高效混动专用发动机技术研究

针对高效混动专用发动机开发过程中发动机热效率未达到设计目标的问题，使用试验数据校正了热力学模型，应用模型对问题原因进行了量化评估，提出了提高热效率的优化方案。结果表明：样机燃烧速率慢、抗爆震性能差、压缩比低是热效率未达标的原因；优化方案包括：优化燃烧系统、提高压缩比到12、增加进排气升程的高度；优化方案的部分负荷平均燃油消耗率平均降幅为4.4%,最低燃油消耗率为209 g/(kW·h),对应热效率为40.5%,满足设计目标。米勒循环+冷却EGR技术需要匹配快速燃烧系统使用。     

EVCT对直喷汽油机燃烧和微粒排放的影响

本文研究了排气门关闭正时（EVCT）耦合点火正时（IT）对火花点火汽油直喷（GDI）发动机在5种不同工况下燃烧、性能和微粒排放的影响。研究结果表明，EVCT的延迟导致燃烧持续期（CA5-CA90）延长和燃烧中心（CA50）延迟。而IT的提前可以提前CA50，缩短燃烧持续期。EVCT结合IT可有效改善发动机油耗和微粒排放，有效燃油消耗率（BSFC）可降低4.66%，微粒总数最多可减少95%。随着负荷或转速的增加，EVCT对微粒排放和燃料消耗的影响减弱。     

气门相位对高膨胀比发动机性能影响的研究

在1台几何压缩比为12的双独立可变凸轮相位汽油机上,在转速1 500~5 500 r/min、全负荷工况下进行了不同进排气相位对发动机输出扭矩、燃油消耗率、爆震倾向影响的试验研究,分析了不同转速下进排气相位优化的规律以及对发动机性能的影响。试验结果表明,采用可变相位技术后,低速时扭矩提高超过8%,中高速时功率增长达10%~14.8%,转速在4 500 r/min以下燃油消耗率平均降低5%,在2 000 r/min时最低燃油消耗率达到250 g/(kW.h)。     

基于 GT-Power 的天然气发动机爆震分析与研究

为了改善增压天然气发动机的燃烧状况、提高发动机的性能,对某发电用增压天然气发动机爆震现象进行研究。利用 GT‐Power 软件建立了增压天然气发动机整机仿真模型,通过模拟数据与试验数据的对比验证了模型的准确性,然后在仿真模型中利用自主建立的爆震预测模型对天然气发动机的性能和爆震现象进行了模拟计算,并对得到的数值结果进行分析。结果表明：随着压缩比的增加,发动机发生爆震的可能性增大,爆震开始时刻提前,爆震强度增大,燃气消耗率呈现先减小后增大的趋势,压缩比为13时,燃气消耗率最小;随着点火提前角的增加,发动机发生爆震的可能性增大,爆震开始时刻提前,爆震强度基本不变,燃气消耗率变化趋势是先减小后增大,当点火提前角为－21°时,燃气消耗率最小。     

DPF对柴油机性能影响的仿真研究

利用GT-Power软件,分别建立了柴油机颗粒捕集器(DPF)和D19柴油机的仿真模型,并把二者进行耦合,研究了DPF对D19柴油机的功率、扭矩、缸压及燃油消耗率等方面的影响。研究结果表明,加装DPF会使发动机排气背压升高,输出功率与扭矩下降,缸内最高燃烧压力降低,燃油消耗率上升,且随着载体内颗粒物数量的增加,这种趋势更为明显;当DPF内炭烟加载量接近满载达到10 g/L时,D19发动机的功率、扭矩已有明显的下降趋势,在高转速下最高降幅达4%左右,燃油消耗率增幅为3%左右。     

基于GT-Power的天然气发动机动力性能恢复研究

利用GT-Power软件建立了4缸火花点火天然气发动机的一维仿真模型,并与试验结果进行了对比,仿真与试验结果一致性较好,证明了模型的准确性。在此基础上为天然气发动机匹配了涡轮增压及中冷系统,计算结果显示,增压后天然气发动机的动力性能明显提高,最大功率和扭矩较原汽油机分别提高了23%和9%,中低转速的有效燃气消耗率明显下降。进行了点火提前角的优化计算,得出了节气门全开条件下的MBT角—转速—空燃比三维MAP图。     

基于配气正时的柴油机高排气背压性能优化

针对目前柴油机在高排气背压下泵气功损失增加、残余废气系数升高、燃油经济性下降等性能恶化的问题,提出通过优化配气正时来解决此类问题的方案。利用GT‐Power软件对LD1110单缸柴油机建立仿真计算模型,对上述解决方案进行了分析研究。计算结果表明：排气背压为0．3 M Pa、进气提前角保持不变、喷油量为45 mg时,柴油机在转速2200 r／min下通过优化排气晚关角可以使平均有效压力提高28．33％,有效燃油消耗率降低22．08％;排气背压由0．1 M Pa增大到0．3 M Pa时,通过配气正时优化,柴油机在转速2000 r／min下平均有效压力的损失可减小12．8％,有效燃油消耗率的增加可降低27．1％。     

