各排放的期望响应与仿真输出的平均误差在10%以内,线性回归相关系数达到0.96以上。各个排放物的仿真过程单独进行时,可以得到较好的仿真效果。因此,局部线性模型树模型适用于高压共轨柴油机排放物的仿真。     

S形梁碰撞多参数优化设计

提出了一种新的碰撞优化方法,即将试验设计(DOE)、有限元分析(FEA)、响应面法(RSM)和遗传算法(GA)结合起来,对S形薄壁梁多结构参数进行抗撞性优化设计.通过提取实际车架上使用的S梁特征参数,建立了S梁的碰撞模型.运用方差分析(ANOVA),选取那些对S梁吸能特性影响显著的因素作为主要设计变量,采用显式非线性有限元软件PAM-CRASH进行碰撞模拟.根据有限元分析结果并结合响应面理论,建立了S梁的总吸能和最大冲击载荷的响应面模型.采用遗传算法进行优化求解,得到了S梁的最优设计参数.优化后的S梁在碰撞中的总吸能能力大大提高.     

甲醇—柴油混合燃料在共轨发动机上的燃烧和排放特性研究

在1台电控高压共轨增压发动机上,不改变原机结构,采用甲醇—柴油混合燃烧的方式,进行燃烧排放特性分析。结果表明:在相同转速下,发动机的当量燃油消耗率随负荷的增加而降低;随着甲醇含量增加,发动机的最高燃烧压力、最高燃烧放热率和最高燃烧温度都逐渐升高;中低负荷时,发动机的CO和HC排放随着负荷的升高而减小,燃用混合燃料时较燃用柴油略有升高,且甲醇含量越高升高越多;燃用混合燃料时发动机的NO_x和炭烟排放较燃用柴油时有所降低,且随着负荷的升高而增大。     

EGR柴油机瞬态性能优化研究

以降低瞬态过程烟度和NO_x排放为目标,在一台高压共轨电控重型柴油机上进行了EGR对柴油机恒转速增扭矩5s典型瞬态过程燃烧和排放性能影响的优化研究。结果表明:瞬态过程中固定EGR阀开度造成EGR率"超调"、烟度剧增;与"全程轨压"策略相比,"分段轨压"有利于改善小负荷工况的燃烧热氛围,提高瞬态起始负荷并耦合"分段轨压"可以有效降低瞬态过程烟度峰值;EGR阀的开闭对瞬态性能影响最大,瞬态过程1.5s关阀、4s开阀的策略可以实现较好的烟度和NO_x排放折中,消光烟度峰值为9.2%,NO_x峰值稍有增加但增幅不大。     

Soot and temperature distribution in a diesel diffusion flame: 3-D CFD simulation and measurement with laser diagnostics

In this study, a 3-D CFD simulation and laser diagnostics were developed to understand the characteristics of soot generation in a diesel diffusion flame. The recently developed RANS (Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations) hybrid combustion model (Extended Coherent Flame Model — 3 Zones, ECFM-3Z model) was used. This industrial, state-ofthe-art model of the diffusion flame is commonly used in diesel combustion models as well as for propagating (premixed) flame combustion. The simulation results were validated with measurements from a constant volume combustion chamber. The experiment revealed that soot accumulated in the chamber where the temperature decreased. Where the temperature increased rapidly, only a little soot accumulated. The temperature and soot distribution were independently examined using both the two-color method and a 3-D CFD simulation for a turbulent diesel diffusion flame.     