米勒循环和低压EGR对混动专用发动机性能影响的研究

基于一台奥托循环增压发动机,通过采用高压缩比、进气门早关型线和高滚流进气道,再引入低压EGR,将其改造为混动专用发动机。通过试验研究米勒循环和低压EGR对混动专用发动机燃烧特性和经济性的影响。研究结果表明,在3200r/min的不同负荷工况点,与奥托循环相比,米勒循环点火提前角增大,且随负荷的增加,点火提前角的增幅先增加后减小;CA50减小至8°左右,燃烧持续期增大,排气温度增加;泵气损失减小,且随负荷的增加,降幅先增加后减小;米勒循环泵气损失的降低和CA50的减小使燃油消耗率降低了6.8%～11%,且将高效区域拓宽至全运行区的60%。在米勒循环发动机高效区工况引入低压EGR,随EGR率的增大,点火提前,CA50减小,燃烧持续期延长;EGR抑制爆震的作用使燃烧改善效果明显,在中负荷和大负荷工况获得的燃油消耗率最大降幅分别为5.6%和15.9%。     

正交设计法在涡轮增压发动机开发中的应用

基于一台2.0 L四缸涡轮增压汽油机,在设定的转速和负荷工况下,通过调节进气门提前角(VVTi,Variable Valve Timing-in)、排气门推迟角(VVTo,Variable Valve Timing-out)、废气再循环(EGR,Exhaust Gas Recirculation)率、点火提前角(SA,Spark advanced Angle)和空燃比(AFR,Air Fuel Ratio),进行涡轮增压发动机的性能开发,实现最佳的缸内燃烧和最低的燃油消耗与排放;同时,利用正交设计法分别对VVTi、VVTo以及EGR率排列组合进行优化设计,并进一步试验。结果表明:对于3因子4水平的系统试验,利用正交设计法可以减少50%~75%的试验次数。在发动机转速为2000 r/min,制动平均有效压力(BMEP,Brake Mean Effective Pressure)为500 k Pa,理论空燃比和最大制动转矩(MBT,Maximum Brake Torque)点火角工况下,与正交设计法中的试验组相比,当VVTi为40°CA,VVTo为30°CA,EGR率为8%时,发动机的燃油经济性最佳,此时的燃油消耗率为265.39 g/(k×Wh),但燃烧稳定性会受到一定影响,同时燃烧持续期会延长。此时,HC排放有所增加,CO和NO_x排放降低。     

2.0T直喷汽油发动机性能及燃烧分析

研究2.0 T直喷汽油机的喷油正时、喷油压力、进排气相位和点火提前角对发动机动力性、燃烧特性和经济性的影响。研究结果显示,发动机的动力性达到了设计目标。在2 000 r/min、200 kPa BMEP(Brake Mean Effective Pressure,平均有效缸内压力)工况,发动机的比油耗可以达到375 g/k Wh,达到国际先进水平。     

某高速汽油机改LNG发动机动力性下降问题研究

针对直接将汽油机改为LNG发动机导致的动力性下降问题,通过GT-Power与试验标定相结合的方法,提出了一种基于单因素法的高速LNG发动机配气相位优化方法:在降低泵气损失、减少缸内废气、提高充气效率的前提下,减小气门重叠角;针对优化后的配气相位,优化设计凸轮型线;同时根据LNG燃烧特性,在控制最高燃烧温度和压力的前提下,适当将点火提前角增大,合理组织燃烧,使燃烧更加及时完全,从而提高燃烧效率。结果表明,优化后的凸轮型线满足配气机构运动学动力学要求,高速LNG发动机最大功率较之优化前提高约7.9%,最低燃料消耗率降低约5.8%,此方法可以在一定程度上解决LNG发动机的动力性下降问题。     

柴油-酒精混合燃料发动机的性能研究

在分析柴油—酒精混合燃料物理化学特性的基础上，研究了不同混合比例的柴油—酒精混合燃料发动机的性能。研究表明：柴油醇燃料发动机的有效燃油消耗率较柴油机的升高，而有效能耗率有一定程度的降低；发动机的碳烟排放明显降低，在保持同样排温的前提下，其功率有一定程度的升高，尾气排放明显降低；柴油机使用混合燃料后，滞燃期延长，燃烧持续期缩短。在采用推迟供油的条件下，柴油—酒精混合燃料发动机的尾气排放性能可以得到较大幅度的提高。     

基于RBF优化控制氢燃料发动机点火提前角

基于RBF神经网络构建氢(H2)燃料发动机最佳点火提前角优化模型,对点火提前角进行优化控制,改善H2燃料发动机动力性、经济性以及排放性能。试验结果表明,该模型能预测H2燃料发动机最佳点火提前角,并可以大大减轻标定试验工作量。     

Effects of the fuel injection ratio on the emission and combustion performances of the partially premixed charge compression ignition combustion engine applied with the split injection method

Currently, due to the severity of world-wide air pollution by substances emitted from vehicles, emission control is being enforced more strictly, and it is expected that the regulation requirements for emission will become even more severe. A new concept combustion technology that can reduce the Nitrogen oxides (NOx) and PM in relation to combustion is urgently required. As a core combustion technology among new combustion technologies for the next generation engine, the homogenous charge compression ignition (HCCI) is expanding its application range by adopting a multiple combustion mode, a catalyst, direct fuel injection and partially premixed charge compression ignition combustion using the split injection method. This paper used a split injection method in order to apply the partially premixed charge compression ignition combustion method without significantly altering engine specifications of the multiple combustion mode and practicality by referring to the results of studies on the HCCI engine. Furthermore, the effects of the ratio of the fuel injection amount on split injection are investigated. From the test results, the adequate combination of the ratio of the fuel injection amount for the split injection method has some benefit on exhaust and fuel economy performance in a naturally aspirated single cylinder diesel engine.     

Experiments on knocking and abnormal combustion through optical diagnostics in a boosted spark ignition port fuel injection engine

In this paper, flame front propagation during normal and abnormal combustion was investigated. Cycle-resolved flame emission imaging was applied in the combustion chamber of a port fuel injection-boosted spark ignition engine. The engine was fueled with a mixture of 90% iso-octane and 10% n-heptane by volume (Primary Reference Fuel 90: PRF90) and commercial gasoline. The combustion process was monitored from the flame kernel formation until the exhaust valves opened. Different phenomena associated with abnormal combustion were analyzed, including the fuel deposition burning. Moreover, the ignition surfaces and end-gas auto-ignitions were investigated in terms of timing, location and frequency of occurrence. The analysis was performed by considering different knocking intensities for both the selected fuels.     

二甲醚/甲醇混合燃料燃烧数值模拟研究

均质充量压缩着火燃烧(HCCI)技术的提出为内燃机的发展开辟了一种更为节能高效、绿色环保的新模式,着火性能差异较大的两种燃料掺混是实现均质混合压燃着火控制的有效方法。文章利用CHEMKIN化学反应动力学模拟软件对二甲醚(DME)/甲醇混合燃料均质混合压燃燃烧过程进行了数值模拟研究,重点分析了燃料掺混比、过量空气系数、发动机转速以及进气温度对HCCI发动机燃烧特性的影响规律。     

切诺基I—4汽油机燃烧系统的改进

针对美国切诺基I－4汽油机在我国使用较低辛烷值汽油的特定情况下出现爆震、排气温度高等问题，用天津大学发明的射流燃烧系统取代原机斜楔型燃烧系统。结果，改用新燃烧系统的I－4S汽油机，在使用较低辛烷值汽油时，动力、经济性能优于用同样汽油机的I－4，排气温度也显著降低，大大改善了发动机的使用条件。     

不同辛烷值参比燃料HCCI燃烧特性的试验研究

对不同辛烷值基本参比燃料及其混合物在高速4缸柴油机上进行单缸HCCI燃烧试验,研究了燃料辛烷值、发动机冷却水温度、进气温度以及冷EGR率对HCCI发动机燃烧特性和排放特性的影响。结果表明;在同一当量比下,随燃料辛烷值增大,着火时刻推迟,燃烧放热速率降低,HC和CO排放增大。HCCI燃烧随负荷的增大、EGR牢的减小、进气温度和冷卸水温度的升高,着火时刻提前,燃烧放热速率加快。     

Effect of fuel injection strategies on the combustion process in a PFI boosted SI engine

A low-cost solution based on fuel injection strategies was investigated to optimize the combustion process in a boosted port fuel injection spark ignition (PFI SI) engine. The goal was to reduce the fuel consumption and pollutant emissions while maintaining performance. The effect of fuel injection was analyzed for the closed and open valve conditions, and the multiple injection strategies (MIS) based on double and triple fuel injection in the open-valve condition. The tests were performed on an optical accessible single-cylinder PFI SI engine equipped with an external boost device. The engine was operated at full load and with a stoichiometric ratio equivalent to that of commercial gasolines. Optical techniques based on 2D-digital imaging were used to follow the flame propagation from the flame kernel to late combustion phase. In particular, the diffusion-controlled flames near the valves and cylinder walls, due to fuel deposition, were studied. In these conditions, the presence of soot was measured by two-color pyrometry, and correlated with engine parameters and exhaust emissions measured by conventional methods. The open valve fuel injection strategies demonstrated better combustion process efficiency than the closed ones. They provided very low soot levels in the combustion chamber and engine exhaust, and a reduction in specific fuel consumption. The multiple injection strategies proved to be the best solution in terms of performance, soot concentration, and fuel consumption.     

Research on formation and growth of flame kernel in spark ignition engine

The recent developments for lean mixture and high EGR ratio in the spark ignition engine have improved fuel consumption and exhaust emission, so that partial pressure of oxygen, or fuel density in the cylinder, is reduced; thus, the energy necessary for ignition is increased [1–4]. This problem is solved either by supplying high energy in a short period or by slowly raising the amount of energy. This research uses the latter method. The formation and growing process of the flame kernel was observed under various energy discharging durations. Therefore, a stable ignition that is effected by the extended energy discharging duration was found. Consequently, this helps the growth of the flame kernel. The effective spark duration under easy-to-fire conditions was also investigated.