高速铁路列车荷载下钢轨平顺性影响因素分析

列车荷载作用下的钢轨变形曲线受列车荷载、轨道整体刚度、钢轨自身性能、扣件间距和温度力等因素的制约。文中运用有限单元法建立轨道简化模型,分析各种制约因素对轨道结构的影响程度。结果表明,随着列车荷载、轨道整体刚度的减小和钢轨重量的增大,钢轨的变形曲线也越来越平顺,而钢轨内部温度力和扣件间距的改变对钢轨的变形曲线影响很小,可忽略不计。     

O2和 NO2气氛下柴油机炭烟氧化过程及其化学反应动力学参数研究

用热重分析仪对 O2和 NO2气氛下柴油机炭烟的氧化过程进行了试验研究,并利用程序升温氧化（TPO）试验对其化学反应动力学参数进行了研究,建立了 O2和 NO2气氛下柴油机炭烟氧化过程的化学反应动力学模型,并用模型对 O2和 NO2对炭烟的氧化效果进行了对比分析。研究结果表明：柴油机炭烟在 O2气氛下大约从700 K 时开始氧化,氧化反应的活化能为76．8 kJ／mol ,对 O2的反应级数为0．85;而在 NO2气氛下大约从600 K时开始氧化,氧化反应的活化能为21．9 kJ／mol ,对 NO2的反应级数为0．85。在柴油机排气组分条件下,当温度低于750 K 时,NO2氧化炭烟引起的炭烟质量减少占主导;而当温度高于800 K 时,O2氧化炭烟引起的炭烟质量减少占主导。     

柴油机高压共轨系统高压油泵驱动扭矩仿真研究

针对BOSCH CP2高压油泵,用MATLAB/Simulink建立驱动扭矩模型,并通过试验验证模型的正确性。仿真计算分析了结构参数和转速、轨压、喷油量、温度对驱动扭矩的影响,并为共轨系统扭矩控制中的高压供油泵需求扭矩提供了基础模型,也为高压油泵的选型和设计提供指导。     

EGR增压柴油机的燃烧及排放特性研究

在1台增压中冷柴油机上,采用从涡轮前取气回流到压气机后的高压EGR系统,研究了恒定转速不同负荷下发动机的燃烧和排放特性。在同一工况下,随着EGR率增加,压缩终了混合气温度升高,着火延迟期缩短,燃气压力和温度下降,燃烧持续期延长。分析了柴油机燃烧过程及排放污染物的形成机理。研究发现,当发动机负荷由大变小时,随着EGR率增加,CO的形成因受温度控制增幅越来越大,HC受着火延迟期和供氧的影响增幅越来越小,NO_x的降幅几乎随EGR率呈线性变化,而排气烟度则呈二阶多项式趋势的恶化。     

不同裂解条件对甲醇-柴油高温裂解产物的影响研究

采用石英管式流动反应器试验装置,配置不同体积掺混比(M0,M5,M10,M15)的甲醇-柴油混合燃料作为试验燃料,采集了混合燃料在不同裂解温度和甲醇掺混比下的裂解产物。应用气相色谱质谱联用仪GC-MS,对不同裂解条件下12种烃类产物的摩尔分数变化规律进行了研究;采用微克天平和扫描电镜SEM,对甲醇-柴油混合燃料裂解生成的炭烟产率及形貌特征的变化规律进行了研究。结果表明:裂解过程中,裂解温度高于973 K时,烷烃和芳香烃的摩尔分数变化率降低,芳香烃的摩尔分数增加,相比于923 K,裂解温度为973 K,1023 K和1073 K时,炭烟产率分别增加了1.7倍、5.1倍和11.6倍;甲醇掺混比增加,烃类物质摩尔分数和炭烟产率降低;裂解温度增加,炭烟的平均粒径降低,乙烷、丙烷、丁烷及丙烯、丁烯、丁二烯的浓度降低;甲醇掺混比增加,炭烟的平均粒径降低,乙烯的摩尔分数增加。     

柴油-丁醇混合燃料喷雾火焰的两色法测试研究

基于两色法原理,可利用彩色高速相机测量喷雾火焰的温度和炭烟浓度（KL）二维分布的时间演变,为先进柴油机燃烧系统设计提供必要信息。通过使用单台彩色相机的两个独立感光通道,两色法测量装置得到大幅度简化。两色法的测试结果受多种因素影响,例如双波长的选择,带通滤片的透过性,光路的设置等,然而相关研究并不充分。本文在对两色法的测试不确定度及误差进行了分析和讨论之后,并对柴油丁醇混合燃料在不同环境氧体积分数下的火焰温度和炭烟浓度（KL）的时空分布进行了研究。     

高压共轨柴油机燃烧与排放模型的研究

利用高速闪光摄影技术,对高压喷射喷雾体空间发展规律进行了试验分析,提出了一个计算高压喷射喷雾体发展的数学公式;在正确描述高压燃油喷雾的基础上,建立了一个能预测高压共轨柴油机性能和排放的准维燃烧模型,此模型改进了燃油喷射模型及碳烟的生成与氧化模型,考虑到燃烧区的区间传热和缸内工质的对流辐射传热,对一台高压共轨柴油机进行了仿真计算。计算与试验结果对比分析表明,改进后的燃烧与排放模型能较好地反映缸内各区的燃烧与排放情况。     

Conceptual design of high-speed semi-low-floor bogie for train-tram

Train-tram railway vehicles implement the connection between urban tramlines and the surrounding railway network. Train-tram railway vehicles, which use existing infrastructure, can help to avoid large investments in new railways or tramlines and make interchanges between city center and surrounding cities unnecessary. However, present train-tram rail vehicle cannot carry out the integration of operating by means of high speed in intercity railways with operating on small radius of curvature in inner city tramlines. This paper aims to develop a new model for solid wheelsets train-tram railway vehicles, which will not only pass the curve of 25mR radius of curvature traveling on inner city tramlines with the speed of 18 km/h, but also can travel on straight railway with 200 km/h high speed between intercity. In this paper, a new train-tram model, including five car-body and five motor bogies with ten traction motors, is addressed. Expect as a real rail vehicle testing, this study prefer virtual simulation, which is an effective way to show the rail vehicle performance, such as ride stability, ride comfort and ride safety, by means of evaluating the dynamic characteristics of rail vehicle. Moreover, Design of Experiment (DOE) method is used to optimize solid wheelsets bogie system on improving passenger comfort, safety and stability of train-tram. Parameters of components of bogie system are tuned to minimize the derailment coefficient and the ride comfort index. The results shows that the best comfort index for passenger and minimum derailment coefficient are found. The results also show that this optimized new train-tram model is reliable and practical enough to be applied on real rail vehicle design.     

Dynamic model for the wheel–rail contact friction

Accurately estimating the coefficient of friction (CoF) is essential in modelling railroad dynamics, reducing maintenance costs, and increasing safety in rail operations. The typical assumption of a constant CoF is widely used in theoretical studies; however, it has been noticed that the CoF is not constant, but rather depends on various dynamic parameters and instantaneous conditions. In this paper, we present a newly developed three-dimensional nonlinear CoF model for the dry rail condition and test the CoF variation using this model with estimated dynamic parameters. The wheel–rail is modelled as a mass–spring–damper system to simulate the basic wheel–rail dynamics. Although relatively simple, this model is considered sufficient for the purpose of this study. Simulations are performed at a train speed of 20 m/s using rail roughness as an excitation source. The model captures the CoF extremes and illustrates its nonlinear behaviour and instantaneous dependence on several structural and dynamic parameters.     

温度对共轨柴油机起动性能的影响

以Bosch第2代高压共轨燃油喷射系统为基础,建立了高压共轨试验测控系统.研究了进气温度和冷却液温度对高压共轨柴油机起动时间和排放性能的影响规律.试验结果表明,在不同起动油量和不同主喷油提前角条件下,进气预热有利于缩短起动时间、降低排放;在起动时间一冷却液温度曲线和HC排放-冷却液温度曲线上均存在最佳冷却液温度点,该点的起动性能最好.     

Gasoline multiple premixed compression ignition (MPCI): Controllable, high efficiency and clean combustion mode in direct injection engines

A novel combustion concept namely “multiple premixed compression ignition” (MPCI) in gasoline direct injection compression ignition (GDICI) regime is proposed. Its predominant feature is the first premixed and followed quasipremixed combustion processes in a sequence of “spray-combustion-spray-combustion”. The multiple-stage premixed combustion decouples the pressure rise with pollutants formation process, which means the pressure rise rate and emissions can be reduced simultaneously, while achieving a high thermal efficiency. The gasoline MPCI mode has been demonstrated in a research engine with a compression ratio of 18.5. Gasoline with the research octane number (RON) of 94.4 was tested under 1400 rpm, 0.6 MPa IMEP conditions, without EGR and intake boosting. A parameter study of common rail pressure and intake temperature was implemented to investigate their effects on the performance of MPCI mode. Compared to the single-stage diffusion combustion in traditional diesel engines, the gasoline MPCI mode achieves lower emissions of soot, NO, CO, as well as slightly higher indicated efficiency, with a penalty of higher THC emissions when the common rail pressure is larger than 80 MPa in this study. With intake temperature sweeping, the gasoline MPCI mode also has the foregoing advantages compared to the diesel under the same operating conditions.     

基于化学反应动力学耦合G方程的定容弹爆震燃烧研究

由于爆震受多方面的因素共同影响,且这些因素往往是相互耦合在一起,直接在内燃机上对各因素进行解耦进而研究单因素对爆震的影响几乎不可能。针对上述问题,首先基于化学反应动力学和G方程火焰面模型建立了长方体燃烧弹内的爆震燃烧三维C FD模型;然后在该模型基础上把初始压力、初始气温和初始壁温（末端）设为独立变量,系统地研究了各变量对正庚烷与空气混合气的爆震界限及爆震强度的影响。结果表明：当初始压力不高于0．25 M Pa时,初始气温和末端壁温在300～700 K之间无论如何变化都不会发生爆震;当初始气温不高于450 K时,初始压力在0．2～0．5 M Pa之间、末端壁温在300～700 K之间无论如何变化也都不会发生爆震。同时发现最大压力振幅可作为发生爆震与否的判据,本研究中只要最大压力振幅不高于0．02 M Pa即不会发生爆震。     

共轨柴油机起动油量控制策略优化及试验研究

在自主研发的基于Freescale 9S12 16位电控单元基础上,将共轨柴油机的起动阶段划分为起动初期、起动加速期、起动延伸期及稳定阶段分别进行控制。针对各个阶段的特点,提出各自的控制策略优化方案。利用Matlab/Simulink建立起动工况喷油量的仿真模型,离线仿真后在1台4JB1高压共轨柴油机上进行了起动油量的优化标定试验。试验结果表明,优化后的柴油机起动迅速可靠,转速过渡平稳。     

增压式共轨喷射系统结构改进研究

阐明了增压式共轨喷射系统的结构组成和工作原理,分析了电控增压器增压室及喷油器压力室内燃油压力振荡的原因和可能带来的不利影响,提出了增加平衡油压电磁阀的方式,使压力室压力在高压喷射后能迅速恢复到轨压并消除压力振荡。建立了新系统的仿真模型,进行了仿真分析,结果证实新系统能在不削弱增压效果的前提下,消除压力振荡。设计了四通电磁阀,将增压活塞电磁阀和平衡压力电磁阀合二为一,实现了改进原理,而不增加系统控制对象(电磁阀)。最后对使用节流孔的方式来改进系统性能的方案作了仿真研究,分析了该方式的优缺点。     

基于虚拟仪器的瞬时转速测试与分析

应用虚拟仪器技术开发了由LabVIEW,NI—PXI—6259多功能数据采集卡等构成的瞬时转速测量系统,运用直接模数转换法对YN30高压共轨柴油机瞬时转速进行了测试,得出其瞬时转速的变化规律:当发动机平均转速一定时,瞬时转速波形的幅值随负荷的增加而增大;当发动机负荷一定时,瞬时转速波形的幅值随转速的升高而降低;当发动机工况相同时,其瞬时转速波形的幅值随大气压力的升高而增大。